Upload
shawn-fitzgerald
View
215
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Marriage and the Family
• Cultural universal• Variations
– Monogamy– Polygyny, Polyandry– Same-sex– Residential patterns
• Men’s/children’s houses– Kawelka,Trobriands, Indian tribals
• Matrilineal households– e.g., Nayar, Na
• Functions of Marriage– Stable relationships– Regulate sexual reproduction– Raise children– Regulate sexual division of labor
• Often exploits women’s labor– Alliances between groups
• Mate Selection– Rules of exclusion
• Incest taboo– Rules of preference
• Cousin marriage
Suffixes and Prefixes
• -gamy = marriageExo = outsideEndo = insideMono = onePoly = more than one
• -local = residencePatri = with groom’s parentsMatri = with bride’s parentsAvuncu = with uncleNeo = newAmbi/Bi = either
Marriage RulesWhom one can or should marry
• Exogamy – outside– Kin group
• Lineage• Clan
– Village• Endogamy – inside
– Caste– Village– Race– Class– Ethnicity
• Arranged
Arranged Marriage
• Hierarchical corporate descent groups– Lineages– Clans– Castes
Patrilineage
Arranged Marriage
• Hierarchical corporate descent groups– Lineages– Clans– Castes
• Rules– Exogamy– Endogamy
• Alliances• Preservation of:
– purity– status – property
Bilateral Kinship
- No corporate group- Nuclear family- Choice of residence
- Neolocal- Ambilocal
- Focus on individuals
Preferential Cousin Marriage: Cross & Parallel
Preference Rules• Cross cousin
– Mother’s brothers’ children (matrilateral)– Father's sisters’ children (patrilateral)– Yanomamö– Hindus in South India: reinforces alliances between kin groups
• North India: no cousin marriage + village exogamy = wider kin network
• Parallel cousin– Mother’s sisters’ children (matrilateral)– Father’s brothers’ children (patrilateral)– Arab Middle-eastern & North African groups
• Especially patrilateral, e.g., Bedouin• Keeps property in patrilineal family • Resolves contradiction between patrilineal and patrilocal
• Levirate– Widow marries deceased husband’s brother or close male relative
• Sororate– Widower marries deceased wife’s sister or wife’s brother’s daughter
Yąnomamö & South Indians Use Iroquois System
Parallel cousins referred to as brothers and sistersCross-cousins preferred marriage partners
Residence
• Patrilocal/virilocal - 69%• Matrilocal/uxorilocal - 13%• Avunculocal - 4%• Ambilocal/bilocal - 9%• Neolocal - 5%
• Gender asymmetry– Patrilineal patrilocal
• Women at disadvantage– Economic dependence– Difficult to divorce
– Matrilineal matrilocal, avunculocal– Bilateral ambilocal, neolocal
• Women enjoy better status– Closer ties with natal kin – Greater autonomy– Influence– Easier to divorce
» Natal kin support– More resources
» Inheritance
Forms of Marriage(Number of spouses)
• Monogamy• Polygamy
– Polygyny (70% of cultures)• Africa, Middle East, U.S. (Mormons)• Related to
– wealth, privilege, status, power– women’s economic contribution– descent system
• Sororal polygyny– Polyandry (<1% of cultures)
• Nepal, Tibet, India, Marquesas• Demographic
– Toda in India – shortage of women• Economic
– Marquesas: Manpower – Tibet/Nepal: Land scarcity
• Fraternal polyandry
Family Structure• Nuclear
– 2 generations– Neolocal or ambilocal– Mobility– Industrialized and foraging societies
• Extended (46% of societies)– 3 generations– Patrilineal/patrilocal
• Elderly parents• Unmarried daughters and sons• Married sons with their wives and children
– Joint = brothers with wives & children (2 generations)– Matrilineal
• Parents or eldest woman with her brothers & sisters• Unmarried sons and daughters• Married daughters with their children & husbands• Nayar, Na/Mosuo (matrilineal household with no husbands)
• Industrialization/urbanization nuclear families• Definitions of family broadening
– 80% American families non-traditional
• Dadi = Grandmother– also Sas = Mother-in-law
• Dada = Grandfather• Jats = Farmers in Haryana, northern India• Extended family
– Dadi and Dada– 3 Sons, their wives and children
• Meherlal and Darshini (eldest), 3 sons, 1 daughter• Mohinder and Sita, 2 sons, 1 daughter• Rajinder and Kanta (newlyweds)
• Daughters Saroj, Anguri, and 3rd daughter not in film– Live with their husbands’ families in other villages
Dadi’s Family
Kinship Terms• Descent – related by blood
– Patrilineal– Matrilineal – Bilateral– Ambilineal
• Residence – where couple lives– Patrilocal = with husband’s parents– Matrilocal = with bride’s parents– Avunculocal = with uncle– Ambilocal = with either set of parents– Neolocal = new/with neither set of parents
• Family Structure– Nuclear– Extended = 3 generations– Joint = brothers, 2 generations