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Massive & Sub Massive & Sub massive massive Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Phua Ghee Chee Consultant Consultant Resp & Critical Care Medicine Resp & Critical Care Medicine Singapore General Hospital Singapore General Hospital

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Page 1: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

Massive & SubMassive & Sub‐‐massive massive Pulmonary EmbolismPulmonary Embolism

Current Strategies in investigation & managementCurrent Strategies in investigation & management

Phua Ghee CheePhua Ghee CheeConsultantConsultantResp & Critical Care MedicineResp & Critical Care MedicineSingapore General HospitalSingapore General Hospital

Page 2: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

Case scenarioA 55‐year‐old man arrives in A&E complaining of acute onset of difficulty breathing and a sore right leg. He has a travel history of a non‐stop New York‐to‐Singapore flight a few days ago.

His BP is 100/60, HR 110, RR 24, SpO2 92%. Physical exam is unremarkable except for right sided chest pain on deep inspiration, and a tender, swollen right calf.

Page 3: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

How do we investigate & manage our 55‐year‐old patient?

What is “massive” & “sub‐massive” PE?What are the current diagnostic strategies?What are the current management strategies?

Page 4: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

Why is it important to know about PE?

USA: affects 600,000/yr & kills 50,000 to 200,000/yr.(Arcasoy M. Chest 1999)

10 to 20% of all in‐hospital deaths.

? Less in Asians

A local autopsy series found that 74% of fatal PE were unsuspected. (Lau G. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1995)

True incidence unknown.

Page 5: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

Pathophysiology of PE

Page 6: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant
Page 7: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

Virchow’s Triad

Venous Stasise.g. immobility

Endothelial damagee.g. trauma, surgery

Hypercoagulable statee.g. cancer

Page 8: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

What are the risk factors for PE?Acquired factors

immobility, obesity, ageCritical illness, cancer, heart failurerecent surgery, trauma/burns, traction/castpregnancy/post‐partum, OCPsPrevious DVT, PE

Hereditary factorsProt C, S, antithrombin deficiency, Factor V Leiden, antiphospholipid antibody*

Page 9: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

What are the differential diagnoses? chest pain & dyspnea

Pneumonia, BronchitisAsthma or COPD exacerbationAMIPulmonary edemaAnxietyAortic dissectionPneumothoraxMusculoskeletal pain 

Page 10: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant
Page 11: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

What investigations would you order to diagnosis PE?

Chest X‐rayECGArterial Blood GasD‐DimerSpiral CT: PE protocolV/Q scanDuplex ultrasound of lower limbs

Page 12: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant
Page 13: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

S1Q3T3

Page 14: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

Should we do a D‐dimer for our patient?

D‐dimer is useful to exclude PE where clinical probability is low

Carrier M et al. VIDAS D‐dimer in combination with clinical pre‐test probability to rule out pulmonary embolism: a systematic review of management outcome studies. Thromb Haemost 2009;101:886‐92.

Page 15: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

CT Scan (CT PE Angiogram)

Perrier A et al. Multidetector‐row computed tomography in suspected pulmonary embolism. N EnglJ Med 2005;352:1760‐8.

van Belle et al. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithmcombining clinical probability,D‐dimer testing, and computed tomography. JAMA 2006;295:172‐9.

Page 16: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

What is the role of the V/Q scan?

A normal V/Q scan essentially rules out PE, with a negative predictive value of 97%.

A high probability V/Q scan has a positive predictive value of 85‐90%.

However, the V/Q scan is diagnostic in only 30‐50% of all patients with suspected PE.

Sostman HD et al. Acute pulmonary embolism: sensitivity and specificity of ventilation‐perfusion scintigraphy in PIOPED II study. Radiology 2008;246:941‐6.

Page 17: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant
Page 18: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

Back to our patient....A 55‐year‐old man arrives in A&E complaining of acute onset of difficulty breathing and a sore right leg. He has a travel history of a non‐stop New York‐to‐Singapore flight a few days ago.

His BP is 100/60, HR 110, RR 24, SpO2 92%. Physical exam is unremarkable except for right sided chest pain on deep inspiration, and a tender, swollen right calf.Are there any other investigations you want to do?

Page 19: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

Risk stratification in PESub‐massive & Massive PE

Hemodynamically unstable (Massive PE)Shock or sustained hypotension:  Systolic BP<90mmHg, Pressure drop>40mmHg for >15mins

Hemodynamically stable (Sub‐massive PE)Right ventricular dysfunction* on Echo

*independent predictor of 30‐day mortality

Troponins 

Page 20: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Sub‐massive PE

Page 21: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

Investigations for submassive/massive PEChest X‐rayECGArterial Blood GasD‐DimerSpiral CT: PE protocolV/Q scanDuplex ultrasound of lower limbs2‐D EchoTroponins+/‐ Pulmonary angiogram

Page 22: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant
Page 23: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

How would you treat PE?LMWH e.g. ClexaneWarfarinIVC filterthrombolytic therapy e.g. tPA, streptokinaseCatheter embolectomySurgical thrombolectomy 

Page 24: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

To recapA 55‐year‐old man arrives in A&E complaining of acute onset of difficulty breathing and a sore right leg. He has a travel history of a non‐stop New York‐to‐Singapore flight a few days ago.

His BP is 100/60, HR 110, RR 24, SpO2 92%. Physical exam is unremarkable except for right sided chest pain on deep inspiration, and a tender, swollen right calf.

Page 25: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

Investigations & Management of our patient

High clinical probability (Well’s score)Confirm diagnosis with CT ScanEcho to look for RV dysfunction; TroponinsIf present, thrombolytic therapy if no serious bleeding risksIf hemodynamics become unstable –mechanical/surgical interventionsSubsequent anticoagulation.

Page 26: Massive Sub massive Pulmonary Embolism - nhcs.com.sg · PDF fileMassive & Sub‐massive Pulmonary Embolism Current Strategies in investigation & management Phua Ghee Chee Consultant

Thank you for your attention