MASIKA EDITED

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

OF

AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

P.O. BOX 62000 - 00200, NAIROBI

TEL: (067) - 52181-4, 52711 FAX: (067) – 52220

Email: [email protected]

FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

JEFFER MASIKA WANJALA

EN271-C007-0046/2010

SUPERVISOR: MR AMOS KIVUVA

TITLE: MICROCONTROLLER BASED MUSICAL WATER FOUNTAIN

A Final Year Project Report submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic

Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a Bachelor of Science

Degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

JAN 2016

ii

DECLARATION

I, JEFFER MASIKA WANJALA, of registration number EN272-C007-0046/2010, declare

hereby that this proposal is my original work and that it has neither been submitted nor

transferred by any other student for a degree or any other course in this institution or any other

institution of learning. However, reference was made to documents already published by other

people as shown under the reference section.

Signature…………………………… Date………………………..

JEFFER MASIKA WANJALA

EN272-C007-0046/2010

CERTIFICATION

This project has been proposed, developed, supervised and submitted for examination with my

approval as the University supervisor.

Signature……………………………. Date…………………………………..

MR. AMOS KIVUVA

PROJECT SUPERVISOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank the Almighty God for bringing me this far in my undergraduate studies. I

would also like to thank my project supervisor, Mr. Amos Kivuva for his informative support

and guidance needed to make this project a success. Special appreciation goes to my friends and

family for their motivation and support.

iv

ABSTRACT

Fountains that just make patterns with water jets have now developed into multimedia shows

with music, light, and special effects. A musical fountain with synchronized water and music

creates an atmosphere that can be exciting or romantic. The aim of this project is to create

musical-fountain shows in real time from a variety of music sources. We will develop a

prototype in which the system can analyze an audio stream in real time, and the onsets the

system detects immediately modify the fountain show. Although implementing a real-time

technique poses several difficulties, such as noise, we’re exploring more-elaborate techniques

such as real-time beat tracking. The goal is to let users perform a musical-fountain show

immediately based on the music from an onlooker’s portable MP3 player or a real musical

performance.

This project incorporates a microcontroller generally controls the water pumps, the solenoid

valves, the lights, and the equipment that moves the nozzles. The microcontroller is interfaced

with a computer, usually through a serial port with RS-232, which is a standard of serial binary

data connecting. The blocks on the timeline specify when the control units are turned on and off,

and the system converts them into control data and sends them to microcontroller channel. This

assures that the scenarios intelligent musical-fountain-authoring system (Imfas) generates can be

directly exported to real fountain hardware without converting them into specific control system

formats. We will implement a software module to control the microcontroller.

v

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................. ii

CERTIFICATION ........................................................................................................................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................ iii

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. iv

TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................................. v

LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ viii

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................ 9

1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 9

1.1 Problem Statement .............................................................................................................................. 9

1.2 Justification ........................................................................................................................................ 10

1.3 Aim and Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 10

1.3.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................................... 10

1.3.2 Specific Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 10

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 11

2.0 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................... 11

2.1. Alternating Fountains........................................................................................................................ 11

2.2. Air and Steam Assisted Fountains ................................................................................................... 14

2.3. Interactive Fountains ........................................................................................................................ 15

2.4. Variable Spray or Dancing Fountains ............................................................................................... 17

2.5. Fire on Fountains .............................................................................................................................. 21

2.6. Laminar Stream Fountains ............................................................................................................... 23

2.7 Musical fountain ................................................................................................................................. 25

3 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................... 26

3.0 DEISGN ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 26

3.1 POWER SUPPLY .............................................................................................................................. 26

vi

Frequency ranger selector....................................................................................................................... 29

AMPLIFIER .............................................................................................................................................. 32

COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ........................................................................................................... 34

CIRCUIT OPERATION ............................................................................................................................ 34

CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................ 35

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ....................................................................................................... 35

4.1 General Objective .............................................................................................................................. 35

4.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 35

4. 3TEST RESULTS ................................................................................................................................ 36

CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................................... 37

5.0 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................... 37

5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 37

CHAPTER 6: PROJECT TIME PLAN ......................................................................................................... 38

CHAPTER SEVEN: BUDGET ..................................................................................................................... 39

7.0 COSTING .......................................................................................................................................... 39

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 40

APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................................. 41

PROGRAM .............................................................................................................................................. 41

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Hero’s singing bird fountain (1st century) .................................................................................... 12

Figure 2: Al-Jazari alternating fountain (12th century), redrawn based on a figure in reference (Hill, 1984).

.................................................................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 3:“Big-Mouth” mechanism in Hellbrunn Palace, Salzburg, Austria (17th century), scanned from

reference (Helminger). ................................................................................................................................ 14

Figure 4: Air-powered fountain, scanned from US patent (Woodward, 1913) ............................................ 15

Figure 5:Air-powered fountain, scanned from US patent # 4,852,801 ....................................................... 16

Figure 6 User-activated fountain, scanned from US patent # 4,817,312 .................................................... 17

Figure 7: Movable Nozzles, scanned from US patent # 3,907,204 ............................................................ 18

Figure 8: Variable-play fountain, scanned from US patent # 5,524,822 ..................................................... 19

Figure 9: Two-degree freedom nozzle apparatus scanned from US patent # 6,053,423. .......................... 20

Figure 10: Water and fire designed by Pejack and Eubanks, 2003. Note the separated flame in the photo

on the left. Photos by Ed Pejack. ................................................................................................................ 21

Figure 11: Colored flame fountain apparatus, scanned from US patent # 4,858,826 ................................ 22

Figure 12: Water on fire appearing water display, scanned from US patent # 5,961,042. ......................... 23

Figure 13: Laminar stream nozzle, scanned from (Fuller M., 1989). .......................................................... 24

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: PROJECT TIME PLAN ................................................................................................................. 38

Table 2: BUDGET ...................................................................................................................................... 39

9

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Water fountains have been used for thousands of years for climatic control, beautification,

entertainment, and as a means for relaxation. Among the most popular fountains have been those

that incorporate elements of surprise and/or special effects. These fountains elegantly combine

engineering and artistic features. Due to the inherent multidisciplinary nature of fountains and

their appeal to the general public, there exists a great potential to have our own programmed

logic musical fountain.

After watching some Kenyan fountain shows for several days, I noticed that the scenarios were

always the same. The fountain’s operators confirmed that they do not change the scenario only

because of budget constraints. Regardless of how spectacular a fountain show is, if the scenarios

remain the same, the show can lose its appeal. So, we will come up with an intelligent musical

fountain to improve this situation.

Because1 scenario generation depends on audio-signal analysis, including better or different

analysis techniques should lead to improved, or more versatile, scenario generation. For

example, the system could use voice-separation techniques—which try to isolate a singer’s voice

from an instrumental accompaniment—to detect a vocal passage’s beginning and end. This

would provide additional onsets that the system could use to synchronize fountains’ jets.

Probability-based approaches such as a Bayesian network tend not to produce scenarios with

large-scale coherence (for example, a scenario in which all the control units are turned on in

sequence). We’re now exploring additional scenario-generation methods based on patterns to

support these more structured scenarios. We believe that an intelligent musical fountain could

reduce fountain costs, which should allow more changes.

1.1 Problem Statement

As spectators we greatly appreciate water fountain because they make our environments

beautiful and exciting, but problem with them is that they give same scenario. Watching the

same thing all the time becomes boring and unappealing. Coming up with another fountain

structure to solve this problem is expensive. Skilled programmer can spend days or even weeks

creating a new performance, but this still will be expensive. So, they rarely change the routines,

and they repeat a limited program every day.

To curb this problem we are going to come up with a control system which is well programmed

to change water fountain scenario depending with the type of music is fed into the input. This

will create an atmosphere which will be more exciting and romantic to the viewers.

10

1.2 Justification

Water fountain which are used to solve the problem of beautification and to attract event

attendees in entertainment industries are non- musical and just employ a block mechanism to

allow water to ooze out and pumps has to be manually switched on and off, or if automated they

do not produce deferent scenarios thus a musical control system manned to curd this.

This system provides a microcontroller generally controls the water pumps, the solenoid valves,

the lights, and the equipment that moves the nozzles. The microcontroller is interfaced with a

computer, usually through a serial port with RS-232, which is a standard of serial binary data

connecting, or a LAN. The blocks on the timeline specify when the control units are turned on

and off, and the system converts them into control data and sends them to each microcontroller

channel. This assures that the scenarios intelligent musical fountain generates can be directly

exported to real fountain hardware without converting them into specific control system formats.

Software module will be implemented to control several kinds of microcontroller.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

1.3.1 General Objective

Design a small water fountain that will change scenario depending on the music input.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

To let users perform a musical-fountain show immediately based on the music from an

onlooker’s portable MP3, MP4 player, CDs or a real musical performance.

To develop a prototype in which the system can analyze an audio stream in real time, and the

onsets the system detects immediately modify the fountain show.

To develop an interface between water fountain and the microcontroller control system to be

able to produce deferent scenario depending with the type of input music.

To implement the control algorithm in the model with the help of the microcontroller

system.

11

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

The earliest record of fountains dates back to 4000 BC in Iran. For thousands of years fountains

were gravity fed - either directly from a running source of water such as a river that was located

at a higher elevation, or from a holding tank built just behind the fountain. Simple

devices were used in ingenious setups to provide special effects such as creating sound and

motion to surprise onlookers.

Around the 20th

century the availability of electric pumps and later on the advancement

of control technology brought even more ingenuity to the design of fountains with special

effects. Today, with state-of-the-art computer controlled technology, we can witness

monumental fountain installations requiring 7.5 MW of power, this fountain can utilizes more

than 1200 nozzles that shoot out water jets to heights reaching 240 feet in the air. And 300 of

those jets (nozzles) move back and forth to dance in synch with music for the enjoyment of

visitors. We will use earliest fountain and blend in elements of engineering and art in elegant

ways to come up with sophisticated versions.

2.1. Alternating Fountains

Hero of Alexandria (1stcentury) was perhaps the first designer of fountains with special effects.

Siphons (U-shaped or concentric) served as the main part responsible for creation of

special effects in his fountains. One of Hero’s designs is schematically shown in Figure 1. In

this fountain, after the water level rises and covers the siphon inlet, its continued flow

into an otherwise airtight vessel pushes the existing air out through a whistle within a bird’s

statue. The whistling sound appears to be coming from the bird and thus surprises the onlookers.

The siphon starts discharging the water as soon as the water level in the vessel reaches the top of

the siphon. Then the bird is silenced as air is sucked into the vessel due to partial

vacuum created by discharging the water through the siphon. This continues until the

water level in the vessel reaches below the siphon. Air is let in and the siphoning is

terminated. The whistling period starts again shortly thereafter. In other words, the siphon is

responsible for the whistling-silence cycle. In more elaborate setups, Hero masterfully used

several siphons in conjunction with other mechanical devices such as floats, cables and pulleys

to create sound and motion. Siphons are still used today for the creation of special effects in

fountains; e.g., see US patent # 5,381,956, where a U-shaped siphon is used in a self-activating

falling water display. (Hero, 1971)

12

Figure 1: Hero’s singing bird fountain (1st century)

Another alternating device extensively used in fountains is the tipping bucket designed by the

BanuMussa brothers (9th

century) and perfected by Al-Jazari (12th

century). An application of the

tipping bucket is depicted in Figure 3. This fountain alternates between a single vertical jet (A‖)

and several curved jets (B‖). The tipping buckets (T and T’) cause the alternation. Once filled

with water coming from a small orifice (O), the tipping bucket (T) tips about its pivot, and its

small protrusion pushes the main pipe in a CCW direction about its central fulcrum. The main

pipe is then tilted to the other side. This action is reversed once the tipping bucket T’ becomes

full and is tipped.

13

Figure 2: Al-Jazari alternating fountain (12th century), redrawn based on a figure in

reference (Hill, 1984).

The tipping bucket idea was used in the ―Big-Mouth‖ water display in the Hellbrunn

Palace, which was designed by architect Solari (17th

century). Many other water features with

special effects are still working in Hellbrunn Palace today. The ―Big-Mouth‖ mechanism is

shown in Figure 3. Note that the lower jaw is a tipping bucket. And when full of water, it

tips over, grabbing a bent rod that actuates the tongue and the eyelids. Once emptied, the

lower jaw returns to its closed position and the above cycle is repeated as long as there is water

flow to the mechanism. The use of the tipping bucket is recurring even in modern-day patents.

An example can be seen in US patent # 5,367,805, where the action of a hidden tipping bucket

actuates the handle of an old-fashion pump, creating a motion whose cause is non-obvious to

onlookers.

14

Figure 3:“Big-Mouth” mechanism in Hellbrunn Palace, Salzburg, Austria (17th century),

scanned from reference (Helminger).

2.2. Air and Steam Assisted Fountains

Figure 4 is taken from US patent # 151,003 that describes an air-assisted fountain for

indoor use. A hand pump was used to pressurize air in the water reservoir (part A), which

allowed for a steady jet of water from the nozzle (part D). Steam has also been used to drive

water jets in small fountains for indoor use

15

Figure 4: Air-powered fountain, scanned from US patent (Woodward, 1913)

Fuller and Robinson invented a modern version of air-powered water display. As shown

in Figure 5, taken from US patent # 4,852,801, water is allowed to fill in the nozzle body (part #

50) and then a blast of compressed air (coming from part 34) shoots most of the water out of the

nozzle to great heights. This effect could be produced by pressurized water as well but it would

cost much more to pressurize water than use compressed air. Fuller and his co-inventor made

improvements to the their air-powered fountains for example, by using computer controlled

proportional valves, water jets with varying heights could be obtained.(Fuller, 1989)(Fuller, Air

Powered Water Display Nozzle Unit, 1996)

2.3. Interactive Fountains

Interactive fountains are those in which the water flow (show) is initiated by some action of a

user. The earliest interactive fountain, designed by Hero of Alexandria, was a water dispenser. A

user would drop a coin into a slot at the top of the dispenser. The coin would fall on a lever arm

actuating a valve momentarily to let out water. Another interactive fountain was the ―Organ

Fountain‖ in Villa d’Este (16th

century). A water wheel was used to operate bellows to pump air

for the organ. The organ would start playing as visitors stepped on certain pavement

stone blocks near the fountain. A mechanism was hidden below those blocks that activated the

organ keys when stepped on.

16

Figure 5:Air-powered fountain, scanned from US patent # 4,852,801

Fuller and Robinson disclosed a user-activated fountain, where sound sensors are installed on the

bottom of a fountain pool. The fountain is normally off. Figure 6, taken from patent 4, 817, 312,

shows the general layout of the nozzles (parts 22) and sensors (parts 11A & B). After a coin is

tossed into the pool, the sensors pick up the sound waves generated by the coin. By

gating (triangulation of) the sensor outputs, the area of the pool in which the coin was tossed can

be identified. The nozzle action can then be directed to that area of the pool. After a

predetermined time the fountain is turned off and then it would be ready for the next coin.

(Fuller M. a., 1989)

17

Figure 6 User-activated fountain, scanned from US patent # 4,817,312

2.4. Variable Spray or Dancing Fountains

Przystawik invented a mechanical arrangement to rock (move back and forth) multi nozzles for

water shows synchronized with music and perhaps lighting. This mechanism is shown in Figure

7, taken from US patent # 3,907,204(Przystawik, 1975)

18

Figure 7: Movable Nozzles, scanned from US patent # 3,907,204

Opposing streams were used in an invention by Simmons to produce pleasing water displays. As

shown in Figure 9, taken from US patent # 5,524,822, two separate streams(flowing through

parts 92 and 93) enter conduits (part 91) from opposite ends. The two streams (Simmons,

1966) combine and produce jets coming out from the openings as shown. According to the

inventor, one can control the jets’ direction and flow rate by varying the pressures and/or flow

rates of the streams

19

Figure 8: Variable-play fountain, scanned from US patent # 5,524,822

Jacobsen et al. invented a two-degree freedom apparatus capable of rocking nozzles along

perpendicular directions. Figure 9, taken from US patent # 6,053,423, show their invention.

There are two motors involved and the whole apparatus is placed on a platform (not shown) that

could be moved in and out of the water as desired during a water show. Dynamic shows can be

produced with computerized control of the motors in synch with accompanied music/lighting.

(Jacobsen, 2000)

20

Figure 9: Two-degree freedom nozzle apparatus scanned from US patent # 6,053,423.

21

2.5. Fire on Fountains

Integrating fire into fountains is an intriguing task. Designers of fountains have been able to

produce such integration. Both gas and liquid fuels have been used. Pejack and Eubanks

designed a small-scale decorative fountain with eight water jets surrounding a propane

(fuel) jet. Figure 10 displays two photographs of their fountain. Slight wind in the proximity of

the fountain causes interesting fluctuation and separation in the flame. Flow rates of propane and

water are adjustable via appropriate valves. (Pejack, 2003)

Figure 10: Water and fire designed by Pejack and Eubanks, 2003. Note the separated flame

in the photo on the left. Photos by Ed Pejack.

Robinson and Fuller invented a fountain system capable of illuminating water jets with

colored flames. Figure 11, taken from US patent # 4,858,826, shows the details of their

colored flame apparatus. The flame colors are produced by solutions of various metallic

salts injected (from parts 34) into the main burner (part 22). Note the water nozzles are

22

numbered 20 in the figure. Various sensors are used for safety; for example, the fuel is

shut when the flame is extinguished by whatever reason. (Robinson, 1989)

Figure 11: Colored flame fountain apparatus, scanned from US patent # 4,858,826

In U.S. Patent # 5,961,042, Doyle describes a system of water nozzles fitted with a gas line for

producing flames. The schematic of his invention is shown in Figure 12. Sensors are used for

safety. The inverted U-shaped section of the gas line (part 54) reaches sufficiently above the

surface of the pool to assure that the gas line does not fill with water when the gas is turned off.

23

Placing several of these nozzles in a row in a pool can create dramatic water shows.

Safety features include sensor (part 68). (Doyle, 1999)

Figure 12: Water on fire appearing water display, scanned from US patent # 5,961,042.

2.6. Laminar Stream Fountains

A popular fountain, the laminar stream nozzle, has been installed in theme parks and shopping

centers since the 1980s. Fuller received a patent for this nozzle. Figure 13, taken from US

patent # 4,795,092, shows a cutout view of the laminar nozzle. It is made of a cylinder with a

tangential inlet and a knife-edge orifice outlet (part 12). The screens (parts 19 and 22) and

honeycomb or drinking straws (part 21) significantly reduce the turbulence and cause the exiting

stream to be laminar.

24

Figure 13: Laminar stream nozzle, scanned from (Fuller M., 1989).

In a follow up invention, Fuller and Robinson devised a quick diversion method by which the

laminar stream could be controllably terminated to give the effect of slicing the stream

perpendicularly to its longitudinal axis. Further improvement to the original laminar nozzle

included adding a mounting assembly for the laminar nozzle 22-24. The assembly is used for

changing the angle and repositioning of the nozzle so that the laminar stream appears to emanate

from a fixed location at different angles, which allows varying the characteristics of the arch-like

laminar stream in dynamic displays. (Fuller M. a., 1989)

25

2.7 Musical fountain

In this project the fountain should have several outlets or nozzles to allow the formation of

different characters by using water jets from selected outlets. These outlets would be individually

controllable. The characters should be easily created, arranged, and sequenced to produce

pleasing water displays as per the music input. Furthermore, the fountain would be made from

readily available materials and components, although minor fabrication is permissible. And, it

would run on the ordinary line power (240VAC in the Kenya) and be safe to operate .As

indicated above, the outlets are to be individually controlled; this feature can be easily met by

utilizing a microcontroller. Today, there are a wide variety of inexpensive microcontrollers for

various applications in industry, consumer products, and hobbies. Some of the microcontrollers

are offered in kit form so that the user can quickly set the mup for the application at hand.

26

3 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DEISGN ANALYSIS

3.1 POWER SUPPLY

This consist of a step down transformer which steps down the mains voltage from 240V to

12vac, a full wave bridge rectifier which converts the ac voltage from transformer to dc, a shunt

capacitor filter which smoothens the rectified dc voltage and a voltage regulator which regulates

the smoothened dc voltage.

12Vdc

5Vdc

D3

D2

D4

D1

240Vac

I/P

GND

T120to1

+

C1

+

C2

IN

COM

OUT

IC1

Fig 3.1 power supply circuit diagram

The circuit operates on a current of 2A. The transformer employed should be rated 500mA.

TX power = TX output voltage X TX output current

= 12 X 2A

= 24VA

TX1 is a 240 to 12V 24VA step-down transformer.

27

Diode D1 to D4 forms the full wave bridge rectifier. The diodes used are determined by the

maximum inverse voltage across each diode. Vinverse for a full wave bridge is equal to the

transformer peak voltage.

Vinverse = Vp

Vp = VRMS√2

Vp = 12√2

Vp = 17V

Vinverse = 17V

The diodes used should be rated more than 17V and 2A

Diode IN5400 rated 50V Vinverse max and 3A IF(AV) is used. Capacitor C1 is a shunt capacitor

filter. The minimum capacitor that can be used is determined from the equation below. (the

equation is derived from DC power supplies theraja);

Where;

C = the shunt capacitor

VP = transformer peak voltage

Idc = transformer current

28

F = supply frequency

Vdc = 12V

Vp = 17V

Idc = 2A

F = 50Hz

12 (3400C + 2) = 57800C

40800C +24= 57800C

57800C – 40800C = 24

17000C = 24

C=1412 µF

C = 2200µF standard capacitor

29

C1 = 2200µF 25V

The capacitor is rated 25V since the voltage across its terminal will increase to Vp

IC1 is the voltage regulator which regulates the voltage to attain 5V. The logic gates employed

will operate on a current of 1A.IC L7805 rated 5V and 1A is selected from the catalogue. The

regulator datasheet recommends a 10µF shunt capacitor filter be connected at the regulator

output. C2=10µF

Frequency ranger selector

This consists of a low pass filter which allows only signals with a frequency up to 200HZ, A

band pass which allow a frequency of 200HZ to 2KHZ.

To amplifierAudio in

GND

C5

330nF

R1

820R

C3

1uF

C4

1uF

R2

820R

R3240R

Capacitor C4 and resistor R2 form a low pass filter with a cut off frequency of 200HZ.

30

F = 200HZ

R2 = 820Ω

C4=0.971µF

C4=1µF

Capacitor C3 and resistor R1 form a high pass filter with a cut off frequency of 200HZ

F = 200HZ

31

R1 = 820Ω

C3=0.971µF

C3=1µF

Capacitor C5 and resistor R3 form a low pass filter with a cut off frequency of 2KHZ

R3= 240Ω

C5= 330nF

Resistor R1, R3, C3 and C5 form a band pass filter of 200HZ – 2KHZ.

32

AMPLIFIER

This consists of two audio amplifiers.

+5V

GND

To microcontrollerFrom frequency

selector

R410R

R510R

+IC2

LM386

RV110k 40%

+

IC3

LM386

RV210k 40%

+

C610uF

+

C910uF

+

C710uF

+

C810uF

C10

473

C11

473

IC2 and IC3 are audio amplifiers. The amplifier employed is LM386 which has a gain of 200

33

34

COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

D3

D2

D4

D1

240Vac

I/P

7

8

1

ATMEGA328

IC4

2210

9

2120

23

24

19

18

17

14

13

12

11

AVCC

PD5

PD6

PD7

PB0

A1

A0PB5

PB3

PB4

VREF

AGND

OSC

OSC

RST

GND

VCC

PIC

C5

330nF

C11

473

C10

473

Q3NDMOS

Q2NDMOS

Q1NDMOS

LED4

LED3

LED2

LED1

+

C810uF

M1

SL1

12V

D7

1N4001

SL2

12VD6

1N4001

D5

1N4001

+

C710uF

+

C910uF

+

C610uF

C13

30pF

C12

30pF

XTAL1

16MHZ

RV210k 40%

+

IC3

LM386

RV110k 40%

C4

1uF

C3

1uF

+IC2

LM386

J1

T120to1

+

C1

1000uF +

C2

10uF

IN

COM

OUT

IC178L05

R3820R

R510R

R410R

R12270R

R11270R

R10270R

R9270R

R6270R

R7270R

R8270R

R2

820R

R1

820R

Bsc in Electrical & Electronics Engineering Page 34

CIRCUIT OPERATION

The transformer steps down the mains voltage from 240V to 12V. The full wave bridge rectifier

formed by D1 to D4 convert the a.c voltage to eliminate the ripples. The voltage regulator IC1

regulates the rectified voltage to attain a fixed 5V output; to supply the microcontroller.

The crystal oscillator generates the operating frequency to the microcontroller.

The two audio amplifiers are used to amplify the audio signal from the computer. The upper

amplifier amplifies frequencies under 200HZ. The lower amplifier amplifies signals with

frequency above 200HZ. The microcontroller converts the analogue voltage from the amplifies

to digital and compares the amplitude. Then the microcontroller switches on the corresponding

valve according to the signal amplitude. When any valve is on the microcontroller switches on

the pump to unsure the water is pumped back to the storage. When all the valves are off the

microcontroller switches off the pump. This is to ensure it does not pump air.


CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 General Objective

Design a small water fountain that will change scenario depending on the input music from

variety of sources.

4.2 Specific Objectives

Users can perform a musical-fountain show immediately based on the music from an

onlooker’s portable MP3, MP4 player, CDs or a real musical performance.

Developed a prototype in which the system can analyze an audio stream in real time, and the

onsets the system detects immediately modify the fountain show.

Developed an interface between water fountain and the microcontroller control system to be

able to produce deferent scenario depending with the type of input music.

Implemented the control algorithm in the model with the help of the microcontroller

system.

The aim of this project is to create musical-fountain shows in real time from a variety of music

sources. We will develop a prototype in which the system can analyze an audio stream in real

time, and the onsets the system detects immediately modify the fountain show. Although

implementing a real-time technique poses several difficulties, such as noise, we’re exploring

more-elaborate techniques such as real-time beat tracking. The goal is to let users perform a

musical-fountain show immediately based on the music from an onlooker’s portable MP3 player

or a real musical performance.


4. 3TEST RESULTS

No. Test point Expected Measure

1 Input voltage 240Vac 235Vac

2 Transformer output 12Vac 12Vac

3 Rectifier output 12Vdc 15Vdc

4 Regulator output 5Vdc 4.96Vdc

5 Microcontroller output 5Vdc

6 Output to solenoid valve when off 0Vdc 0Vdc

7 Output to solenoid valve when on 12Vdc 13Vdc

8 Output to pump 12Vdc 13Vdc


CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION

The project operated as expected since as the no music was fed to the circuit all the valves

remained closed. When music is played the system opened the valves according to beats and

switched on the pump to return the water. When all valves were closed the system switched off

the pump too.

5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

To improve the system further a large pump can be connected to the system via a relay circuit

which can switch 240V.

Also the data can be filtered using a computer and the beats send to the microcontroller via the

serial port or USB port.


CHAPTER 6: PROJECT TIME PLAN

Table 1: PROJECT TIME PLAN

ACTIVITY MAY

2015

JUN

2015

JUL

2015

AUG

2015

SEPT

2015

OCT

2015

NOV

2015

DEC

2015

DOCUMENTATION

PROPOSAL WRITING

RESEARCH/METHODOL

OGY

DESIGN AND CODING

HARDWARE

CONFIGURATION AND

TESTING

FINAL PRESENTATION


CHAPTER SEVEN: BUDGET

Table 2: BUDGET

7.0 COSTING

No. Item Quantity Cost Amount

1 Transformer 240Vac-12Vac, 24VA 1 1,000 1,000

2 Diodes 7 10 70

3 Capacitor 13 20 260

4 Resistors 12 10 120

5 Solenoid valve 2 2,500 5,000

6 Pump 1 3,000 3,000

7 Mosfets 3 100 300

8 IC socket 28 pin 1 50 50

9 ICs

L7805

LM386

ATMEGA328

1

2

1

50

300

1,500

50

600

1,500

10 Power code 1 50 50

11 Circuit board big 1 100 100

12 Casing big 1 500 500

13 Solder wire 4M 30 120

14 Connecting and looping wire 4M 20 80

15 Connectors 2 50 100

Total 12,900


REFERENCES

[1] Hero, The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria, London, 1971.

[2] D. R. Hill, A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times, Open Court

Publishing , 1984.

[3] B. a. S. S. Helminger, Hellbrunn: A Guide through the Trick Fountains, the Park and

Palace,‖.

[4] N. P. a. B. L. Woodward, Fountain for Decorative Purpose, 1913.

[5] M. a. R. Fuller, Air Powered Water Displays, U.S. Patent # 4,852,801., 1989.

[6] M. a. R. Fuller, Air Powered Water Display Nozzle Unit, us: U.S. Patent # 5,480,094, 1996.

[7] M. a. R. A. Fuller, User Activated Fountain Display, U.S: U.S. Patent # 4,817,312., 1989.

[8] G. Przystawik, Musical Display Fountain, U.S: U.S. Patent # 3,907,204, 1975.

[9] T. R. Simmons, Apparatus for ProducingVariable-Play Fountain Sprays, U.S: U.S. Patent #

5,524,822., 1966.

[10] S. C. S. F. K. D. F. M. M. Jacobsen, Fountain with Variable Spray Patterns, U.S: U.S.

Patent # 3,907,204., 2000.

[11] E. Pejack, private communication., U.S, 2003.

[12] A. S. a. F. M. W. Robinson, Colored Flame Water fountain Illumination System, U.S:

U.S.Patent # 4,858,826., 1989.

[13] J. Doyle, Water on Fire Appearing Water Displays, U.S: U.S. Patent # 5,961,042 , 1999.

[14] M. Fuller, Laminar Flow Nozzle, U.S: US patent # 4,795,092, 1989.

[15] M. a. R. A. S. Fuller, Apparatus and Method for Stream Diverter, U.S: US Patent #

4,889,283, 1989.


APPENDIX

PROGRAM

const int sensorPin = A0;

const int sensorPin1 = A1; // the number of the pushbutton pin

const int motor = 3; // the number of the LED pin

const int ledPin1 = 4;

const int ledPin2 = 5;

const int ledPin = 13;

// variables will change:

int sensorState = 0; // variable for reading the pushbutton status

int sensorValue = 1;

int sensorValue1 =2;

void setup()

// initialize the LED pin as an output:

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(motor, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ledPin1, OUTPUT);


pinMode(ledPin2, OUTPUT);

// initialize the pushbutton pin as an input:

void loop()

sensorValue1 = analogRead(sensorPin1);

if(sensorValue>200)

digitalWrite(motor, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);

sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);

if (sensorValue > 200)


// turn LED on:

digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH);

delay(1000); digitalWrite(motor, HIGH);

delay(10000);

digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW); digitalWrite(motor, LOW);

else

// turn LED off:

digitalWrite(motor, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);

digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);

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