Map, Photo and Satellite Map, Photo and Satellite Image InterpretationImage Interpretation

Unit 3Unit 3

Earth Science: Mapping the EarthEarth Science: Mapping the Earth

Video: 20 minutesVideo: 20 minutes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXB1Z_CxBK0

History of MapsHistory of Maps

Early mapsEarly maps• SketchesSketches

Later mapsLater maps• Better drawingsBetter drawings• MisinformationMisinformation• Artistic portrayal / vision (imaginative)Artistic portrayal / vision (imaginative)

Modern mapsModern maps• AccurateAccurate• ScientificScientific

http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/LMwebpages/228A.html

Pietro Vesconte's World Maps, 1321, from Marino Sanudo's Liber secretorum fidelium crusis(oriented with East at the top)

Nova Et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio Ad Usum Navigantium emendate . . ., Gerard Mercator's famous world map, 1569

http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ren/Ren1/406.htm

Map of the Danish Kingdom, 1629, by Janssonius.

http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/map/h_map/h_map.htm

Today’s Maps

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AlH5TvFoLw

GIS - TODAY

Today: GIS

http://ssnds.uwo.ca/sscnetworkupdate/2006winter/gissupport.html

TermsTerms CartographerCartographer Relative locationRelative location

• Orientation of a place, ie. North of FrederictonOrientation of a place, ie. North of Fredericton Scale:Scale:

• The relationship between distance on the map and the The relationship between distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the groundcorresponding distance on the ground

Large scale mapLarge scale map• Shows a small land area in great detailShows a small land area in great detail

Small scale mapSmall scale map• Shows a large land area with less detailShows a large land area with less detail

Spatial data:Spatial data:• the information to create a mapthe information to create a map

Data collected for a map can be:Data collected for a map can be:• Qualitative data - buildings, roads, riversQualitative data - buildings, roads, rivers• Quantitative data – elevations, air temperatures, Quantitative data – elevations, air temperatures,

population densitypopulation density

Maps are:Maps are: Fundamental tool of a geographerFundamental tool of a geographer

• Way of recording and storing informationWay of recording and storing information• Means of analyzing locational distributions and spatial Means of analyzing locational distributions and spatial

patternspatterns• Methods of presenting information and communicating Methods of presenting information and communicating

findingsfindings EssentialEssential

• Visually convey large amounts of spatial information in Visually convey large amounts of spatial information in an easy to read formatan easy to read format

• Easier to see patterns and distributionsEasier to see patterns and distributions Map making is not a Map making is not a staticstatic field field

• Evolving with technologyEvolving with technology GIS – Geographical Information SystemsGIS – Geographical Information Systems GPS – Global Positioning SystemGPS – Global Positioning System

Tools Used by GeographersTools Used by Geographers GISGIS GPSGPS MapsMaps Magnetic CompassMagnetic Compass AltimeterAltimeter

• A device used for measuring elevation of an object above a fixed levelA device used for measuring elevation of an object above a fixed level PlanimeterPlanimeter

• A device used to measure distancesA device used to measure distances RadarRadar

• A means of detecting objects using radiowaves that reflect off of them.A means of detecting objects using radiowaves that reflect off of them. SonarSonar

• A means of detecting objects underwater using sound wavesA means of detecting objects underwater using sound waves Used to map the ocean floorUsed to map the ocean floor

SextantSextant• A measuring tool used to measure angle of elevation of a celestial object with A measuring tool used to measure angle of elevation of a celestial object with

respect to the horizonrespect to the horizon ChronometerChronometer

• Timekeeper / Determines longitude by celestial navigationTimekeeper / Determines longitude by celestial navigation RulersRulers StringString

List all the map types you know of or List all the map types you know of or have used.have used.• How essential were they to you How essential were they to you

completing your goals?completing your goals?

Different Types of MapsDifferent Types of Maps Road mapRoad map Political mapPolitical map Economic or resource mapEconomic or resource map

• Geological mapGeological map Shaded relief mapShaded relief map

• Map showing relative elevations / height of land (uses Map showing relative elevations / height of land (uses color or shading) color or shading)

Topographic map (contour)Topographic map (contour)• Shows the elevation of land at all pointsShows the elevation of land at all points

Thematic mapsThematic maps• Soil distribution mapSoil distribution map• Climate matClimate mat

Provincial mapProvincial map

Maps of the Nepisiquit RiverMaps of the Nepisiquit River• Various maps to display the same areaVarious maps to display the same area

Which one do you like? Why?Which one do you like? Why?• Contour, color, 3DContour, color, 3D

Key: The more technology we have Key: The more technology we have incorporating information, the more incorporating information, the more skill that is requiredskill that is required

Parts of a MapParts of a Map Elements found on virtually all mapsElements found on virtually all maps

• 1) Scale (distance)1) Scale (distance) Should always be indicated or impliedShould always be indicated or implied Verbal, numeric or graphic formVerbal, numeric or graphic form On some maps, scale varies across the areaOn some maps, scale varies across the area

• 2) Orientation (direction)2) Orientation (direction) True North – direction to the North PoleTrue North – direction to the North Pole Magnetic North – moves due to changing geophysical condition Magnetic North – moves due to changing geophysical condition

of the earth’s crust and coreof the earth’s crust and core Many maps have bothMany maps have both Key: Most maps made today are oriented towards the True Key: Most maps made today are oriented towards the True

North even though compass readings are angled to the North even though compass readings are angled to the Magnetic NorthMagnetic North

• 3) Legend3) Legend Lists the symbols and what they meanLists the symbols and what they mean These must be preciseThese must be precise Key: Not all maps require legends – sometimes important Key: Not all maps require legends – sometimes important

information is captioned or placed directly on the mapinformation is captioned or placed directly on the map

The important thing here is to remember The important thing here is to remember that a compass points not to true north that a compass points not to true north (e.g. the north pole, the geographical (e.g. the north pole, the geographical northernmost point of the Earth) but to northernmost point of the Earth) but to magnetic north (the magnetic north end of magnetic north (the magnetic north end of the Earth's 'bar magnet'). These two are the Earth's 'bar magnet'). These two are not in the same position (indeed the not in the same position (indeed the position of magnetic north varies with position of magnetic north varies with time).time). The apparent position of magnetic The apparent position of magnetic north will vary according to your location in north will vary according to your location in the world (most importantly your latitudethe world (most importantly your latitude) )

Magnetic north varies with place and time.Magnetic north varies with place and time. “The National Geomagnetic Program of Geological Survey of Canada monitors the movement of the north magnetic pole and most recently determined its precise location in a 2001 survey. They've determined that the pole is moving at approximately 25 miles (40 kilometers) each year. The north magnetic pole moves on a daily basis, too. Every day, there's an elliptical movement of the magnetic pole about 50 miles (80 kilometers) from its average center point.” http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/northpole_2.htm

Parts of a MapParts of a Map Elements essential for contextElements essential for context

• 4) Title4) Title Wording, letter size, placementWording, letter size, placement

• 5) Projection5) Projection• 6) Cartographer6) Cartographer

Who made the mapWho made the map

• 7) Date of production7) Date of production When it was made / this gives validity in When it was made / this gives validity in

some cases (think accuracy)some cases (think accuracy)

Parts of a MapParts of a Map Elements used selectively to increase map Elements used selectively to increase map

effectiveness:effectiveness:

• 8) Neatlines8) Neatlines Border / frameBorder / frame

• 9) Locator maps9) Locator maps Maps that are used to place the larger map Maps that are used to place the larger map

in contextin context• Map of New Brunswick may have a large Map of New Brunswick may have a large

Canadian mapCanadian map

• 10) Inset Maps10) Inset Maps Close up of an area of the mapClose up of an area of the map

Activity 1Activity 1

Choose a map.Choose a map. Complete Activity 1 by filling in the Complete Activity 1 by filling in the

blanks with related information.blanks with related information.• Did you find all of the expected Did you find all of the expected

elements?elements?• If not, which information was missing?If not, which information was missing?• Why is this information missing?Why is this information missing?

Choose a second map (different) and Choose a second map (different) and repeat.repeat.

Look at the list of features you Look at the list of features you originally identified in your maps?originally identified in your maps?

What is different about this list and What is different about this list and Activity 1 features?Activity 1 features?