Martin Luther and the Martin Luther and the ReformationReformation

By the 10By the 10thth century, century, Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Church began to Church began to dominate N and W dominate N and W Europe.Europe.

Many criticized it – Many criticized it – thought it was about thought it was about wealth and powerwealth and power

Spurred by political, Spurred by political, social and economic social and economic forces, new movements forces, new movements arose! arose!

Priests and monks poorly Priests and monks poorly educatededucated

Some broke vows by Some broke vows by marryingmarrying

Others drank or gambledOthers drank or gambled

People wanted higher standards! People wanted higher standards!

John Wycliffe (England) – pushed John Wycliffe (England) – pushed church reformchurch reform

Taught the Bible held Taught the Bible held

higher authority! higher authority!

Martin LutherMartin Luther

Born in Germany in 1483.Born in Germany in 1483.

After surviving a storm, he vowed After surviving a storm, he vowed to become a monk – member of a to become a monk – member of a religious order.religious order.

Just wanted to be a good ChristianJust wanted to be a good Christian

95 Thesis95 ThesisLuther against Johann TetzelLuther against Johann Tetzel

Tetzel was selling Tetzel was selling indulgencesindulgences – A pardon – – A pardon – against a sin. against a sin.

People believed by buying People believed by buying indulgences they could buy indulgences they could buy there way into Heaventhere way into Heaven

95 Thesis 95 Thesis – formal – formal statements against people statements against people who purchasedwho purchased

Words copied, sent to Words copied, sent to printing pressprinting press

Became known all over Became known all over GermanyGermany

Began the Began the ReformationReformation – – Movement for religious Movement for religious reformreform

People against the pope People against the pope followed his wordsfollowed his words

Luther’s TeachingsLuther’s Teachings

People could win salvation on by People could win salvation on by faith in God’s forgivness – good faith in God’s forgivness – good works a must!works a must!

Church teachings should be based on Church teachings should be based on that of the Bible only – not the popethat of the Bible only – not the pope

All people with faith were equal! All people with faith were equal!

Response to LutherResponse to LutherInitially the church in Rome viewed Initially the church in Rome viewed Luther as a rebelLuther as a rebel

Over time his ideas became very popular!Over time his ideas became very popular!

1520- Pope Leo X excommunicated 1520- Pope Leo X excommunicated LutherLuther

Emperor Charles V – also opposed LutherEmperor Charles V – also opposed LutherSummoned him to trial Summoned him to trial

Edict of WormsEdict of Worms15211521 – Charles V banned – Charles V banned the writings of Martin the writings of Martin LutherLuther

Labeled him enemy of Labeled him enemy of the statethe state

Was banned from food Was banned from food and shelter – all his books and shelter – all his books burnedburned

Was sheltered by a princeWas sheltered by a prince

Luther survived – Luther survived – his ideas turned into his ideas turned into practice!practice!

Religion became Religion became Lutheran!Lutheran!

ProtestantProtestant

Began as many Christians belonging Began as many Christians belonging to non-Catholic churchesto non-Catholic churches

Began with 3 Began with 3

~ Lutheranism~ Lutheranism

~Anglicanism (English ~Anglicanism (English church)church)

~Calvinism ~Calvinism

Roman CatholicismRoman Catholicism

Pope is the head of the Pope is the head of the churchchurch

Salvation by faith and Salvation by faith and good worksgood works

Priests interpret the Bible Priests interpret the Bible for peoplefor people

LutheranismLutheranism

Led by ministersLed by ministers Salvation by faith Salvation by faith

alonealone Believers interpret Believers interpret

Bible for themselvesBible for themselves

CalvinismCalvinism

Council of elders govern Council of elders govern churchchurch

Pre-determined Pre-determined Believers interpret Bible for Believers interpret Bible for

themselvesthemselves Presbyterian Presbyterian

Charles VCharles V

Went to war with ProtestantsWent to war with Protestants Won, but could not force people into Won, but could not force people into

CatholicismCatholicism Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg – Ended the – Ended the

religious struggle between religionsreligious struggle between religions

England becomes England becomes ProtestantProtestant Henry VIII – King of Henry VIII – King of

England in 1509 – England in 1509 – devout Catholicdevout Catholic

Needed a son to take Needed a son to take over!over!

Had a daughter Mary Had a daughter Mary with his wife with his wife Catherine Catherine

Wanted a divorce – Wanted a divorce – needed a boy! needed a boy!

Church law would not Church law would not approve!approve!

Pope could annul – setting aside the Pope could annul – setting aside the marriage if he could prove it was marriage if he could prove it was never legalnever legal

Pope said NO!Pope said NO! Henry mad – made laws to end Henry mad – made laws to end

pope’s power! pope’s power!

1533- Henry marries Anne Boleyn1533- Henry marries Anne Boleyn Had a girl – Treason – beheadedHad a girl – Treason – beheaded Jane Seymour – third wife – had a son Jane Seymour – third wife – had a son

but she died soon afterbut she died soon after Married 3 more times – produced no Married 3 more times – produced no

kids!kids! Only son took over at age 9 (Edward)Only son took over at age 9 (Edward)

Mary (Catherine’s daughter)Mary (Catherine’s daughter)

Advisors to Edward Advisors to Edward devout Protestants – He devout Protestants – He ruled 6 years only. Ill. ruled 6 years only. Ill.

Mary took over now – Mary took over now – devout Catholicdevout Catholic

Returned the English Returned the English church to pope rulechurch to pope rule

Had many Protestants Had many Protestants killedkilled

ElizabethElizabeth Mary dies – Anne Boleyn’s daughter Mary dies – Anne Boleyn’s daughter

assumes throneassumes throne Wants Protestantism to come back!Wants Protestantism to come back! Set up the Church of England – Set up the Church of England –

Anglican ChurchAnglican Church Only church in EnglandOnly church in England Both Catholics and Protestants could Both Catholics and Protestants could

acceptaccept Changed things so many would Changed things so many would

accept it!accept it!

15591559

Brought peace to England! Brought peace to England!

John CalvinJohn Calvin As much influence as Luther hadAs much influence as Luther had Wrote a book about God, Wrote a book about God,

salvation and human naturesalvation and human nature Stated people are sinful by Stated people are sinful by

naturenature Went on to say God choses very Went on to say God choses very

few to save – “elect”few to save – “elect” ““Predestination”Predestination” CalvinismCalvinism Believed ideal government was Believed ideal government was

theocracytheocracy

John KnoxJohn Knox Put Calvin’s ideas to Put Calvin’s ideas to

workwork Followers became Followers became

PresbyteriansPresbyterians 1560’s both religions 1560’s both religions

became officialbecame official

France – Calvin followers France – Calvin followers called “Huguenots”called “Huguenots”

AnabaptistsAnabaptists Another religionAnother religion Most baptized when Most baptized when

they are old enough to they are old enough to decide to be Christiandecide to be Christian

Both Catholics and Both Catholics and Protestants felt Protestants felt threatened by themthreatened by them

Mennonites and Amish Mennonites and Amish today today

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation

Protestant grew but Protestant grew but many held true to many held true to Catholicism Catholicism

Catholic Reformation Catholic Reformation – known as the – known as the “Counter “Counter Reformation” – new Reformation” – new reformreform

JesuitsJesuits

Followers of Jesus – A religious orderFollowers of Jesus – A religious order Created schoolsCreated schools Convert non-Christians to CatholicismConvert non-Christians to Catholicism Stop the spread of Protestantism - Stop the spread of Protestantism -

missionariesmissionaries

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent Two popes led the reform – Pope Paul Two popes led the reform – Pope Paul

IIIIII1.1. Had councils investigate indulgencesHad councils investigate indulgences

2.2. Approved the Jesuit orderApproved the Jesuit order

3.3. Used Inquisition to seek out heresyUsed Inquisition to seek out heresy

4.4. Called a council of church leadersCalled a council of church leaders