MARE171 Lecture9A Inverts

8/2/2019 MARE171 Lecture9A Inverts

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MARE 171

Marine Invertebrates


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Phylum Porifera

Organization Symmetry Segmentation Body Cavity

Cellular Asymmetrical No None


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Phylum Porifera

True tissues absent; sac with holesSessile, benthic, 8,900 Marine; 100 FW

So, you think youre sponge-worthy? -Elaine Benice

PARAZOA

Spongocoel central cavityOstia small pores (water in)Osculum large opening (water out)


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Phylum PoriferaSponges grouped into four different

classes according to skeletal structure:Class Calcarea-the skeleton consistsof individual spicules of calciumcarbonate

Class Hexactinellida -have spicules ofsilica fused in a continuous latticework

Class Demospongiae -has unfused

silica spicules, AND/OR a tough, keratin-like protein called spongin

PARAZOA


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Silica (Hexactinellida)

Ponponine shrimprecruit to sponge aslarvae; carryout life-cyclewithin sponge

Venus Flower BasketPARAZOA
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Phylum Cnidaria


Tissue Radial No None


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Tentacles have batteries of Cnidocytes

-Contain Cnidae organelles that canevert

Nematocysts stinging capsules are cnidae

Phylum CnidariaRADIATA


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There are four major Classes of cnidarians:

Class Anthozoa - includes true corals, anemones,and sea pens

Class Cubozoa - box jellies with complex eyes andpotent toxins

Class Hydrozoa - most diverse group withsiphonophores, hydroids, fire corals, and many medusae

Class Scyphozoa - true jellyfish

Phylum CnidariaRADIATA


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Probably the most famous cnidarians:Include corals, sea anemones, sea fans, & sea pens

Can form reefs (hermatypic corals)Can live in deep ocean, very cold (ahermatypic corals)

Class AnthozoaRADIATA Phylum Cnidaria


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Class Anthozoa

Lack medusa stage entirely Sexual repro: spawning

Asexual repro: budding

Mouth w/ tubular pharynx that projectsinward to gut

Hexamerous or octamerous radial

symmetry or biradial (modified radialsymmetry that limits the # of planes that candivide the body into equal halves)

RADIATA Phylum Cnidaria


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Class CubozoaThey taste like burning Ralph Wiggum


Similar in form to the "true" jellyfish

Different shape: square when viewed from above-Have four evenly spaced out tentacles orbunches of tentacles & well-developed eyes

(Tetramerous radial symmetry)

20 known spp found in tropical & semitropical waters

The Australian stinger Chironex fleckeriis among thedeadliest creatures in the world, having caused human

fatalities


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Class Cubozoa

Box Jellies Medusa dominant

Polyp stage develops directly into medusa

StatocystsVery poisonous

Carybdea alata:Species found in HI,not deadly Present 10 days after full moon

Caribbean origin, 1800s introballast water?



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Class Hydrozoa

Hydra, Sea Serpents

Life cycle w/ both medusa & polyps (Polypdominant)

Hydra have ONLY polyp stage Simple gut cavity

Radial Symmetry

Solitary or Colonial Asexual or Sexual reproduction

Includes Hydroids or Stinging Limu,fire coral, blue buttons, By-the-wind Sailors



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Man-of-War is a Hydrozoan ! Paimalau

4 Different Hydrozoans:

1. The float, orpneumatophore

2. The tentacles, ordactylozooids

3. The digestive polyps,

or gastrozooids

4. The reproductivepolyps, or

gonozooids



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Class Scyphozoa

True sea jellies, or jellyfish Despite often enormous sizeno head, no

skeleton, & no special organs for respiration or

excretion Life cycle medusa dominant

Tetramerous radial symmetry

Jellyfish range in size 12mm 2 m The largest (Cyanea arctica);tentacles >40m (131 ft) !!

Gut cells divided into complex radial canals

Specialized sensory cells w/ statocysts


Those whack invertebrates will sting you, old-school! one of those freaking N-Sync bastards referring to jellyfish


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Phylum Ctenophora


Tissue Radial No None


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Phylum Ctenophora

Comb Jellies, Sea Gooseberries,Sea Walnuts, or Venus's Girdles :

Exclusively Marine

Gelatinous body w/ 8 rows of ciliary

combs (comb rows) Many bioluminescent

Mostly Hermaphroditic

Carnivores large swarms consume many fishlarvae & plankton daily Colloblasts: Sticky cells at end of

2 tentacles captures prey

Few may have nematocysts (obtained

from jellies?)

RADIATA


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Phylum Platyhelminthes


Organ System Bilateral No None /

Acoelomate


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Polyclad flatworms - a group oflarge, free-living or parasitic

Marineflatworms are mainlyfound in tropical coral reefs

Triploblastic

3 Classes: Trematoda (flukes),Cestoda (tape worms), Turbellaria

(include marine flatworms)

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum
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Class TrematodaPhylumPlatyhelminthes

FlukesLive as parasites on or inother animals (including corals)Require intermediate

host

Phylum


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Class Cestoda

PhylumPlatyhelminthes

Tapeworms

Parasites of the digestive

system of vertebrates(including

tuna, sharks, rays, salmon, rockfish, bass,perch, etc.)

Digestive system absent

food digested by host

Phylum


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Class Turbellaria

PhylumPlatyhelminthes

Mostly free-living (non-parasitic) & marineLack specialize organs for gas exchange &circulation

Body surface ciliated for locomotion

Can excrete mucus

Are often mistaken for sea slugs because of their

brilliant color patterns.
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Phylum Nemertea


Organ System Bilateral No Proboscis

cavity /

StructurallyAcoelomate
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Ribbon worms

most occur in first20cm of sand, burrowing below surface

have an eversible proboscis which they use to catch smallprey

proboscis is known to be poisonous in some spp, may bearmed (stylet)

Fragment or dioeciousTypically nocturnal

Length averages 140cm (~4 ft)BUT can be up to 100 ft

Most marine; few FW or Terrestrial

Phylum Nemertea
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Phylum Nemertea
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Phylum Nematoda


Organ System Bilateral No Pseudocoelom
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Phylum Nematoda

ROUNDWORMSRound bodied, elongate,cylindrical & unsegmented

Pseudocoelomates:-complete digestive tract w/ mouth/anus-longitudinal muscle layer just inside epidermis-hydrostatic skeleton

-fluid in psuedocoel serves both circulatory &respiratory functions

Covered with a thick, chemical resistant cuticle,

capable of being shed
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Phylum Nematoda

Many of the parasitic sppcause important diseases ofplants, animals, and humans

Other spp are beneficial in

attacking insect pests, mostlysterilizing or otherwisedebilitating their hosts
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Phylum Annelida


Organ System Bilateral Yes Coelom-

Protostome
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Commonly referred to as

segmented worms;internal & externalsegments, setae,hydrostatic skeletons

Split into 3 major groups;Polychaeta(polychaetes),

Oligochaeta(earthworms etc.) andHirudinea (leeches)

Phylum Annelida
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Phylum AnnelidaClass Polychaeta - bulk

of Annelida-found in nearly every

marine habitat, from

intertidal algal mats,pelagic, benthic

-errant or sedentary

-dioecious or regeneration

-well-developed head, simple

eyes-Parapodia lateral flap,paddle-like appendage oneach segment

-Setae on each parapodiaare bristle-like hairs

*These features aid inswimming, burrowing, sites

for gas exchange*

Ph l A lid
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1.5mlong

Phylum Annelida

Setae/

Pogonophorans gutless polychaetetubeworms- may be oldest living animalsin the sea (over 200 yrs old)*Segmented at very end of body*

-Have endosymbionts -bacteria in a sac in body thatproduce organic matter via

chemosynthesis (usechemical energy to produceorganic matter instead ofsuns energy)

-Indonesia
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Phylum Sipuncula


Organ System Bilateral No Coelom-

Protostome

Ph l Si l
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Phylum SipunculaPeanut worms" because some havegeneral shape of shelled peanuts

*Not particularly well studied

Only ~320 spp have beenformally described,all marine & mostly fromshallow waters.

Proboscis w/ring of tentacles-mucus

Dioecious, spawn
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Phylum Sipuncula

Burrow into sand &mud, live in crevices inrocks, empty shells, orbore into rock.

Found in Hawaii

Part of ReefTriggerfishs diet

S i f th D
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Species of the Day

Common Name: Upside-down Jellyfish

Scientific Name: Cassiopea andromedaHawaiian Name: Pololia

Introduced to Hawaii,

probabl ballast ater of ships
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MARE171 Lecture9A Inverts