MARTIN FERNANDEZ M.

English V

Question Words

What...? ¿Qué...? Where...? ¿Dónde...? When...? ¿Cuándo...? Who...? ¿Quién...? Whose...?  ¿De quién...? How...?  ¿Cómo...? Why...? ¿Por qué...? Which...? ¿Cuál...? How much ..?  ¿Cuánto…?How many …? ¿Cuantos …?  

Question Words

Who y what pueden actuar como objeto o como sujeto. Si actúan como sujeto no utilizarán auxiliar

(do,will,be)Si actúan como objeto deberán preguntar con el

auxiliar.cuando who y what actúan como objeto

Question word + Auxilar + Sujeto + verbo en infinitivocuando who y what actúan como sujeto

Question word +verbo + objeto“generalmente ponemos las preposiciones al final de

las oraciones interrogativas”

Exercise

Put the correct question word.

1. _______ much are the patotoes? One dollar.

2. _______ can I do for you? I want two white T-shirts.

3. _______ can I get a newspaper? At Park street.

4. _______ is your best friend? It´s paul.

5. _______ does Lisa live? In Boston.

6. _______ colour is your new car? It´s white.

7. _______ do you collect? Stickers.

8. _______ can help me? I can.

9. _______ about some grapes? No, thanks.

10. _______ was your first word as a baby? Mama.

Question Tags

preguntas que decimos al final de una oración (afirmativa o negativa) cuando queremos que nuestro interlocutor muestre acuerdo o desacuerdo, o bien para preguntar lo que no sabemos.

Para formar la "question tag" utilizamos los verbos auxiliares (be, have, do, will, would, can could, etc…) y a continuación el pronombre personal sujeto.

El auxiliar debe concordar con el verbo de la oración principal, es decir, si el verbo está en pasado, el auxiliar irá también en pasado.

En oraciones afirmativas, la question tag va en negativa.

Question Tagsexceptions

Con Iam, hacemos la question tag,aren´t I? Cuando en la oración principal usamos palabras negativas como “nothing”,

“no one”, “nobody”, “no” “never” “hardly” “scarcely” and “little” la question tag deberá ser afirmativa.

Con “somebody” “anybody”, “nobody” “someone” “anyone”, “no-one”“everbody” “anyone”, la question tag llevará el auxiliar en plural y el pronombre sujeto "they", aunque en la oración el verbo esté en singular.

Con el imperativoEn negativo ponemos la question tag "will you"? Y la orden se convierte en una petición cortés:

- Don't be late, will you? No llegues tarde, ¿vale?

En afirmativo ponemos la question tag "won't you?", y la orden se convierte en invitación:

-Have another piece of cake, won't you? Tómate otro trozo de pastel, ¿no?

Exercise

1. You are a student, are you?aren't you?

2. She can drive,can't she?can she?

3. That car is too expensive,isn't it?isn't that?

4. Larry wasn't at home yesterday,is he?was he?

5. Lisa is going to the party,doesn't she?isn't she?

6. There aren't enough chairs for everyone,are there?is there?

7. The bus stops here,doesn't it?isn't it?

8. She doesn't agree with you,does she?do you?

Exercise

1. Jack is just going out. You want him to get some stamps for you. ASK HIM ...  Jack, you couldn't __________________________________________________ 

2. You're looking for Ann. Perhaps Alan knows where she is. ASK HIM ...Alan, you__________________________________________________________

3. You need some paper. Perhaps Tom has some. ASK HIM ...Tom,_____________________________________________________________     

4. Ann has a car, and you don't want to walk home. You want her to give you a lift. ASK HER ...Ann,_____________________________________________________________  

5. You're looking for your purse. Perhaps Liz has seen it. ASK HER ..._________________________________________________________________

Do and Make

"Do" y "make" son dos verbos que se confunden frecuentemente en inglés. Ambos se pueden traducir como "hacer", pero hay algunas diferencias en su significado. En general, "do" considera más la acción,

mientras que con  "make" nos referimos más al resultado de la acción.

Do

Se usa "do" para acciones, actividades, y trabajos. Se utiliza en un sentido amplio, como de "realizar". En general, estas acciones y actividades no producen un objeto físico.

Ejemplos:do homeworkdo a jobdo the dishesdo houseworkdo exercise

Se utiliza "do" cuando hablamos de cosas en general, cuando no decimos exactamente qué actividad. En este sentido, se utiliza mucho con los pronombres indefinidos como "something", "anything", "nothing", etc.

Ejemplos:What are you doing today? I'm not doing anything. (¿Qué haces hoy? No hago nada.)He's always doing nice things for his girlfriend. (Siempre hace cosas buenas para su

novia.)Are you doing anything important right now? (¿Haces algo importante ahora mismo?)

Make

Se utiliza "make" en el sentido de "fabricar", "elaborar" o "crear". Se usa para actividades en que se crea algo que se puede tocar, un objeto físico.

Ejemplos:make breakfast/lunch/dinnermake a dressmake furniture

Do, Expressions

do good (hacer el bien)do right (hacer bien)do wrong (hacer mal)do damage (hacer daño)do one's best (hacer lo posible)do a favor (hacer un favor)do justice (hacer justicia)do research (investigar)do harm (hacer daño)do business (hacer negocios)do one's hair (arreglarse el pelo)do wonders (hacer maravillas)

Make, Expressions

make a decision (tomar una decisión)

make a choice (hacer una elección)

make a plan (trazar/hacer un plan)

make arrangements (hacer preparativos)

make an appointment (pedir cita/hora, concertar una cita)

make a mistake (cometer un error

make money (ganar dinero) make an excuse (dar una

excusa) make an effort (hacer un

esfuerzo) make an attempt (hacer un

intento) make fun of (reírse/burlarse de) make progress (hacer

progresos) make an offer (hacer una

oferta) make [a] noise (hacer [un]

ruido) make peace (firmar la paz) make war (hacer la guerra) make a phone call (hacer una

llamada) make an exception (hacer una

excepción) make a confession (hacer una

confesión) make a discovery (hacer un

descubrimiento) make a change (hacer un

cambio) make amends (reparar el daño

[causado al alguien]//desagraviar a)

make a comment (hacer un comentario)

make a statement (hacer una declaración/afirmación)

make a

speech (pronunciar/hacer un discurso)

make a difference (hacer diferencias/marcar la [una] diferencia)

make friends (hacer amigos) make love (hacer el amor) make a fire (encender un fuego) make an impression (causar

impresión) make a mess (hacer un lio) make a point (dar un

argumento concreto) make a promise (hacer una

promesa) make a suggestion (hacer una

sugerencia) make time (encontrar tiempo) make the bed (hacer la cama)

Zero Conditional

When we talk about things that are generally or always true.

We use: If/When/Unless + present form + present simple or imperative.

Note that we are not talking about a specific event but something which is generally true.

In the condition clause, we can use a variety of present forms. In the result clause, there can only be the present simple or imperative.

Notice that 'unless' means the same as 'if not'.

Zero Conditional

Examples:

Unless he asks you politely, refuse to do any more work on the project.

Unless prices are rising, it's not a good investment. Unless you've been there yourself, you don't really understand how

fantastic it is. If you visit London, go on the London Eye. If unemployment is rising, people tend to stay in their present jobs. If you've done that, go and have a coffee. When you go on holiday, take plenty of sun cream. It'll be very hot. When I'm concentrating, please don't make so much noise. When I've finished an article, I always ask Kate to read it through.

Zero Conditional

People  (get) fat, if they  (eat) junk food.

If a person  (practise) sports, he or she always   (feel) good.

If the sun  (rise) high, it  (become) very hot. Plants   (die), if it  (do) not rain.

If children (not/get) enough sleep at night, they  (get) tired all day.

Zero Conditional

(I / wake up late / I / be late for work) ____________________________________

(my husband / cook / he / burn the food) ____________________________________

(Julie / not wear a hat / she / get sunstroke) ____________________________________

(children / not eat well / they / not be healthy) ____________________________________

(you / mix water and electricity / you / get a shock)

____________________________________

(I / feel good the next day / I / go to bed early) ____________________________________ (lots of people / come / Jenny / have a party) ____________________________________

(she / buy expensive clothes / she / go shopping)

____________________________________

(my daughter / pass her exams / she / work hard)

____________________________________

(David / be sick / he / drink milk) ____________________________________

First Conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause:

if + present simple, ... will + infinitiveIt's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course,

we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.

If it rains, I won't go to the park. If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight. If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes. She'll be late if the train is delayed. She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon. If I see her, I'll tell her.

Sometimes, we use shall, can, or may instead of will, for example: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight.

First Conditional

We will (pass) the examination if we study hard. If you (go) to see this film, you will have a good time. If he (play) sport, he will live longer. She (not be) an architect if she doesn’t go to university. They (ring) us if we give them our phone number. If we (not solve) the problem, we won’t get the prize.

If we (not go) now, we (miss) the bus. _______________________________________You (be) tired if you (not sleep). ________________________________________ If the Spanish team (get) to the final match, they (be) the World Champions. ___________________________________________________ If you (help) me, I (give) you a lot of money. _____________________________________________________ If we (sing) some carols, they (be) happy. ______________________________________________________

First Conditional

1. If I __________ my homework now, I ________________ go out later. NOT DO NOT BE ABLE TO

2. Charlie _____________ your chips if you _____________ them. EAT NOT FINISH

3. I ______________ in my office if she _____________ anything. BE NEED

4. You _________ there on time if you ____________ immediately. NOT GET NOT LEAVE

5. If we ___________ to Sarah’s party, we __________ a good time. GO HAVE

6. If Kate _____________ to America I _____________ her. GO MISS

Second Conditional

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:

if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. An imaginary result in a situation that does not exist

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.

If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery) If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello. She would travel all over the world if she were rich. She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen)

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:

If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him).

If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man. If I were president, I would put you in Jail

Second Conditional

1) If I   (be) you, I   (get) a new job.

2) If he (be) younger, he (travel) more.

3) If we   (not/be) friends, I  (be) angry with you

4) If I (have) enough money, I   (buy) a big house.

5) If she ___________  (not/be) always so late, she ___________   (be) promoted.

6) If we ___________   (win) the lottery, we ___________   (travel) the world.

7) If you ___________   (have) a better job, we ___________   (be) able to buy a new car.

8) If I ___________   (speak) perfect English, I ___________   (have) a good job.

9) If we ___________   (live) in Mexico, I  ___________  (speak) Spanish.

10) If ___________   (pass) the exam, she ___________   (be) able to enter university.

Second Conditional

1. If I won the lottery, 2. If I were a superhero,3. If my parents were more understanding,4. If I could travel anywhere in the world, 5. If I had time,

Exchange information with a partner.What would you do if…..?What could you do if…?

Third Conditional

 Past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the Past participle in the second part of the sentence:

if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle

It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this situation.

If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she didn't pass)

If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick).

If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine

Third Conditional

1. If you ______________ (not / be) late, we ______________ (not / miss) the bus.

2. If she ______________ (study), she ______________ (pass) the exam.

3. If we ______________ (arrive) earlier, we ______________ (see) John.

4. If they ______________ (go) to bed early, they ______________ (not / wake) up late.

5. If he ______________ (become) a musician, he ______________ (record) a CD.

6. If she ______________ (go) to art school, she ______________ (become) a painter.

7. If I ______________ (be) born in a different country, I ______________ (learn) to speak

a different language.

8. If she ______________ (go) to university, she ______________ (study) French.

9. If we ______________ (not / go) to the party, we ______________ (not / meet) them.

10. If he ______________ (take) the job, he ______________ (not / go) travelling.

Third Conditional

1. I wouldn't be angry if you _____________________ my chocolate mousse. (to eat)

2. If he had known you were in hospital, he _____________________ you. (to visit)

3. We wouldn't have come by taxi if we _____________________ the right bus. (to find)

4. We would have visited the Prado gallery if we _____________________ time. (to have)

5. If you hadn't been asking me questions all the time, I_____________________ the film.(to enjoy)

6. If I _____________________ your number, I would have phoned.(to know)

7. If just one person had remembered my birthday, I _____________________ sad. (to be)

8. I would have understood the film if it _____________________ in German. (to be*)

9. They _____________________ to see you if they hadn't been away. (to come)

10. if she  _____________________ on a double yellow line, she wouldn't have got a fine. (to park)

Mixed conditionals

 Are those unreal conditional sentences whose time in the if-clause is different than the time in the main-clause. Let's first have a look at

unreal conditional sentences:

If she were shorter, she would be more attractive. I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party. If they hadn't trained hard, they wouldn't have won.

As you can see, they refer to the same time: the present, the future or the past.

If we mix the sentences, we get mixed conditionals.

Mixed conditionals

Past and Present If my father hadn't lost his keys, we wouldn't have to wait until

he finds them.But my father lost his keys and therefore we have to wait until he finds them.

If I had installed an anti-virus, my computer wouldn't be so slow now.But I didn't install an anti-virus and therefore my computer is so slow now.

If our house had been broken into, we would be very sad.But our house wasn't broken into and we aren't sad.

Past and Future If our house had been broken into, we would call the police.

But our house wasn't broken into and we are not going to call police.

If we had won the lottery last week, we would buy a new sofa today.But we didn't win the lottery and we are not going to buy a new sofa today.

Mixed Conditionals

Present and Past If I were smarter, I would have graduated from Stanford.

But I am not smarter and therefore I didn't graduate from Stanford.

If Mary weren't a snob, she wouldn't have had so many parties this year.But Mary is a snob and therefore she had so many parties this year.

Present and Future If you were more eloquent, you would become a politician.

But I am not more eloquent and I won't become a politician. If you had more time, I would go to the cinema with you.

But you don't have more time and I won't go to the cinema with you.

CONDITIONALS

Verb form in if-clause Verb form in result -clause Meaning of if-clause Use Examples

0 If + Simple Present Simple present Real and Possible situations at any time, but most commonly in present

1) situations that can occur at any time(more than once) and their results2) general truths 3) general instruction

If you press this key, the game startsIf you boil water, it turns into steamIf you want to start, press the red button

I If + Simple Present Simple Future Possible in the present or future

1) possible future events and their results2) command3) offer4) warnings

If it rains, I will stay at homeIf you come home late, don’t make noiseI’ll call the hotel if you don’t have timeI’ll call the police if you don’t leave now!

II If + Simple Past Would or + verb Could

. Impossible or not true in the present

. improbable in the future

. imaginary situations

1) improbable future event or situation2) a hypothetical current situation which is contrary to known facts3) giving advice

If I won a lottery, I would buy an islandIf I knew the answer I would tell youIf I were you, I would see a doctor

III If + Past Perfect Would or + have + past participleCould Should

Impossible in the past 1) regret2) criticism.

If I had seen the red light, I would have stoppedIf you had worked hard, you could have passed your exam

All the conditionals exercises

1. If it is sunny tomorrow _______________________________________________ 2. If you sit in the sun too long __________________________________________ 3. If I were you _______________________________________________________ 4. If I were the Prime Minister ___________________________________________ 5. If she had studied harder _____________________________________________ 6. If I won the lottery __________________________________________________ 7. If I hadn’t gone to bed so late _________________________________________ 8. If I hadn’t come to London ___________________________________________ 9. If you mix water and electricity ________________________________________ 10. If she hadn’t stayed at home __________________________________________ 11. If I go out tonight___________________________________________________ 12. If I were on holiday today ____________________________________________ 13. If I had listened to my mother _________________________________________ 14. If I hadn’t eaten so much _____________________________________________ 15. If it rains later ______________________________________________________ 16. If I were British ____________________________________________________ 17. If I were the opposite sex ____________________________________________ 18. If I have enough money ______________________________________________ 19. If you don’t wear a coat in the winter ___________________________________ 20. If I weren’t studying English __________________________________________

wish and If only

There are three distinct types of  I wish / if only  sentences:Expressing a wish:Form:If only / I wish + simple pastIf only I knew how to use a computer. (I don’t know how to

use a computer and I would like to learn how to use it)Use:To express a wish in the present or in the future.The simple past here is an unreal past.When you use the verb to be the form is “were”. 

Example:I wish I were a millionaire!

wish and If only

Expressing regret:Form:If only / I wish + past perfectExample:If only I had woken up early. (I didn't wake up

early and I missed my bus.)Use:To express a regret.The action is past.

wish and If only

Complaining:Form:I wish / if only + would + verbExample:I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time (I'm annoyed because

you always come late and I want you to arrive on time)Use:To complain about a behavior that you disapprove.Expressing impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present

action.

IF ONLY is used to make emphatic wishes:     I can't restart the computer. If only I knew how to fix it!    We are completely lost. If only you had brought your GPS!

Exercise

Have, meant, must, need, used, want, wish.

The Reason (Hoobastank) 

I'm not a perfect personThere's many things I ......... I didn't do

But I continue learningI never ......... to do those things to you

And so I ......... to say before I goThat I just ......... you to know

 I've found a reason for me

To change who I ......... to beA reason to start over new

and the reason is youI'm sorry that I hurt you

 It's something I ......... live with everyday

And all the pain I put you throughI wish that I could take it all away

And be the one who catches all your tearsThat’s why I ........ you to hear

 I've found a reason for me

To change who I ......... to beA reason to start over newand the reason is You [x4]

 I'm not a perfect person

I never ......... to do those things to youAnd so I ......... to say before I go

That I just ......... you to know 

I've found a reason for meTo change who I ......... to beA reason to start over new

and the reason is you 

I've found a reason to showA side of me you didn't know

A reason for all that I doAnd the reason is you

Suffixes

Suffix is a group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word. A suffix can make a new word in one of two ways:

inflectional (grammatical): for example, changing singular to plural (dog > dogs), or changing present tense to past tense (walk > walked). In this case, the basic meaning of the word does not change.

derivational (the new word has a new meaning, "derived" from the original word): for example, teach > teacher or care > careful

Inflectional suffixes

Inflectional suffixes do not change the meaning of the original word. So in "Every day I walk to school" and "Yesterday I walked to school", the words walk and walked have

the same basic meaning. In "I have one car" and "I have two cars", the basic meaning of the words car and cars is exactly the same. In these cases, the suffix is added simply for

grammatical "correctness". Look at these examples:

suffix grammatical change exampleoriginal

word

examplesuffixed word

-s Plural Dog Dogs

-en Plural (irregular) Ox Oxen

-s 3rd person singular present Like He likes

-ed Past tensePast participle

Work He workedHe has worked

-en Past participle (irregular) Eat He has eaten

-ing Continuous/progressive Sleep He is sleeping

-er Comparative Big Bigger

-est Superlative Big The biggest

Derivational suffixes

With derivational suffixes, the new word has a new meaning, and is usually a different part of

speech. But the new meaning is related to the old meaning - it is "derived" from the old meaning.

We can add more than one suffix, as in this example:

derive (verb) + tion = derivation (noun) + al = derivational (adjective)

suffix making example original word

example suffixed word

-ationnouns explore exploration

hesitate hesitation

-sionpersuade persuasion

divide division-er teach teacher

-cian music musician-ess god goddess

-ness sad sadness-al arrive arrival

-ary diction dictionary-ment treat treatment

-yjealous jealousyvictor victory

-al adjectives accident accidental-ary imagine imaginary-able tax taxable-ly brother brotherly-y ease easy

-fulsorrow sorrowfulforget forgetful

-ly adverbs helpful helpfully

-izeverbs terror terrorize

private privatize-ate hyphen hyphenate

Suffixes

Suffixes Spelling Rules

RULE: 1 - When a word ends with a consonant and the suffix begins with a consonant, simply add the consonant with no spelling changes.

enjoyment = enjoy + mentcommitment = commit + mentdoubtful = doubt + ful

RULE: 2 - For most one syllable words ending in a single consonant you need to double the last letter when you add a suffix.

run + ing = runningsun + y = sunnyfun + y = funny

*** When the word ends with more than one consonant, the last letter is NOT doubled.

jump + ing = jumpingsing + ing = singing

Suffixes

RULE: 3 - For words with more than one syllable and end with the letter"L" you must double the "L" when adding suffixes.

travel + ing = travellingcancel + ed = cancelled

RULE: 4 - For words stressed on the last syllable and ending with a singleconsonant, you need to double the last letter.

prefer + ing = preferringbegin + er = beginner

*** For words where the stress isn't on the last syllable, then you do NOT need to double the last letter.

benefit + ed = benefitedoffer + ing = offering

Suffixes

***OTHER SPELLING RULES- "Y" to "I" and the silent "E"

When a word ends in a consonant plus "Y" then the "Y" is changed to "I" when you add the suffix. When adding the suffix 'ing' to a word ending in "Y" -- you keep the "Y." 

lonely + ness = lonelinesshappy + ness = happinesscopy + ing = copying

Silent "E" words end with a consonant and an "E." Words like love, like, and hope...you drop the "E" when you add the suffix.

noise + y = noisysimple + y = simply

Prefixes

A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning.