Upload
elvin-york
View
218
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Marketing Channels
Marketing Channels
• Marketing Channels– Sets of interdependent organizations
participating in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption
– Intermediaries: merchants, agents, and facilitators
• Intermediaries make distribution and selling processes more efficient.
• Intermediaries offers supply chain partners more than they could achieve on their own.– Market Exposure– Technical Knowledge/Information Sharing– Operational Specialization– Scale of operation
The Importance of Marketing Channels
Channel Efficiency: How Intermediaries Reduce the Number of Channel Transactions
Consumer/Industrial Marketing Channels
Channel Functions and Flows
Channel-Design Decisions
• Analyzing customer needs and wants
Desired lot size Waiting and delivery time Spatial convenience Product variety Service support
Terms / Responsibilities of Channel Members
• Price policy (i.e. MSRP)• Conditions of sale (discounts, allowances,
guarantees)• Distributors’ territorial rights• Mutual services and responsibilities
Copyright 2007, Prentice-Hall Inc. 12-9
Push Vs. Pull Promotion Strategy
• Horizontal Marketing Systems– Two or more companies at one channel level join together to
achieve a marketing goal.• Joint Ventures• Alliances and Partnerships• Co-Marketing, Co-Distribution and Co-Branding
• Multichannel Marketing Systems– Reaching customer segments through multiple marketing
channels. (i.e. hybrid system)• Example: You can buy Starbucks coffee from Starbucks’ stores or
from the Supermarket• Example: In-Store vs. Online Sales• Example: Sell Direct vs. Sell Through Dealers
– Integrated marketing channel systems
Channel Innovation and Integration
• When producers, wholesalers, and retailers act as a unified system.
• Can happen through– Outright ownership of channel member– Contracts– “Channel power”
Vertical Marketing Systems
• How many intermediaries?– Intensive distribution
• Stock product in as many outlets as possible.– Exclusive distribution
• Granting a limited number of outlets the exclusive right to sell product.
– Selective distribution• Somewhere in between Intensive and Exclusive Distribution.
• Factors to Consider– Product Ubiquity– Channel Control
Does the company always get to choose?
Distribution Strategy Alternatives
Selective Distribution
Maytag uses selective distribution like many other furniture and appliance manufacturers do.
The “Where to Buy” page on their Web site assists buyers in finding stores that carry the Maytag brand.
Sales Force vs. Sales Agency
Digital Channels
• Customer support in store / online / phone• Check online for product availability at local stores• Order product online to pick up at store• Return a product purchased online to a nearby
store• Comparison shopping• What other digital opportunities exist?
E-Commerce
• Transact or facilitate the sale of products and services online
• Pure-click vs. brick-and-click vs. brick-and-mortar companies
M-Commerce
• Transaction Potential• Advertising and Promotion• Geofencing• Issues
– Screen size limitations– Privacy / targeting– Technology instability
10-18
Franchise Organizations
• Powerful force in U.S. Retail (40%+ of all sales)
• Franchise Structures• Compensation Arrangements• Advantages
– Brand Name Recognition– Standardized Processes and Procedures– Avoids startup hassles – safer bet– Quick access to capital and huge expansion
potential
• Disadvantages– Over-saturation and territorial issues– Marketing fund disputes – Quality (vs. Company-owned)– Little room for “entrepreneurial creativity”
Conflict and Cooperation
• Channel Conflict– One channel member’s actions prevent
another channel member from achieving its goals
• Channel Coordination– Channel members are brought together to
advance the goals of the channel instead of their own potentially incompatible goals
• Channels are most effective when:– Each member performs the tasks it does best.– Channel members cooperate to attain overall channel goals.
• Channel Conflict– Horizontal Conflict: conflict among firms at the same level of the
channel (e.g., retailer to retailer). • Example: Two retailers compete to carry a supplier’s “exclusive” product.
– Vertical Conflict: conflict between different levels of the same channel (e.g., wholesaler to retailer).
• Example: Manufacturer competes with retailer in selling product to target market.
– Multichannel Conflict: conflict between two different channels for the same customers
• Example: See Goodyear example
• Some conflict can be healthy competition.
Channel Cooperation & Conflict
Causes of Channel Conflict
Goal incompatibility Unclear roles, rights and territories Duplication of effort Spending conflicts (i.e. national advertising) Pricing conflicts Channel member dominance / power
Channel Conflict: Goodyear
Goodyear’s conflicts with its independent dealers once decimated the firm’s replacement tire sales.
10-23
Channel Conflict Example
Branded goods using the Wolfgang Puck, T.G.I. Friday’s, Taco Bell, and Starbuck’s names are now being sold in grocery stores.Which brand stands the greatest risk of causing channel conflict? Why?
Disintermediation
Occurs when producers sidestep intermediaries and sell directly to final buyers, or when radically new
types of channel intermediaries displace traditional ones.
The Internet has made the disintermediation of many traditional retailers possible.
Disintermediation ExampleCalyx & Corolla sells fresh flowers and plants direct to consumers over the phone and via the Web, drastically reducing the time it takes flowers to reach consumers via conventional retail channels.
(Non-) Disintermediation Example
Black & Decker chose to avoid disintermediation by not using the Internet to sell their products. Instead B&D directs consumers to stores that carry its products.
Strategies to Manage Conflict
Other Channel Conflict Issues
• Dilution and cannibalization– Marketers must be careful not to dilute or cannibalize
their brands by selling in inappropriate channels
• Legal and ethical issues– Exclusive dealing/territories, tying agreements, and
dealers’ rights– Key Principle: Activities cannot restrain trade or
competition.