Mapping non-tariff measures on fish and sea food products

Bonapas Onguglo

Marco Fugazza

Trade Analysis Branch, DITC

UNCTAD

Oceans Forum on Trade-related Aspects of SDG 14

21 - 22 March 2017, Geneva

• UNCTAD has been actively involved in research, data collection and dissemination related to NTMs since the early 1980s

• Enhance transparency on market access & promote regulatory cooperation.

• UNCTAD, the African Development Bank (AfDB), the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the World Bank are forming a partnership called the Transparency in Trade (TNT) Initiative including NTMs

NTMs in UNCTAD

• The TNT initiative aims to facilitate collection of tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTM) and other trade data, harmonization of NTMs, and provide free and open access the data collected

• Data are accessible at:

http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspx

NTMs in UNCTAD

http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspx

• Investigation of the presence and incidence of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) in the fish sector based on a recently released dataset produced by UNCTAD’s secretariat

• Identification of salient stylized facts and empirical regularities

• Work in Progress !!!

Scope

• The commonly used definition of NTMs is: "Non-tariff measures (NTMs) are policy measures, other than ordinary customs tariffs, that can potentially have an economic effect on international trade in goods, changing quantities traded, or prices or both“

• NB: Procedural obstacles are not NTMs per se but affect compliance with these measures

Definition

Defintion

Imports

Technical

Measures

A SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES

B TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE

C PRE-SHIPMENT INSPECTION AND OTHER FORMALITIES

Non-

Technical

Measures

D CONTINGENT TRADE-PROTECTIVE MEASURES

E NON-AUTOMATIC LICENSING, QUOTAS,

PROHIBITIONS AND QUANTITY-CONTROL

MEASURES OTHER THAN FOR SPS OR TBT

REASONS

F PRICE-CONTROL MEASURES, INCLUDING

ADDITIONAL TAXES AND CHARGES

G FINANCE MEASURES

H MEASURES AFFECTING COMPETITION

I TRADE-RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES

J DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTIONS

K RESTRICTIONS ON POST-SALES SERVICES

L SUBSIDIES (EXCLUDING EXPORT SUBSIDIES

UNDER P7)

M GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT RESTRICTIONS

N INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

O RULES OF ORIGIN

Exports

P EXPORT-RELATED MEASURES

UNCTAD NTMs Classification (2012)

http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditctab20122_en.pdf

http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditctab20122_en.pdf

• Analysis is quantitative (i.e. we can not provide any information about either absolute or relative stringency of measures)

• NTMs data are based on HS-2012 classification

no distinction between capture and aquaculture products

• Cross-section of 56 reporting countries (80 percent of total fish imports)

• Data collected between 2012 and 2016

• Exports related measures are not analyzed

Limitations

• Products of the fish sector are relatively more affected by NTMs and more intensively than products belonging to non-fish sectors: on average countries applied twice as many NTMs on fish products than on non-fish products

Stylized fact 1

Stylized fact 1

Number of NTMs types Share in Total Share in Affected

0 2.76

1 5.81 5.97

2 32.54 33.46

3 24.56 25.26

4 25.98 26.72

5 5.98 6.15

6 2.38 2.44

Number of NTMs types Share in Total Share in Affected

0 25.50

1 21.54 28.91

2 22.63 30.37

3 15.97 21.44

4 10.59 14.22

5 3.17 4.26

6 0.60 0.8

fish p

roducts

non-f

ish p

roducts

Reporter-product pairs (with positive imports) affected by different types of NTMs

• Products of the fish sector are mostly affected by technical regulations and in particular SPS measures

Stylized fact 2

• Most countries impose some SPS measure on all imports of products of the fish sector

Stylized fact 3

NTMs Chapter Number of Import Relationships Share in Total Share in Affected

A 53621 24.63 33.06

B 112559 51.70 69.39

C 51751 23.77 31.90

D 2395 1.10 1.48

E 37137 17.06 22.89

F 92069 42.29 56.76

G 28668 13.17 17.67

H 5995 2.75 3.70

None 55519 25.50

Stylized fact 2

NTMs Chapter Number of Import Relationships Share in Total Share in Affected

A 5826 92.92 95.56

B 5112 81.53 83.84

C 2558 40.80 41.96

D 21 0.33 0.34

E 835 13.32 13.70

F 3129 49.90 51.32

G 746 11.90 12.24

H 122 1.95 2.00

None 173 2.76

Reporter-product (only fish products) pairs affected by an NTM, by NTMs type

fish p

roducts

non-f

ish

pro

ducts

020

40

60

80

share

(%)

A10

0

A11

0

A12

0

A13

0

A14

0

A15

0

A19

0

A20

0

A21

0

A22

0

A30

0

A31

0

A32

0

A33

0

A40

0

A41

0

A42

0

A49

0

A50

0

A51

0

A52

0

A53

0

A59

0

A61

0

A62

0

A63

0

A64

0

A69

0

A80

0

A81

0

A82

0

A83

0

A84

0

A85

0

A85

1

A85

2

A85

3

A85

9

A86

0

A89

0

A90

0

Fisheries

NTMs incidence by SPS measures sub-chapters, frequency indices

Fish

Stylized fact 3

• Similar types of SPS measures and TBTs affect both fish and non-fish products; however, their incidence is much larger in fish products

Stylized fact 4

• Measures that affect more than 50% of all import relationships in the fish sector:

– A140: special authorization requirement for SPS reasons

– A820: testing requirement

– A830: certification requirement

– A840: inspection requirement

– A310: labelling requirements

– B310 : labelling requirements

Stylized fact 4

• No product (or type of product) of the fish sector appears to be more affected by NTMs (in particular Technical Regulations) than any other

Stylized fact 5

02

46

80

24

68

02

46

8

A B C E F G H A B C E F G H A B C E F G H

A B C E F G H A B C E F G H A B C E F G H

A B C E F G H

Cods, hakes, haddocks Flounders, halibuts, soles Freshwater fish

Other fish Other pelagic fish Salmons, trouts, smelts

Tunas, bonitos, billfishesNum

ber

of N

TM

s types

Source: Authors' calculations based on UNCTAD NTM data

Fish

02

46

81

00

24

68

10

A B C E F G H A B C E F G H

A B C E F G H A B C E F G H

Crabs Lobsters

Other crustaceans Shrimps, prawns

Num

ber

of N

TM

s types

Source: Authors' calculations based on UNCTAD NTM data

Crustaceans

02

46

81

00

24

68

10

A B C E F G H A B C E F G H

A B C E F G H

Bivalves Other molluscs

Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses

Num

ber

of N

TM

s ty

pes

Source: Authors' calculations based on UNCTAD NTM data

Molluscs

Prevalence indicators in product groups

02

04

06

08

01

00

02

04

06

08

01

00

A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H

A B C D E F G H

Animal Products Animal oils and fats

Preparations

share

(%)

Source: Authors' calculations based on UNCTAD NTM data

Frequency indexes, Fish Products (broad categories)

Stylized fact 2

• No systematic relationship between tariffs and NTMs incidence can be identified

Stylized fact 6

Stylized fact 6

ARG

AUS

BENBFABOL

BRA

BRNCAN

CHL

CHN

COL

CRICUB

ECUETH

EUN

GHA

GMB

GTMHND

IDN

IND

JPN

KAZ

KHM

LAO

LBR

LKAMEXMLI

MMR

MYS

NERNGA

NICNPL

NZL

PAKPAN

PER

PHL

PRY

RUS

SEN

SGP

SLVTGO

THA

TJKURY

USA

VEN

VNM

010

20

30

Avera

ge T

ari

ff

0 5 10 15 20Average number of NTMs' types

Confidence Interval 95% Fitted values

Fisheries/A

AFG

ARG

AUS

BEN

BFABOL

BRA

BRN

CAN

CHL

CHN

COL

CRICUB

ECU

ETH

EUN

GHAGMB

GTM

HND

IDN

IND

JPN

KAZ

KHMLAO

LBR

LKA

MEXMLI

MMR

MYS

NERNGA

NICNPL

NZL

PAKPAN

PER

PHLPRYRUS

SEN

SGP

SLV

TGO

THA

TJKURY

USA

VEN

VNM

010

20

30

40

Avera

ge T

ari

ff

0 1 2 3 4Average number of NTMs' types

Confidence Interval 95% Fitted values

Non-Fisheries/A

AFG

ARG

AUS

BEN BOL

BRA

BRNCAN

CHL

CHN

COLCRI

CUB

ECU

ETH

EUN

GHA

GMB

GTMHND

IDN

IND

JPN

KAZ

KHM

LAO

LBR

LKAMEX

MLI

MMR

MYS

NGA

NICNPL

NZL

PAN

PER

PHL

PRY

RUS

SEN

SGP

SLV

TGO

THA

TJK URY

USA

VEN

VNM

010

20

30

Ave

rage T

ari

ff

0 5 10 15Average number of NTMs' types

Confidence Interval 95% Fitted values

Fisheries/B

AFG

ARG

AUS

BENBFA

BOL

BRA

BRN

CAN

CHL

CHNCOLCRI

CUB

ECU

ETH

EUN

GHA

GMB

GTM

HND

IDN

IND

JPN

KAZ

KHMLAO

LBR

LKA

MEXMLI

MMR

MYS

NERNGA

NIC

NPL

NZL

PAK

PAN

PER

PHL

PRY

RUS

SEN

SGP

SLV

TGO

THA

TJK

URY

USA

VEN

VNM

05

10

15

20

Avera

ge T

ari

ff

0 2 4 6 8Average number of NTMs' types

Confidence Interval 95% Fitted values

Non-Fisheries/B

Fish/ A

Fish/ B

Non-Fish/ A

Non-Fish/ B