marine component of ICM · 2010-05-09 · The Nutrient Story Paul Gillespie, Lincoln MacKenzie, Richard Nottage, Kim Clark, Reid Forrest - Cawthron 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 15

IntroductionPaul Gillespie ‐ Cawthron

Goal of the marine component:

To develop a “river plume ecosystem” (RPE) basis for evaluating and

managing catchment‐sea linkages

In order to:

Facilitate coastal stakeholder input to catchment management as a step towards Integrated Coastal Management

Are river plumes important?

Major areas of investigation

• Nelson Bays Hydrodynamic Model ‐ plume dynamics

• Synoptic surveys of temperature, salinity, nutrients, chl a, suspended sediments, contaminants.

• Mass transport of nutrients (N, P, Si) from the catchment into Tasman Bay.

• Mapping of intertidal and subtidal habitats created and nourished by the river outflow.

• Spatial patterns of seabed characteristics generated by the river plume .

• Suspended sediments in near‐bottom waters.

Water column: variable in size & shape and moves around

<20 to >1500 km2

Chl a

How big is the plume?

173.0 173.1 173.2

41.1

41.0

40.9

40.9

40.8AP1 AP2 AP3 AP4 AP5 AP6 AP7

CP1CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 CP6 CP7

EP2EP3 EP4 EP5 EP6 EP7

GP2GP3 GP4 GP5 GP6 GP7

IP2 IP3 IP4 IP5 IP6 IP7

JP2

KP2 KP3 KP4 KP5 KP6 KP7

LP1 LP2 LP3

MP1MP2 MP3 MP4 MP5 MP6 MP7

NP1NP2 NP3

OP2 OP3 OP4 OP5 OP6 OP7

PP2 PP3

QP2 QP3 QP4 QP5 QP6 QP7

SP2SP3 SP4 SP5 SP6 SP7

Seawater samplingBuoy-mounted sensors

Model predictions

Satellite images

~300-400 km2 after a moderate rainfall event

The Nutrient StoryPaul Gillespie, Lincoln MacKenzie, Richard Nottage, Kim Clark, Reid Forrest - Cawthron

0

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6

8

1 0

1 2

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1 8

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S a l in i ty (p su )

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mm

ol

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)

A

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Si

mm

ol

m-3

C

Highest dissolved nutrient concentrations associatedwith low salinities

173 173.1 173.2

9-10 May 2001

41.15

41.05

40.95

40.85

40.75

173 173.1 173.2

9-10 May 2001

41.15

41.05

40.95

40.85

40.75DRSi Chl a

Plume-affected phytoplankton production

Periodic development of east to west gradients of nutrients and chl a dictated by river flow and water column density stratification.

173.00 173.10 173.20

9-10 May 2001

41.15

41.05

40.95

40.85 Surface Salinity

Woodstock

Woodmans BendTasman Bay

Water Quality Monitoring Sites

Flow : concentration relationships used to estimate nutrient loadings to Tasman Bay.

Nutrient Loading to Tasman Bay (tonnes/yr)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

0

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To

nn

es

pe

r y

ear

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ear

DRSi

DRP

TP

TN

Nitrate

Ammonium

Nitrogen loading (tonnes/month)TN

NO3

NH4

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120

2009

Jan

Fe

b

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Apr

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y

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Sep Oct

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v

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c

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120

2008

Jan

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r

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r

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y

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g

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p

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80

120

2007

Jan

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b

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r

May

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Sep Oct

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v

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c

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Feb

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r

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Jul

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g

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2005

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120

2006

Jan

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r

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Sep Oct

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v

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c

J F M A M J J A S O N D

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Good or bad for Tasman Bay?

• Motueka TN discharge (average 2005-2009) = ~283 t

• Total freshwater TN discharge (including point source discharges) = ~900 t/ year

• N loss via denitrification = ~1800 t/year

• N Inputs ~50% of assimilation capacity

• Problems associated with eutrophication unlikely

• Nutrients probably having beneficial effects on productivity

• But there still could be some effect on HAB incidence???

Delineation of the depositional footprint of the river plume

Deanna Clement, Reid Forrest, Chris Cornelisen, Barrie Forrest,

Paul Gillespie – CawthronBarrie Peake – University of Otago

Multiple indicators reveal river plume influence in a New Zealand coastal embayment

Barrie Forrest, Paul Gillespie, Chris Cornelisen-Cawthron, Karyne Rogers-GNS

Pilot study

Various indicators (chemical, geological, biological) were used to delineatethe spatial extent of river plume influence

Copper

Chromium

Nickel

Natural catchment source of elevated sediment trace metals

Unexpected result: Contaminated levels of Ni & Cr in plume sediments

Benthic characteristics considered for delineation of catchment influences

• Trace metal concentrations (Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Cd)

• Organic content (ash free dry weight)

• Grain size - % gravel, sand, silt/clay

• Infauna abundance & diversity

KEY SEDIMENT INDICATORS OF RIVER PLUME

INFLUENCE

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±

0 5 102.5Kilometres

Depth Contours

10.00

20.00

30.00

Trace Metal Concentrations x 2

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±

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Depth Contours

10.00

20.00

30.00

Organic matter and Lead

1

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9

10

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±

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Depth Contours

10.00

20.00

30.00

Species Diversity

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Trace metals Organic matter & lead

Infauna diversity (SW)

Shell debris (considered non plume-related)

Shell debris (considered non plume-related)

180 km2 river plume depositional

area

based on

composites of multiple benthic

indicators

±

0 5 102.5Kilometres

Depth Contours

10.00

20.00

30.00

AMAs

Sediment Plume Extent

Aquaculture management areas

Tasman Bay

Suspended sediment effects on shellfish

Paul Gillespie - Cawthron

Fish & shellfish resources/activities potentially influenced by the river plume

• Enhanced scallop fishery

• Dredge oyster fishery

• Trawl fishery (flounder and sole)

• Recreational fisheries

• Mussel farming

70,000-800,000 tonnes (mean~370,000)

Annual Suspended Sediment Contributions to Tasman Bay

Loading data provided by Les Basher - Landcare

Motueka R. SS Plume - the day after a moderate flood event

SS mobilisation and export from nearby estuaries - strong winds during spring high tides, no rain

Frequent SS plumes occur in Tasman Bay under a variety of weather conditions.

Sediment Mobilisation

Cumulative impacts?

SS Effects on Benthic Suspension Feeders

• SS inhibition of scallop feeding

o Near‐bottom (50 mm above the seabed) SS concentrations of 11‐25 g/m3 (89‐96% inorganic)were seen to interrupt the feeding activity of scallops on the seabed

o Scallops in baskets 0.5 or 1.0 m above the seabed continued feeding normally

Potential effects on shellfish resources in Tasman Bay

•Chronic condition of high near-bottom turbidity

Physical disturbance due to dredging & trawling

Deposition/ Resuspension

• Scallop catches (tonnes)

• No harvests 2005/06 ‐present

Interference of scallop feeding

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

89/90 91/92 93/94 95/96 97/98 99/00 01/02 03/04

?

Tracking faecal contaminants in the Motueka River plume

Chris Cornelisen

173.00 173.10 173.20

41.15

41.05

40.95

40.85

•Sedimentation•Contaminants (faecal, nutrients,metals, hydrocarbons, etc)

Turbidity

Bacteria

River flows

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w (

cu

me

cs

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28-Apr 29-Apr 30-Apr 01-May

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ml

Bad weather

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22-Apr 23-Apr 24-Apr 25-Apr 26-Apr 27-Apr 28-Apr 29-Apr 30-Apr 01-May 02-May 03-May 04-May 05-May 06-May 07-May

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(m

s-1

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High riverDischarge

River flow (Woodmans bend)

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m3 s

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Increase in turbidity coincidingwith winds

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m)

Turbidity (3 km)Turbidity (6 km)Tide

Mixing andpersistence of shallow low salinity plume

30

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lin

ity

(p

su

)

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mp

(C

)

Salinity (3 km) Salinity (6 km)

Temperature (3 km) Temperature (6 km)

Shading by thin surface layer of fine sediment

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PA

R u

mo

l m-2

s-1

Incoming3 m depth

Sal

inity

at

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th,

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29-Apr-2009 23:36:21

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1025

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35

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pera

ture

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t at

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Tur

bidi

ty a

tD

epth

, m

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Distance from river mouth, km

Chl

orop

hyll

atD

epth

, m

1 2 3 4 5 6

0

5

100

2

4

CTD and water quality survey – 30 Apr 2009

Mussel results here

0

50

100

150

1 2 3 4 5 6

Distance from river mouth (km)

MP

N/1

00 m

l E. coli

Enterococci

Mussel results here

E.coli

0

500

1000

1500

1.5 km 2 km 6 km (AMA)

MP

N/1

00g 30-Apr

07-May

Enterococci

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1.5 km 2 km 6 km (AMA)

MP

N/1

00g

Ruminant Bacteroides (Bac128)

1 to 2 km 6 km(AMA) + ‐

Human Bacteroides (Bac183)HumanMethanobrevibacter

Human Polyomavirus (HPyV)

3 human markers not detected

Humans0.2%

Poultry1.3%

Horse0.5%

Deer(farm)0.7% Possum

0.6%

Cattle80.9%

Sheep15.4%

Pig0.4%

NZ’s PPP: Potential poo production (not including “wildlife”)

Where’s it coming from?Microbial Source Tracking

Continuing efforts

Real-time monitoring

•Telemetry-data accessibility•Real-time Environmental Sample Processing (ESP)

Molecular tools

•MST tools for water quality monitoring•MST tools for ensuring shellfish quality•Quantitative PCR•DNA probe arrays

Acknowledgements

NIWA: Rob Davies-Colley, Rob Merrilees, Murray Hicks

Cawthron: Paul Gillespie, Marek Kirs, Roger Young, Reid Forrest, Paul Barter, Aaron Quarterman, Eric Goodwin, Ben Knight, Ron Fyfe, Mark Englefield

Valerie (Jodie) Harwood, University of South Florida

Documents

marine component of ICM · 2010-05-09 · The Nutrient Story Paul Gillespie, Lincoln MacKenzie, Richard Nottage, Kim Clark, Reid Forrest - Cawthron 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 15