1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2......................................Suitable Rocket Kits: Juniors & Intermediates3......................................Vendors, Resources, and Web Links4......................................NAR Safety Code5......................................NAR Field Recommendations for Launch-FIeld Size

6-9 ..................................Glossary and study guide, Juniors10-12 ..............................Glossary and study guide, Intermediates13-15 ..............................Glossary and study guide, Seniors16....................................Rocket and Rocket Engine Parts17....................................Model Rocket Recovery Systems

18....................................SAMPLE Parts ID exam form, Juniors20....................................SAMPLE Parts ID exam form, Intermediates22....................................SAMPLE Parts ID exam form, Seniors

25....................................Overall score sheet, Juniors27....................................Overall score sheet, Intermediates29....................................Overall score sheet, Seniors

32-34 ..............................2017 National Engineering Challenge Flyer & Rules

MARYLAND 4-H STATE AEROSPACE CHALLENGE PREPARATION MATERIALS: 2019

The University of Maryland Extension is an Equal Opportunity Employer and Equal Access Programs

The University of Maryland Extension es una institución con Igualdad de Oportunidades de Empleo y con Igualdad de Acceso a Programas.

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RESOURCES, VENDORS, and WEB LINKS

• Resources(local)– NAR clubs– Tripoli Sections– Hobby Shop

• Resources(online)– www.rocketryforum.com– www.rocketreviews.com– http://www.jcrocket.com/– http://www.thrustcurve.org/– http://www.vernk.com/

• Vendors (kits and components)– Hobby Works… Hobby Town… Hobby Lobby– www.hobbylinc.com– www.acsupply.com– www.philshobbyshop.com– www.cdimodelrocketry.com– www.discountrocketry.com– www.squirrel-works.com– www.balsamachining.com– topflightrecoveryllc.homestead.com/– www.questaerospace.com– www.fliskits.com– www.artapplewhite.com– http://www.estesrockets.com/rockets/educator– http://sunward1.com/– http://pratt-hobbies.com/

• Supplies (hardware and specialty items)– The Home Depot– Lowe’s– 84 Lumber– Michael’s– A.C. Moore– www.mcmaster.com– www.micromark.com

• Other (educational)– http://www.nar.org/educational-resources/– http://www.nar.org/find-a-local-club/nar-club-locator/– http://www.nar.org/educational-resources/4-h-partnership/– http://my.execpc.com/~culp/space/glossary.html– http://www.rocketreviews.com/glossary.html

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Materials. I will use only lightweight, non-metal parts for the nose, body, and fins of my rocket.

Motors. I will use only certified, commercially-made model rocket motors, and will not tamper with these motors or use them for any purposes except those recommended by the manufacturer.

Ignition System. I will launch my rockets with an electrical launch system and electrical motor igniters. My launch system will have a safety interlock in series with the launch switch, and will use a launch switch that returns to the “off” position when released.

Misfires. If my rocket does not launch when I press the button of my electrical launch system, I will remove the launcher’s safety interlock or disconnect its battery,andwillwait60secondsafter the last launch attempt before allowing anyone to approach the rocket.

Launch Safety. I will use a countdown before launch, and will ensure that everyone is paying attention and is a safe distance of at least 15 feet away when I launch rockets with D motors or smaller,and30feetwhenIlaunchlargerrockets.IfIamuncertainaboutthesafetyorstabilityof an untested rocket, I will check the stability before flight and will fly it only after warning spectators and clearing them away to a safe distance. When conducting a simultaneous launch of more than ten rockets I will observe a safe distance of 1.5 times the maximum expected altitude of any launched rocket.

National Association of Rocketry Safety Code

Launcher. I will launch my rocket from a launch rod, tower, or rail that is pointed to within 30 degrees of the vertical to ensure that the rocket flies nearly straight up, and I will use a blast deflector to prevent the motor’s exhaust from hitting the ground. To prevent accidental eye injury, I will place launchers so that the end of the launch rod is above eye level or will cap the end of the rod when it is not in use.

Size. My model rocket will not weigh more than 1,500 grams (53 ounces) at liftoff and will not contain more than 125 grams (4.4 ounces) of propellant or 320 N-sec (71.9 pound-seconds) of total impulse.

Flight Safety. I will not launch my rocket at targets, into clouds, or near airplanes, and will not put any flammable or explosive payload in my rocket.

Launch Site. I will launch my rocket outdoors,in an open area that conforms to NAR launch site dimensions,*and in safe weather conditions with wind speeds no greater than 20 miles per hour. I will en sure that there is no dry grass close to the launchpad,and that the launch site does not present risk of grass fires.

Recovery System. I will use a recovery system such as a streamer or parachute in my rocket so that it returns safely and undamaged and can be flown again, and I will use only flame-resistant or fireproof recovery system wadding in my rocket.

Recovery Safety. I will not attempt to recover my rocket from power lines, tall trees, or other dangerous places.* www.nar.org/NARmrsc.html#sitedimensions

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Acceleration – A positive rate of change (or increase) in the speed of an object.Aerospace Engineer – Professional whose specialty is the research, design, construction, and/or testing of airplanes, space vehicles, and other aerospace devices using scientific theory, the engineering design process, computers, and other technology.Aileron – The control surface on airplane wings,used in pairs,that allows the pilot to control the tilting or banking of the aircraft(roll).Air Pressure(alt. Atmospheric or Barometric Pressure) – Within Earth’s atmosphere, the Force being applied to a specific region of the air, with standard air pressure set at 1 atmosphere or about 1013 millibars. It is measured by a barometer. Low air pressure is usually a sign of serious weather events.Air Traffic Controller – A person who monitors aircraft movement in the air and on the ground at, near, or in between airports, and helps guide aircraft to take off and land safely.Alan Shephard – The second person and first American to travel into space.Altitude – The height of an object compared to ground level.Amelia Earhart – The first female to fly solo across the Atlantic,earning the Distinguished Flying Cross for extraordinary achievement in aerial flight. She disappeared under questionable circumstances in 1937.Amphibious Aircraft – Aircraft that can take off and land on both land and water. Also called seaplanes, flying boats, and float planes.

Apogee – Peak altitude that an object reaches in flight.

Biplane – An airplane with two sets of wings, one wing above the other. Examples include the first controlled airplane, the Wright Flyer, and models used in stunt flying.

2019 Maryland 4-H Aerospace Challenge

GLOSSARY for Juniors

Body Tube – The cylindrical part(s) of a model rocket that forms its main structure, where fins are d,the motor is placed at its base,the recovery system towards the top,and supports the nose cone.

CATO – Catastrophe At Take-Off: Refers to motor failure at ignition or during the propellant burn.

Celestial Navigation – Navigating by the sun, moon, and stars.

Center of Gravity (CG) – The point where an object, such as a kite or aircraft, is perfectly balanced. It can be thought of as the point that is the location of all the averaged weight of the object.

Center of Pressure (CP) – The point on a rocket where its air pressure forces are concentrated, because there is an equal amount of air pressure in front of the CP as there is behind the CP. For the rocket to best able,the Center of Pressure must always be behind the Center of Gravity.

Charles Lindbergh – The first aviator to fly non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927, earning the Medal of Honor for his historic flight. Lindbergh’s plane was called Spirit of St. Louis, and it now resides in the Smithsonian’s Air and Space Museum in Washington,DC.

Deceleration – A negative rate of change (or decrease) in the speed of an object.

Deployment – There lease of the rocket’s recovery system (parachute,streamer,e.g.)due to the ejection charge of the model rocket’s motor.

Double-glue Method – An effective technique for joining two porous rocket parts together(such as balsa) by coating both surfaces,waiting a minute or two,coating both surfaces again,then joining together.

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Ejection Charge – In a model rocket motor, a type of pyrotechnic charge(chemical reaction that releases heat,gas,smoke,etc.)that is used to deploy a recovery system, such as a parachute or streamer.

Fillet – Reinforcement by glue or putty of the joint between fin and body tube on a rocket.

Fins – Rocket components that stabilize its weight and direction in flight,by acting like feathers on an arrow to guide the rocket’s flight pattern. A fin’s 4 edges have different names: root (attaches to body tube), leading (faces upward in flight), trailing (faces downward in flight), and tip(faces outward).

Flight Duration – The length of time that a model rocket is airborne.

Glider–An airplane without an engine, which operates through the dynamic motion of its wings that gives the plane lift. Paper airplanes are a common example of a glider.

Gravity–The universal force that attracts all objects of mass to one another. On Earth, gravity keeps heavier objects, such as trees and animals, on its surface and lighter objects, including the atmosphere, within its orbit. It is also one of the four forces of flight and, in rocket science, the opposing force of lift.

Gyroscope – A sensor that measures the rate of rotation (or spin) of an object, useful in its stabilization.

Hangar – A large building at the airport where airplanes are stored, repaired, or built.

Helicopter – An aircraft that flies by using rotating propellers or rotors.

Hubble Space Telescope – Launched in 1990, one of the largest telescopes ever built,used for research, with an 8-ft mirror and numerous instruments to take pictures of space across the entire light spectrum.

Igniters – Devices used to transfer the electric charge from the launch pad into the motor fuel,igniting it. They are usually held in place with a plug and made of metal.

Jet Engine – An engine that turns air and fuel into hot gas that shoots out the back of the engine and pushes the airplane through the air,through Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion.

Johnson Space Center – NASA’s manned spacecraft center in Houston,Texas, where human spaceflight training, research,and flight control a re-conducted.

Launch Pad – The area on which a rocket stands for launching,typically consisting of a platform with a supporting structure.

Launch Rod – Cylindrical rod used to guide the direction of a model rocket in its first few feet of flight.

Mass – Measured usually in grams or kilograms,the amount of matter contained in an object,which determines how much the object resists a change in its motion. The more mass an object has,the more force is needed to move the object. An object’s mass doesn’t change when measured on one planet or another, unlike its weight, which depends on both the object’s mass and the force of gravity on the planet.

Motor Ejection – Occurs immediately following the expenditure of the delay charge,expels gases out the top of the motor,and serves to deploy the recovery components. Note: does NOT occur in plugged motors.

National Association of Rocketry(NAR)Safety Code – The safety rules established by the NAR that all model rocketeers are expected to adhere to. See separate document in Study Materials.

Nose Cone – As the tip of the rocket,the nose cone is its leading edge that has a significant impact on the flight characteristics of the rocket. It also helps deploy the recovery system,allowing the rocket to come back to earth softly. Nose Cones can be Plastic(PNC)or Balsa(BNC).

Orbital Velocity – The velocity (speed) of a spacecraft traveling in a orbital (circular) path.

Payload – Item or items placed inside a rocket,in their own individual compartment,that travels with it throughout the launch. Live animals and flammable or explosive materials may never be launched as payloads in a model rocket.

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Parachute – Fabric attached to objects or persons to reduce their speed of descent while in the air, to help with a safe landing. A parachute is a common recovery system for a model rocket.

Peggy Whitson – The first woman to be in charge of the International Space Station. She also holds the record for having more hours in space than any other US astronaut. She is a former member of 4-H.

Recovery System – A method that works to return a rocket safely to earth. When the recovery system is deployed, it slows the rocket’s fall and helps it to achieve as of it landing. Some typical recovery systems for model rockets are parachutes and streamers.

Robert Goddard–An American professor, physicist, and inventor who is credited with creating and buildingtheworld’sfirstliquid-fueledrocketin1926.Referredtoasthe“American Father of Rocketry.”

Rotors–The blades of a helicopter that generate lift and thrust, allowing it to fly.

Rudder–The control surface on an airplane that allows the pilot to move the plane left or right (yaw).

Satellite–An object in orbit around a larger object, such as a planet.“Artificial satellites” such as the International Space Station are distinguished from “natural satellites” such as Earth’s moon. Since 1957, about 6,600 satellites from more than 40 countries have been launched, for purposes including military and civilian observation, communications,navigation,weather,and research.

Shroud Lines – Heavy strings connecting the parachute canopy to the rest of the rocket,allowing the rocket to make a safe descent.

Shock Cord – An elastic piece of fire-resistant material connected between the nose cone and the body tube of a model rocket. It keeps the nose cone attached to the rocket after the nose cone blows off and the recovery system deploys.

Sir Isaac Newton – English mathematician and scientist remembered for his Law of Universal Gravitation and his three Laws of Motion.

Space Shuttle Program – NASA’smannedlaunch-vehicleprogramfrom1981-2011.Theorbiterswere named Enterprise, Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. A tragic loss of life– including the first teacher in space – occurred on the Challenger in 1986.

Speed – How fast an object is moving. Alternately,the distance an object travels divided by the timeit takes to travel that distance.

Streamer – A strip of plastic or fabric that is used to reduce the speed of descent while in the air,typically for lighter-weight model rockets. t also helps to spot the rocket while descending from high in the air.

Valentina Tereshkova – A Russian Soviet cosmonaut who was the first woman to travel in space in 1963.

Volume – The amount of 3-Dimensional space that an object takes up. Inscience, it’s usually measured in cubic meters(m3),can also be measured in Liters or gallons for liquids.

Wadding – Flame retardant, biodegradable paper which prevents the hot ejection charge gases from damaging the parachute, streamer, or shock cord in a model rocket.

Wallops Flight Facility – ANASA research and rocket-launching facility on the eastern shore of Virginia (on Wallops Island) that sends re-supply missions to the International Space Station, launches weather balloons, and has a drone center for hurricane research.

Weight – The amount of force, due to gravity, being exerted by an object towards the center of the Earth. It can also be called the ”gravitational force.” Wing Span – The distance from the tip of one wing to the tip of the other.Yuri Gagarin – A Russian Soviet cosmonaut who be came first human to travel in space with a 108-minute flight in 1961.

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Junior Study Guide For Aerospace Exam

Materials Found on State 4-H Aerospace Google Drive are in red. Select the Junior folder at this link:

http://tinyurl.com/md-aero-study-guides

Junior GlossaryNational Association of Rocketry Safety Code Model Rocket Flight Path

Rockets (Basics from NAR) Parts IdentificationMD 4-H Aerospace Workshops

Article about 2015 Maryland Aerospace Challenge in Sport RocketryBasic Rocket Stability (Rockets for Schools):

http://www.rockets4schools.org/images/Basic.Rocket.Stability.pdf

More Reading Material:4-H Project Manuals–Aerospace Adventures:

Levels 2 (Lift-Off), 3 (Reaching New Heights), and 4 (Pilot in Command)

Aerospace History Links:Encyclopedia Britannica Online:

http://www.britannica.com/topic/space-exploration Encyclopedia.com:

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/space_ exploration.aspx Wikipedia.org:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_ exploration http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_ colonizationNASA Commercial Crew Program:

http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/commercializingspace

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(NOTE: For Intermediates, the following list is of those terms they may be quizzed on, that are in addition to the terms listed in the Juniors’ glossary which they also may be quizzed on.)

Airfoil – A wing, propeller blade or other object shaped to provide lift as it moves through the air.Airframe Caliber – The measurement of the body tube diameter.Altimeter – Device, typically barometric, placed inside a rocket payload or electronics bay, used to record the highest altitude achieved (apogee) during the launch.Boost Glider – A glider boosted to altitude by a rocket motor that separates from the pod that contains the expended motor before gliding to earth on its own.Booster – The section of a two-stage rocket that houses a motor. The initial boost that propels a model rocket into the air begins with motor ignition in this part of the rocket.Burn Rate – The measure of the rate of combustion of a substance, such as fuel or propellant, which in turn affects the rate gases and heat are expelled out the back of a rocket. Measured in millimeters per second or inches per second, burn rate is influenced by the substance’s temperature, pressure, and speed.Canard – A fin or wing located at the middle or front of a rocket often used on guided missiles since they make the missile less stable and easier to steer.Clustered Motors – Two or more motors arranged symmetrically around a rocket in order to provide more thrust and lifting power. The igniters are lit at the same time to launch the rocket and should be wired as a parallel circuit.Coupler – Typically, a section of cardboard tube used to join body tubes of similar diameters.Crosswind – Wind that blows across the path of an aircraft or other object.

2019 Maryland 4-H Aerospace ChallengeGlossary for Intermediates

Density – The mass of an object divided by its volume. Density is the measure of how much matter an object contains per unit volume, and helps determine if objects float, sink, and fly.Drag – One of the four forces of flight: Force that inhibits the forward speed of an object. Opposes thrust.Elevator – The control surface on an airplane that allows the pilot to move the aircraft up or down by making the nose or tail of the airplane move up or down.Falcon 9 – The first commercially-made rocket to deliver cargo (in 2012) to the International Space Station. This two-stage rocket is manufactured by SpaceX.Fin Edges – Typical model rocket fins have a root edge, a leading edge, and one or more trailing edges. The root edge attaches to the body tube, and should be sanded straight to provide solid contact to the body tube but never be rounded over. The leading edge is at the top of the fin, entering the airstream first. The grain of the balsa should follow the leading edge. The trailing edge is at the rear of the fin nearest the ground. The leading and trailing edges may be rounded over or sharpened to create less drag.Flight Path – Imaginary line an object follows when traveling through the air, in relation to the ground.Global Positioning System – A space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions anywhere on the Earth where there is a line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.Headwind – Wind that blows against the direction of travel of an object.Inertia – The tendency for an object to stay in its current state of motion (including not moving) until acted upon by a force.

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Kinetic Energy (K.E.) – The energy caused by the motion of an object, equal to one-half the object’s mass times its velocity squared. K.E. can be used to calculate a rocket’s velocity and/or height.Lift – One of the four forces of flight: The upward force created by airflow as it passes over and below an object (like a wing) and supports the object in flight. Opposite of gravity (weight).Multi-Stage Rocket – A rocket that uses two or more stages, each of which contains its own engines and propellant. Typically the first-stage motor propels the entire rocket upward, ignites the second- stage motor, and then detaches from the rocket, thus lightening the weight of the rocket.Nozzle – The bottom part of a model rocket motor where an igniter is inserted in order to connect electrically the motor’s propellant to the launch box.Pitch – In Physics, one of the three axes of flight. Specifically, Pitch is the axis that a plane can rotate about that would move the direction of its nose or tail up or down The axis line extends wing-to- wing. A pilot manages a plane’s Pitch through the use of elevators.Roll – In Physics, one of the three axes of flight. Roll is the axis that a plane can rotate about that would change the angle the plane is flying at, compared to the ground. A plane that is experiencing Roll would see one of its wings move up while its opposite wing moves down. The axis line extends from the front of the plane to the back. A pilot manages a plane’s Roll using its ailerons.Skylab – The United States’s first space station that orbited the Earth from 1973-1979 and included a workshop and solar observatory. It was occupied for about 24 weeks from May 1973-February 1974.SpaceX – (Space Exploration Technologies Corporation) An American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company whose goals are to reduce space transport costs and enable the colonization of Mars. In 2015, it made history when its first-stage rocket returned to earth from orbit with an upright landing. Founded by Elon Musk of PayPal and Tesla Motors fame.

Sputnik 1 – The first artificial Earth satellite launched by the Russians in 1957. It was a 23-inch metal sphere with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses.Sustainer – The section of a multi-stage rocket above the booster that houses a motor, the recovery system, and other items such as a payload or altimeter.Tailwind – Wind that blows in the direction of travel of an object.Through-the-Wall Fins – A fin-attachment technique where the fin’s root edge of the fin is inserted into a pre-cut slot in the body tube and adhered to the motor mount tube, providing more strength.Thrust – One of the four forces of flight: Forward force that propels or pulls an object through the air; varies with the amount of engine power being used. Opposes drag.Torque – A twisting force that causes rotation.Transition – Conical shaped section of balsa with shoulders at each end, used to connect body tubes of dissimilar diameters.Velocity – The speed of an object plus its direction of motion. Velocity can be positive or negative, unlike speed, which can only be positive and is said to be the magnitude of an object’s velocity.Vent Hole – A hole in the body tube of a model rocket that allows ejection pressure to vent into another tube or into the atmosphere.Yaw – In Physics, one of the three axes of flight. Nose to the left or right about the vertical axis of an object.

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Materials Found on State 4-H Aerospace Google Drive are in red. Select Intermediates folder at this link:http://tinyurl.com/md-aero-study-guides

Intermediate GlossaryRockets (Basics from NAR) Parts IdentificationNational Association of Rocketry Safety Code

Model Rocket Flight PathMD 4-H Aerospace Workshops

Basic Rocket Stability (Rockets for Schools):http://www.rockets4schools.org/images/Basic.Rocket.Stability.pdf

Intermediate Study Guide For Aerospace Exam

More Reading Material:4-H Project Manuals–Aerospace Adventures:

Levels 2 (Lift-Off), 3 (Reaching New Heights), and 4 (Pilot in Command)

Aerospace History Links:Encyclopedia Britannica Online:

http://www.britannica.com/topic/space-exploration

Encyclopedia.com:http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/space_ exploration.aspx

Wikipedia.org:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_ exploration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_ colonization

NASA Commercial Crew Program:http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/commercializingspace

13

(NOTE: For Seniors, the following list is of those terms they may be quizzed on, that are in addition to the terms listed in the Juniors’ and Intermediates’ glossaries which they also may be quizzed on.)Aerobrake Recovery – A recovery method for a model rocket that uses a large amount of drag instead of a parachute or streamer. This recovery method is often used in saucers and UFO designs.Air Resistance (or Air Drag) – A resistive force due to the natural properties of Earth’s air, which causes objects to lose kinetic energy and slow down. The amount of resistance is dependent on many factors, including the velocity and shape of the object, which can be used to calculate an object’s drag coefficient.Bernoulli’s Principle – States that the pressure of a fluid [a liquid or a gas] decreases as the speed of the fluid increases, and vice versa. It is a property that can be derived from Newton’s Laws and can be used to explain things such as turbulence, the physics of airfoils and ailerons work, and how carburetors work.Coriolis Effect – A phenomenon caused by the rotation of the Earth, where objects that travel large distances, even though their movement may originally be oriented in one direction, appear from a viewer’s perspective to move at a curve. This effect explains why hurricanes rotate and why rockets appear to fly in a curve, and is a simple consequence of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity.Delay Charge – A pyrotechnic charge between the propellant and ejection charge that permits the rocket to coast before the recovery device is deployed. The number of delay seconds in a motor is usually indicated by the last number in its code.Dethermalizer – A device that alters the aerodynamics of an airplane or glider, allowing it to descend quickly but safely, especially when caught in a thermal.

2019 Maryland 4-H Aerospace ChallengeGLOSSARY for Seniors

Escape Velocity – The speed that spacecraft or particles need to escape from the gravitational field of a planet or star. In the case of Earth, the escape velocity is 11.2 km per second – i.e., 36,700 feet (or 7 miles) per second.Exhaust Speed – The velocity a rocket’s fuel is ejected, relative to the rocket. Useful in determining the momentum, thrust, and speed of a rocket while in flight.Impulse – The change in momentum of an object in motion, useful in determining the thrust of a rocket and its engine’s efficiency.Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) – An electronic device that measures and reports a craft’s velocity, orientation, and gravitational forces using a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and sometimes magnetometers.Johnson Space Center – NASA’s Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, where human spaceflight training, research, and flight control are conducted.Momentum – A quantity to describe the motion of an object, calculated by the product of its mass and velocity. Much like the conservation of energy, the total momentum of an isolated system is conserved.Motor Impulse Class – The letter designation of a model-rocket motor indicating its power, ranging from from A (smallest) to O (largest). Low-power rockets use A-D motors; mid-power rockets use E-G motors; and high-power rockets use H-M motors. This is usually the first letter in a model rocket code. Special certification is required to use high-power motors.Newton – the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of mass at the rate of one meter per second per second in direction of the applied force. Named after Sir Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics.

14

Odd-Roc – A model rocket that can have non-standard body, fin, or nose cone shapes, and may be made from real-life objects that don’t look like a rocket. In spite of their appearance, odd-rocs must still follow all the rules for stability and safe flight.Pascal’s Law – A change in the pressure applied to a fluid (such as air or a liquid) is spread throughout the entire fluid and to the walls of the container it’s held in, such as a body tube or engine wall.Piston Launcher – A type of launcher used with small competition model rockets. At the moment of motor ignition, a piston assists the motor in launching the rocket. Exhaust gases are collected inside a tube whose pressure increases until the rocket jumps off the pad with a higher velocity, thus increasing the altitudePitch of Blade – The angle at which a propeller, rotor, or turbine blade is set with respect to the plane of rotationProject Mercury – The first human spaceflight program of the United States, running from 1959 through 1963. Its goal was to put a solo human into Earth orbit and return the person safely. Mercury astronauts included Alan Shepard and John Glenn.Project Gemini – The second human spaceflight program of the United States, from 1961 to 1966. The Gemini spacecraft carried a two-astronaut crew. Its objective was to develop space travel techniques to support future missions to land astronauts on the Moon.Project Apollo – The third United States human spaceflight program carried out by NASA, which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. The Apollo 11 mission carried astronauts Neil Armstrong, commander, Michael Collins, command-module pilot, and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, lunar-module pilot, to the first lunar landing in 1969.Propulsion – The effect of a pushing force that causes an object to move in a specific direction. Rockets get their propulsion from thrust, via exhaust gases released downwards out of the engine during the ignition process, which from Newton’s Laws, then causes the rocket to propel itself upward.

Reefing the Parachute – Shortening or choking up the lines of the parachute from the bottom to prevent the parachute from fully deploying.Rocket Glider – A glider boosted to altitude by a rocket which, at apogee, typically alters its wing configuration and does not separate from the expended motor.Rocket Motor Code – A series of letters and numbers (for example, B6-4) that describe a rocket motor’s impulse range, average thrust, and delay in that order.Sir Isaac Newton – English mathematician and scientist remembered for his Law of Universal Gravitation and three Laws of Motion.Spill Hole – A hole cut into the center of a parachute to minimize its surface area… usually done to minimize oscillation during descent, hasten a rocket’s descent, and decrease the rocket’s tendency to drift.Telemetry – Communications process by which data may be collected at remote points and transmitted to receiving equipment.Thermal – A rising body of warm air.Tower Launcher – A type of launcher used with small competition model rockets. The use of external guides around the long axis of the airframe eliminates the need for launch lugs. In doing so, the launcher reduces the amount of aerodynamic drag from the lugs and increases altitude.Weather Cocking – Name given to the tendency of a rocket to point into the prevailing breeze during ascent.Wernher von Braun – A German engineer who was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology during World War II. Referred to as the “Father of Rocket Science.”

15

Senior Study Guide For Aerospace Exam

Materials Found on State 4-H Aerospace Google Drive are in red. Select the Seniors folder at this link:

http://tinyurl.com/md-aero-study-guides Senior Glossary

National Association of Rocketry Safety Code Parts Identification Model Rocket Flight Path

MD 4-H Aerospace Workshop PowerpointMD 4-H Aerospace Workshop—Pioneers of Rocketry

OpenRocket ManualRocketry Basics (NASA)

Newton’s Laws of MotionModel Rocketry Study Guide (Estes pub. 1948)

Model Rocketry Technical Manual (Estes pub. 2819)Designing Your Own Model Rocket (Ohio State 4-H Program)

Parachute SizingArticle about 2015 Maryland Aerospace Challenge in Sport Rocketry

Basic Rocket Stability (Rockets for Schools):http://www.rockets4schools.org/images/Basic.Rocket.Stability.pdf

Other Useful Resources:• G. Harry Stine’s “Handbook of Model Rocketry”

• National Association of Rocketry(www.nar.org)

• OpenRocket (free)(http://openrocket.sourceforge.net)

• RockSim ($123)(www.apogeerockets.com)

• SpaceCAD ($80)(www.spacecad.com)

Aerospace History Links:Encyclopedia Britannica Online:

http://www.britannica.com/topic/space-exploration Encyclopedia.com:

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/space_ exploration.aspx Wikipedia.org:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_ exploration http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_ colonizationNASA Commercial Crew Program:

http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/commercializingspace

16

PARTS IDENTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE

Rocket Engine Parts

Rocket Parts

1. Nozzle: expands and acceleratescombustion gases

2. Case: pressure vessel which containscombustion gases

3. Propellant: creates large quantities ofgas when it burns

4. Delay Charge: a substance thatburns at a slow, known rate thatdelays ejection charge.

5. Ejection charge: Used to eject therocket’s recovery system (e.g.:parachute)

6. End Cap: Used to contain internalparts of the engine

Rocket Engines: Five different sizes are shown: 1/2A, C, D, E and G

Engine Clusters

• Nose Cone – reduces drag.• Payload Section – used to carry an object or system

that is not part of the rocket.• Body Tube – connects all parts of the rocket.• Transition Section – transitions between body tubes of

different diameters.• Shock Cord – attaches the parachute or streamer

to the rocket. Absorbs the shock of created by theejection charge.

• Engine Mount – holds the engine fixed within therocket body.

• Centering Rings – keeps the engine (and its thrust)centered in the body tube

• Engine Hook – keeps the engine from ejecting whenthe (recovery system ) ejection charge fires

• Fins – helps keeps the rocket stable by moving the“center of pressure” towards the rear of the rocket.Parts of the fin are shown in the figure above.

• Engine Clusters – multiple engines on a single stage.Used to lift heavier rockets

Anatomy of a Basic Model Rocket Engine

17

MODEL ROCKET RECOVERY SYSTEMS

PARTS OF A PARACHUTE

Recovery Wadding – Protects recovery system from ejection charge. Streamer Recovery –

Streamer adds additional drag to slow down the rocket for a safe recovery.

Parachute Recovery – Chute adds significant drag to slow down the rocket for a safe recovery. Used for heavier rockets.

Tumble Recovery – Rocket is light enough to tumble to ground without damage. Used for very light rockets.

Multi-Parachute Recovery – Multiple chute add even more drag to slow down the rocket for a safe recovery. Used for the heaviest rockets.

• Spill Hole or vent: used to vent air to keep itfrom spilling out from underneath the chute.Air spilling out from underneath the chutecan cause the payload to swing.

• Shroud lines: Used to support the load• Canopy: generates air resistance and slows

rate of descent.• Gores: parts sewed together to create the

canopy; evenly distributes load (weight)throughout the canopy.

• Seam Tape: reinforces the canopy in areasof concentrated load.

18

JUNIORSSAMPLE Maryland 4-H Rocketry Parts ID Exam

Name:

County:

SCORING:

NUMBER CORRECT out of 15

TOTAL SCORE = NUMBER CORRECT x 10 = Points

INSTRUCTIONS:• Inspect each numbered rocket part.• Circle the name that best matches the numbered rocket part.

Part #1A. Propellant C. CylinderB. Plug D. Rocket Engine

Part #2A. Lifter C. NozzleB. Pointy Thing D. Nose Cone

Part #3A. Tissue Paper C. ParachuteB. Recovery Wadding D. Engine Wrapper

Part #4A. Streamer C. ParachuteB. Recovery Wadding D. Shock Cord

Part #5A. Launch Lug C. Body TubeB. Centering Tube D. Fin

Part #6A. Centering Tube C. FinB. Nose Cone D. Body Tube

19

Part #7A. Nozzle C. Igniter PlugB. Igniter D. Propellant

Part #8C. Transition Coupler C. Payload SectionD. BodyTube D. NoseCone

Part #9E. Igniter C. WireF. Launch Lug D. Propellant

Part #10G. Parachute C. GoresH. Canopy D. Shroud Lines

Part #11I. Canopy C. Motor WrapJ. ShroudLines D. Streamer

Part #12K. ShroudLines C. PayloadL. ShockCord D. Streamer

Part #13M. Trailing Edge C. Nose ConeN. Fin D. Payload

Part #14O. Motor Mount C. Engine HookP. Launch Lug D. Centering Rings

Part #15Q. Propellant C. EndCapR. Engine Case D. Delay Charge

20

INTERMEDIATESSAMPLE Maryland 4-H Rocketry Parts ID Exam

Name:

County:

SCORING:

NUMBER IDENTIFIED CORRECT _____________________________ out of 15

PURPOSE CORRECT _____________________________ out of 15

TOTAL CORRECT _____________________________ out of 30

TOTAL SCORE = NUMBER CORRECT x10= _____________________________ Points

INSTRUCTIONS:• Inspect each numbered part and write the name of the part in the space provided.• Names of each part are provided in the “Word Bank” provided on page 3.• Write the purpose of each part in the space provided.

Part#1Name:

Purpose:

Part#2Name:

Purpose:

Part#3Name:

Purpose:

21

Part #4Name: _

Purpose:

Part#5Name:

Purpose:

Part#6Name:

Purpose:

Part#7Name:

Purpose:

Part#8Name:

Purpose:

Part#9Name:

Purpose:

Part #10Name:

Purpose:

22

SENIORSSAMPLE Maryland 4-H Rocketry Parts ID Exam

Name:

County:

SCORING (maximum 200 points)

NAME CORRECT (out of 20 parts)

PURPOSE CORRECT (out of 20 parts)

TOTAL Correct (add NAME and PURPOSE,above)

TOTAL Correct x 5 points each = points(transfer to score sheet)

INSTRUCTIONS:• Inspect each numbered part and write the NAME of the part in the space provided.• Write the PURPOSE of each part in the space provided.

Part #1

Name:

Purpose:

Part #2

Name:

Purpose:

Part #3

Name:

Purpose:

Part #4

Name:

Purpose:

23

Part #5

Name:

Purpose:

Part #6

Name:

Purpose:

Part #7

Name:

Purpose:

Part #8

Name:

Purpose:

Part #9

Name:

Purpose:

Part #10

Name:

Purpose:

Part #11

Name:

Purpose:

Part #12

Name:

Purpose:

24

Part #13

Name:

Purpose:

Part #14

Name:

Purpose:

Part #15

Name:

Purpose:

Part #16

Name:

Purpose:

Part #17

Name:

Purpose:

Part #18

Name:

Purpose:

Part #19

Name:

Purpose:

Part #20

Name:

Purpose:

25

SAMPLE JUNIOR SCORE SHEET Maryland 4-H Aerospace Challenge

Name 4-H Age

County 4-H Club

ROCKET AND LAUNCH

Pre-Flight (non-judged)4-Her’s rocket must pass the following safety criteria before being allowed to launch:

Directions followed _______________Parts securely fastened _______________Stability _______________ Pad Assigned ______________

Flight (maximum score 25)

Safe flight (5) _______________Flew straight and true (5) _______________Recovery system deployed (5) _______________Altimeter functioning properly (5) _______________Rocket can fly again (5) _______________

Challenge Bonus Points (maximum score 12) _______________

(Altitude reached ft. Placing order from worksheet )

I. TOTAL ROCKET AND LAUNCH (maximum score 37) _____________________

II. PARTS IDENTIFICATION SCORE (maximum score 150) _____________________

III. WRITTEN EXAMINATION SCORE (maximum score 150) _____________________

TOTAL OVERALL SCORE (maximum score 337)

PLACING / RIBBON _____________________

Comments:

26

USED WHEN CHALLENGE POINTS ARE BASED ON ALTITUDE. THIS IS RECONFIGURED DEPENDENT ON NUMBER OF CONTESTANTS.

SAMPLE Juniors Highest Altitude Worksheet

Record flights as they take place here:

CONTESTANT ALTITUDE REPORTED

Altitude

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

When all flights are completed, put the contestant in order from highest to lowest flight. Mark placing on score sheet in Challenge Bonus section and score points as follows:

1 12 points

2 10 points

3 8 points

4 6 points

5 4 points

6 2 points

27

SAMPLE INTERMEDIATE SCORE SHEET Maryland 4-H Aerospace Challenge

Name 4-H Age

County 4-H Club

ROCKET AND LAUNCH

Pre-Flight (non-judged)4-Her’s rocket must pass the following safety criteria before being allowed to launch:

Directions followed _______________Parts securely fastened _______________Stability _______________ Pad Assigned ______________

Flight (maximum score 25)

Safe flight (5) _______________Flew straight and true (5) _______________Recovery system deployed (5) _______________Altimeter functioning properly (5) _______________Rocket can fly again (5) _______________

Challenge Bonus Points (maximum score 8) _______________

(Altitude reached ft. Placing order from worksheet )

I. TOTAL ROCKET AND LAUNCH (maximum score 33) _____________________

II. PARTS IDENTIFICATION SCORE (maximum score 200) _____________________

III. WRITTEN EXAMINATION SCORE (maximum score 150) _____________________

TOTAL OVERALL SCORE (maximum score 383)

PLACING / RIBBON _____________________

Comments:

28

USED WHEN CHALLENGE POINTS ARE BASED ON ALTITUDE. THIS IS RECONFIGURED DEPENDENT ON NUMBER OF CONTESTANTS.

SAMPLE Intermediates Highest Altitude

Worksheet Record flights as they take place here:

CONTESTANT ALTITUDE REPORTED

Altitude

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

When all flights are completed, put the contestant in order from highest to lowest flight. Mark placing on score sheet in Challenge Bonus section and score points as follows:

1 8 points

2 7 points

3 6 points

4 5 points

5 4 points

6 32 points

7 2 points

8 1 points

29

SAMPLE SENIOR SCORE SHEET Maryland 4-H Aerospace Challenge

Name 4-H Age

County 4-H Club

(Team Member B )

ROCKET AND LAUNCHROCKET (maximum score 20) _____________

Motors inserted in correct orientation (5) ___________ Vent holes and cushioning of altimeter (5) ___________ Understands relationship between CP/CG (5) ___________Parts/components securely fastened (5) ___________

LAUNCH (maximum score 25) ______________Safe flight (5) __________Flew straight and true (5) __________ Airframe recovery system deployed (5) __________Booster section recovered and intact (5) __________Rocket can fly again (5) __________

CHALLENGE BONUS POINTS (highest altitude 25 pts) ______________

(Altitude reached ft. Placing order from worksheet ___________________ )

I. TOTAL ROCKET AND LAUNCH (maximum score 70) _____________________

Parts II and III reflect the highest score of an individual team member.

II. PARTS IDENTIFICATION SCORE (maximum score 200) _____________________Team Member A score ___________

Team Member B score ___________III. WRITTEN EXAMINATION SCORE (maximum score 250) _____________________

Team Member A score ___________

Team Member B score ___________

TOTAL OVERALL TEAM SCORE (maximum score 520)

PLACING / RIBBON _____________________

Feedback on Informal Discussion with Team Member A (Non-judged)

OPEN ROCKET ASSIGNMENT Submitted on time Incorporated all requirements Achieved highest altitude TOTAL POINTS

For individual Senior score, add team launch score plus individual Parts ID and Exam scores plus Open Rocket assignment score (left).

TOTAL INDIVIDUAL SCORE TEAM MEMBER A PLACE

Rocket and Launch (Part I) is a team score.

30

SAMPLE SENIOR SCORE SHEET Maryland 4-H Aerospace Challenge

Team Member B 4-H Age

County 4-H Club

(Team Member B )

ROCKET AND LAUNCHROCKET (maximum score 20) _____________

Motors inserted in correct orientation (5) ___________ Vent holes and cushioning of altimeter (5) ___________ Understands relationship between CP/CG (5) ___________Parts/components securely fastened (5) ___________

LAUNCH (maximum score 25) ______________Safe flight (5) __________Flew straight and true (5) __________ Airframe recovery system deployed (5) __________Booster section recovered and intact (5) __________Rocket can fly again (5) __________

CHALLENGE BONUS POINTS (highest altitude 25 pts) ______________

(Altitude reached ft. Placing order from worksheet ___________________ )

I. TOTAL ROCKET AND LAUNCH (maximum score 70) _____________________

Parts II and III reflect the highest score of an individual team member.

II. PARTS IDENTIFICATION SCORE (maximum score 200) _____________________Team Member A score ___________

Team Member B score ___________III. WRITTEN EXAMINATION SCORE (maximum score 250) _____________________

Team Member A score ___________

Team Member B score ___________

TOTAL OVERALL TEAM SCORE (maximum score 520)

PLACING / RIBBON _____________________

Feedback on Informal Discussion with Team Member B (Non-judged)

OPEN ROCKET ASSIGNMENT Submitted on time Incorporated all requirements Achieved highest altitude TOTAL POINTS

For individual Senior score, add team launch score plus individual Parts ID and Exam scores plus Open Rocket assignment score (left).

TOTAL INDIVIDUAL SCORE TEAM MEMBER B PLACE

Rocket and Launch (Part I) is a team score.

31

USED WHEN CHALLENGE POINTS ARE BASED ON ALTITUDE. THIS IS RECONFIGURED DEPENDENT ON NUMBER OF TEAMS.

SAMPLE Seniors Highest Altitude Worksheet

Record team flights as they take place here:

TEAMS ALTITUDE REPORTED

Altitude

and ft.

and ft.

When all team flights are completed, put the teams in order from highest to lowest flight. Mark placing on senior score sheet in Challenge Bonus section and score points as follows:

and 1 25 points

and 2 0 points

32

32 A-1

N A T I O N A L YOUTH E N GI N E E R IN G C HA L L E N G E

September 24-26, 2017 Tippecanoe County Fairgrounds, Lafayette, IN

To the Space and Beyond! Can you imagine what the world would be like today ifaerospace pioneers like George Cayley and Orville andWilbur Wright had not discovered the key principlesthat make flight possible? If so, it would take weeks ifnot months to get to countries in Africa, Europe andAsia.

Although the Wright brothers may not have “technically” been engineers, they most likely used various engineering principles during their experimentation with the creation of the world’s first “powered flying machine.” They could not go to a catalog or the internet to get plans for the construction of their flying machine. They had to be creative and innovative. And just like today’s engineers, they theorized an idea, drew plans, constructed their device and tested it, noting what went wrong. It was then back to the “design board” for changes and adaptations before starting testing again.

For the aerospace contest, you will have the same opportunity that Orville and Wilbur had to theorize a design, draw plans, construct based on your theory and plans and then test to see if your idea works. In short, you get to be an aeronautical engineer!

GOAL To challenge 4-Hers to develop and exhibit the skills necessary to design a rocket using common everyday items found around your home.

CORE ASSUMPTIONS 1. The event must be structured such that the focus is on

engineering design2. The event must be challenge/problem-focused

CHALLENGE COMPONENTS 1. Written examination2. Parts identification3. Rocket evaluation

• Pre-flight evaluation• Flight evaluation• Post-flight evaluation

OTHER PARAMETERS • The event will be team-based, composed of two members per team.• Contestants must have reached their 14th but not 19th birthday as of January 1 of the current year.

4-H Aerospace publications, 1-4and Helper's Guide

Additional aerospace literature

References

•

•

• Other

ScoringA postive scoring system will be used. Correct answers and actions will results in points being awarded .The team with the highest total score will be named the winner.

Other 4-H literature•

33

33 A- 2

Model Rocket Design and Construction:

General details: • Challenge revealed on at the beginning of the event.• Solution will be judged on functionality, user-friendliness, etc..• The rocket, if determined safe to fly, must obtain a minimum height of 200 feet

Construction details: • Design and construction will be conducted by team members only without any other

assistance.• Only materials provided by contest officials may be utilized.• No outside or pre-manufactured parts (i.e. from a kit) may be used.• All parts provided will be common items found around you home.• An A8-3 model rocket engine will be provided. Other engines must be supplied by the de-

sign team.Electronic devices:

• Laptops or other electronic devices capable of connecting to the internet through a WiFiconnection may be used.

• Contestants must provide their own electronic device.• Laptop computers may be used for construction information only.• Team members may not use a laptop or other electronic device to communicate with

individuals or experts.Time limit:

• All construction and testing will be done during the designated time frame.Materials:

Each aerospace engineering challenge team will be provided with a complete set of the following: materials. Other materials (to be determined) may be also be provided.

20 Mule Team Borax

Balsa wood dowel rods

Boric Acid Power

Card stock

Coat hangers - wire

Copy paper

Craft knife

Dixie cups

Duct tape

Elastic

Fabric

Floral wire

Foil

Garbage bags

Markers

Masking tape

Measuring cups

Newspaper

Paper clips – large

Paper clips – small

Paper dinner plates

Paper towels

Paper towel tubes

Pencils

Pipe cleaners

Plastic dinner plates

Plastic juice jugs

Plastic milk jugs

Plastic straws

Pliers

Poster board

Rubber Bands

Rubber cement

Rulers

Sandpaper

Scissors

Scotch tape

Screwdriver

String

Super glue (cyano-acrylic)

Toilet paper

Toilet paper tubes

Tooth picks

Twine

White glue (Elmers)

Wood putty

34

34A- 3

Written Examination:

Exam questions may encompass model rocketry, aerospace, outer space, physics, safety and other related areas. The question formats may be true/false, multiple choice, fill in the blank, and/or short essay. Essay questions are worth 20 points and all other questions are worth 10 points. Team score is the average of the individual scores.

Parts Identification:

Ten to 20 model rocket parts will be provided for identification and description of its function. Identification of each part will have a point value of FIVE (5) and description of its function will have a point value of FIVE (5). Each participant will complete the Parts ID component individually. The team score will be the average of the individual scores.

Evaluation:

The evaluative process will focuses on several components that include:

Pre-flight evaluation (maximum 30 points) 1. Use of engineering principals:

a. Center of balanceb. Center of pressure

2. Use of a pre-construction plan3. Parts/components securely fastened4. Stability

Flight evaluation (maximum 50 points) 1. Safety during the launch process

• Stability• Smoothness of the flight• Recovery system deployment

2. Launch a minimum of 200 feet in height.3. Functionality

Post-flight evaluation (maximum 40 points)

1. Sustainability of the modelrocket post-launch

• Fins condition• Recovery system condition• Engine mount condition• General overall rocket condition

Other (maximum 100 points) 1. Demonstration explaining to other

participants how and why you used thecomponents you used for your model rocket.

2. Creativity3. User Friendliness

It is the policy of the Cooperative Extension Service that all persons shall have equal opportunity and access to the programs, services, activities and facilities without regard to race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, marital status, parental status, sexual orientation, disability or status as a veteran.