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Marbury v. Madison Brief Fact Summary. William Marbury (Marbury), an end-of-term appointee of President John Adams (President Adams) to a justice of the peace position in the District of Columbia, brought suit against President Thomas Jefferson’s (President Jefferson) Secretary of State, James Madison, seeking delivery of his commission. Facts. Before the inauguration of President Jefferson, outgoing President Adams attempted to secure Federalist control of the judiciary by creating new judgeships and filling them with Federalist appointees. Included in these efforts was the nomination by President Adams, under the Organic Act of the District of Columbia (the District), of 42 new justices of the peace for the District, which were confirmed by the Senate the day before President Jefferson’s inauguration. A few of the commissions, including Marbury’s, were undelivered when President Jefferson took office. The new president instructed Secretary of State James Madison to withhold delivery of the commissions. Marbury sought mandamus in the Supreme Court, requiring James Madison to deliver his commission. Issue. Is Marbury entitled to mandamus from the Supreme Court? Synopsis of Rule of Law. The Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) has constitutional authority to review executive actions and legislative acts. The Supreme Court has limited jurisdiction, the bounds of which are set by the United States Constitution (Constitution), which may not be enlarged by the Congress. Baker v. Carr Brief Fact Summary. Appellants brought suit, challenging malapportionment of state legislatures under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Facts. Apportionment cases had often been brought under the Guaranty Clause of Article IV, Section: 4 of the United States Constitution (Constitution), in which the United States guarantees to the individual states a republican form of government. The Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) has long held that such challenges present a political question, not addressable by the courts. In the current case, Appellants challenged the state

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Page 1: Marbury v Madison

Marbury v. Madison

Brief Fact Summary. William Marbury (Marbury), an end-of-term appointee of President John Adams (President Adams) to a justice of the peace position in the District of Columbia, brought suit against President Thomas Jefferson’s (President Jefferson) Secretary of State, James Madison, seeking delivery of his commission.

Facts. Before the inauguration of President Jefferson, outgoing President Adams attempted to secure Federalist control of the judiciary by creating new judgeships and filling them with Federalist appointees. Included in these efforts was the nomination by President Adams, under the Organic Act of the District of Columbia (the District), of 42 new justices of the peace for the District, which were confirmed by the Senate   the   day   before   President   Jefferson’s   inauguration.   A   few   of   the   commissions,   including Marbury’s,   were   undelivered  when   President   Jefferson   took   office.   The   new   president   instructed Secretary of State James Madison to withhold delivery of the commissions. Marbury sought mandamus in the Supreme Court, requiring James Madison to deliver his commission.

Issue. Is Marbury entitled to mandamus from the Supreme Court?

Synopsis of Rule of Law. The Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) has constitutional authority to review executive actions and legislative acts. The Supreme Court has limited jurisdiction, the bounds of which are set by the United States Constitution (Constitution), which may not be enlarged by the Congress.

Baker v. Carr

Brief Fact Summary. Appellants brought suit, challenging malapportionment of state legislatures under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Facts. Apportionment cases had often been brought under the Guaranty Clause of Article IV, Section: 4 of the United States Constitution (Constitution), in which the United States guarantees to the individual states a republican form of government. The Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) has long held that such challenges present a political question, not addressable by the courts. In the current case, Appellants challenged the state apportionment of legislatures under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Issue. Is it possible to bring a malapportionment claim without raising a nonjusticiable political issue?

Synopsis of Rule of Law. An apportionment case may be reviewed on Fourteenth Amendment grounds, so long as these grounds are independent from political question elements.

Nixon v. United States

Brief Fact Summary. The Petitioner, Nixon (Petitioner), a former federal judge, asks the Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) to decide whether Senate Rule XI, as applied in his impeachment trial, is constitutional.

Facts. The Petitioner, a former Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi, was sentenced to prison for lying under oath to a federal grand jury. The Petitioner refused to resign from his post and continued to draw his salary while incarcerated. In the ensuing impeachment trial, the Senate invoked Rule XI, which allowed a Senate committee to receive evidence and testimony. 

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The   committee   provided   full   transcripts   and   summaries   to   the   entire   Senate   and  more   than   the necessary two-thirds voted to impeach on two of the three articles. Nixon now appeals, arguing that Rule XI violates the impeachment trial clause, Art. I Section: 3, cl. 6 of the United States Constitution (Constitution).

Issue. Does Petitioner have the right to have the entire Senate receive evidence and testimony?

Synopsis of Rule of Law. Impeachment trials are nonjusticiable.

Goldwater v. Carter

Brief Fact Summary. The Defendant,  United States President Jimmy Carter  (Defendant),   rescinded a treaty with Taiwan as part of recognizing the People’s Republic of China. The Plaintiff, United States Senator Barry Goldwater (Plaintiff), sued, alleging that the Senate must rescind treaties.

Facts. While   recognizing  the People’s  Republic  of  China,   the  Defendant   rescinded the United States treaty with Taiwan. Plaintiff sued, arguing that as the Senate must ratify treaties, the Senate’s approval is   also   required   to   rescind   treaties.

Issue. Is the present case justiciable?

Synopsis of Rule of Law. Questions of a purely political nature are nonjusticiable.