Map ElementsMap Elements

Learner ExpectationLearner Expectation

►Content Standard:Content Standard: 3.0 3.0 GeographyGeography 3.01 Understand how to use 3.01 Understand how to use

maps, globes, and other maps, globes, and other geographic representations, geographic representations, tools, and technologies to tools, and technologies to acquire, process and report acquire, process and report information from a spatial information from a spatial perspective.perspective.

In this activity you will:In this activity you will:

►Learn about the elements of a Learn about the elements of a map: latitude, longitude, the map: latitude, longitude, the hemispheres, directions, time hemispheres, directions, time zone, scale, and map legends.zone, scale, and map legends.

►Practice locating position using Practice locating position using longitude and latitudelongitude and latitude

What What isis a map? a map?

► A two-dimensional representation of the A two-dimensional representation of the spatial distribution of selected phenomena:spatial distribution of selected phenomena:

The Earth’s SurfaceThe Earth’s Surface

► A generalized view of an area, usually some A generalized view of an area, usually some portion of Earth’s surface, as seen from portion of Earth’s surface, as seen from above at a greatly reduced sizeabove at a greatly reduced size

► Any geographical image of the environmentAny geographical image of the environment

Why make maps?Why make maps?

►To represent a larger area than we To represent a larger area than we can seecan see

►To show a phenomenon or process To show a phenomenon or process we can’t see with our eyeswe can’t see with our eyes

►To present information conciselyTo present information concisely►To show spatial relationshipsTo show spatial relationships

Who make maps?Who make maps?

► CartographyCartography the art and science of the art and science of mapmakingmapmaking

► (in (in GreekGreek chartischartis = map and = map and grapheingraphein = = write) write)

► The study and practice of making The study and practice of making representations of the Earth on a flat representations of the Earth on a flat surface. Cartography combines science, surface. Cartography combines science, aesthetics, and technical ability to create aesthetics, and technical ability to create a balanced and readable representation a balanced and readable representation that is capable of communicating that is capable of communicating information effectively and quickly.information effectively and quickly.

Essential Elements of a MapEssential Elements of a Map

►ScaleScale►CompassCompass►SymbolsSymbols►LegendLegend►Map Projection Type Map Projection Type ►Author or publisherAuthor or publisher

Map TypesMap TypesAeronautical & Navigational Charts City/Street Maps Ecological Inventory Fire Insurance Maps Forest Maps Geologic & Hydrologic Maps Highway/Road Maps Outline Maps Parks & Recreational Maps Political Maps Soil Maps Topographic Maps Weather Maps

Aeronautical & Navigational Charts

►World Aeronautical Charts cover land World Aeronautical Charts cover land areas at a standard size and scale areas at a standard size and scale for navigation byfor navigation bymoderate moderate speed aircraft speed aircraft and aircraft and aircraft operating at operating at high altitudes.high altitudes.

Forest Maps

► False color map of the distribution of the kinds of False color map of the distribution of the kinds of forests in the world. The darkest greens are tropical forests in the world. The darkest greens are tropical forest, the mid green is coniferous (evergreens such forest, the mid green is coniferous (evergreens such as pine) and the lightest green are temperate as pine) and the lightest green are temperate forests. The highest biodiversity occurs in the forests. The highest biodiversity occurs in the tropical forests. tropical forests.

Fire Insurance Maps

►These maps were These maps were prepared primarily prepared primarily to assist insurance to assist insurance underwriters in underwriters in determining the risk determining the risk involved in insuring involved in insuring individual individual properties. properties.

Oceans of the Oceans of the WorldWorld

►The world has four major oceans.The world has four major oceans.►AtlanticAtlantic►PacificPacific►ArcticArctic► IndianIndian Pacific

oceanAtlanticocean

Arcticocean

Indianocean

Global ClimatesGlobal Climates►Arctic and Antarctic with cold Arctic and Antarctic with cold

weather, so we could make the weather, so we could make the observation that the climate at the observation that the climate at the poles is cold. This map shows the poles is cold. This map shows the general climate regions of the world.general climate regions of the world.

World ReligionsWorld Religions►Religious beliefs help define a people’s Religious beliefs help define a people’s

culture, so to understand a people, it is culture, so to understand a people, it is important to consider what religions important to consider what religions influence that group.influence that group.

The World PhysicalThe World Physical►Physical maps show what the surface Physical maps show what the surface

of the Earth looks like.of the Earth looks like.

Map scaleMap scale

► Ratio of the distance on the map Ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the groundto the distance on the ground

► Scale is a fractionScale is a fraction► Larger area covered means larger Larger area covered means larger

denominatordenominator► Larger denominator means smaller Larger denominator means smaller

fractionfraction► So a So a large-scalelarge-scale map covers a map covers a

small areasmall area

►Larger denominator means smaller fractionLarger denominator means smaller fraction

►Map InsertMap Insert

Large-scaleLarge-scale

Small-scaleSmall-scale

Types of Map ScaleTypes of Map Scale

► Ratio of the distance on the map Ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the groundto the distance on the ground

1.1. Graphic:Graphic:

► Stays the same when photocopiedStays the same when photocopied► Might not be right for the whole Might not be right for the whole

map map

Scale

Types of Map ScaleTypes of Map Scale

2.2. Verbal:Verbal:

1 inch equals 10 miles1 inch equals 10 miles

► Easy to understandEasy to understand► Can change if photocopiedCan change if photocopied

Types of Map ScaleTypes of Map Scale

3.3. Representative fraction or ratio:Representative fraction or ratio:

1:24,0001:24,000

► Units don’t matterUnits don’t matter► Can change if photocopiedCan change if photocopied

Map scaleMap scale

CompassCompass►A compass is a tool that A compass is a tool that

helps the user know what helps the user know what direction one is headed.direction one is headed.

►On a map, a compass or a On a map, a compass or a compass rose helps the compass rose helps the user locate these directions.user locate these directions.

How a Compass WorksHow a Compass Works There is a magnetic field around There is a magnetic field around

the earth.the earth. The magnetized needle in a The magnetized needle in a

compass is aligned with this compass is aligned with this magnetic field. magnetic field.

As the image to the right shows, As the image to the right shows, the composition of the earth the composition of the earth acts as a huge bar magnet acts as a huge bar magnet sitting upside down in the sitting upside down in the middle of the planet. middle of the planet.

Since its South end is at the north Since its South end is at the north pole and its North end is at the pole and its North end is at the south pole, the North end of a south pole, the North end of a compass needle is pulled north. compass needle is pulled north.

Your compass has to have a very Your compass has to have a very light needle sitting on a pivot light needle sitting on a pivot that has almost no friction. This that has almost no friction. This is because the earth's magnetic is because the earth's magnetic field is weak and would not be field is weak and would not be able to turn the needle.able to turn the needle.

Compass RoseCompass Rose►Since the needle on a compass Since the needle on a compass

is magnetized to point to the is magnetized to point to the earth's north magnetic pole. earth's north magnetic pole. Thus with a compass, a person Thus with a compass, a person can roughly tell which direction can roughly tell which direction they are headed. they are headed.

►There are four major or cardinal There are four major or cardinal directions on a compass- north, directions on a compass- north, south, east & west. In between south, east & west. In between are the directions northeast, are the directions northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest. northwest, southeast, southwest.

DirectionsDirections

►The cardinal directions are north, The cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west.south, east, and west.

►The intermediate directions are The intermediate directions are northeast, southeast, southwest and northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest.northwest.

►They help describe the location of They help describe the location of places in relation to other places. places in relation to other places.

Compass PointsCompass Points

When reading a compass, When reading a compass, and telling other people and telling other people directions, you need to directions, you need to wipe "right" and "left" out wipe "right" and "left" out of your vocabulary. of your vocabulary.

Right and Left are relative Right and Left are relative directions and differ directions and differ depending on your depending on your location and direction, but location and direction, but the cardinal points are the cardinal points are constant.constant.

The direction halfway The direction halfway between North and East is between North and East is an an intercardinal pointintercardinal point and is called and is called NorthEastNorthEast. . The other three The other three intercardinal points are intercardinal points are SouthEast, SouthWest, SouthEast, SouthWest, and NorthWest. and NorthWest.

Map symbolizationMap symbolization

► Symbols are a code instead of textSymbols are a code instead of text► Three kinds: point, line, areaThree kinds: point, line, area► Consider shape, size, orientation, Consider shape, size, orientation,

pattern, color, valuepattern, color, value

Map symbolizationMap symbolization

► Symbols are a code instead of textSymbols are a code instead of text► Three kinds: point, line, areaThree kinds: point, line, area► Consider shape, size, orientation, Consider shape, size, orientation,

pattern, color, valuepattern, color, value

Point symbolsPoint symbols

► Every symbol counts as one occurrenceEvery symbol counts as one occurrence► Qualitative pointsQualitative points

Indicate locationIndicate location Can also describe that locationCan also describe that location

► Quantitative pointsQuantitative points Show a distributionShow a distribution Indicate a value (graduated symbols)Indicate a value (graduated symbols)

Indicate Indicate locationlocationDescribe Describe locationlocation

Show a Show a distributiondistribution

Indicate a valueIndicate a value

Line symbolsLine symbols

► One-dimensionalOne-dimensional► Mostly taken for granted (borders, Mostly taken for granted (borders,

roads)roads)► ContourContour connect same values connect same values► Flow-line maps indicate value by Flow-line maps indicate value by

width of linewidth of line

(Contour(Contourlines)lines)

Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude►The earth is divided into lots of The earth is divided into lots of

lines called lines called latitudelatitude and and longitudelongitude..

LinesLines

► LatitudeLatitude ( (shown as a horizontal lineshown as a horizontal line) is the ) is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds of a point north or south of the seconds of a point north or south of the Equator. Lines of latitude are often referred Equator. Lines of latitude are often referred to as parallels. to as parallels.

Latitude

LinesLines► LongitudeLongitude ( (shown as a vertical lineshown as a vertical line) is the ) is the

angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds, of a point east or west of the Prime seconds, of a point east or west of the Prime ((GreenwichGreenwich) Meridian. Lines of longitude are ) Meridian. Lines of longitude are often referred to as meridians. often referred to as meridians.

Longitude

Where is 0 degree?Where is 0 degree?

►The The equatorequator is 0 degree latitude. is 0 degree latitude. ►It is an imaginary belt that runs It is an imaginary belt that runs

halfway point between the North halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole.Pole and the South Pole.

Where is 0 degree?Where is 0 degree?

►The The equatorequator is 0 degree latitude. is 0 degree latitude. ►It is an imaginary belt that runs It is an imaginary belt that runs

halfway point between the North halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole.Pole and the South Pole.

Equator

Where is 0 degree?Where is 0 degree?

►The The prime meridianprime meridian is 0 degrees is 0 degrees longitude. This imaginary line runs longitude. This imaginary line runs through the United Kingdom, France, through the United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.

Where is 0 degree?Where is 0 degree?

►The The prime meridianprime meridian is 0 degrees is 0 degrees longitude. This imaginary line runs longitude. This imaginary line runs through the United Kingdom, France, through the United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.

P

R

I

M

E

MERIDIAN

HemispheresHemispheres

►By using the equator and By using the equator and prime meridian, we can prime meridian, we can divide the world into four divide the world into four hemisphereshemispheres, north, south, , north, south, east, and west. east, and west.

Time ZonesTime Zones

►The Earth is divided into 24 time The Earth is divided into 24 time zones, corresponding to 24 hours in a zones, corresponding to 24 hours in a day. day.

►As the earth rotates, the sun shines As the earth rotates, the sun shines in different areas, moving from east in different areas, moving from east to west during the course of a day. to west during the course of a day.

►Places that have the same Places that have the same longitudelongitude will be in the same time zone.will be in the same time zone.

Map LegendsMap Legends►The legend is the key to unlocking the The legend is the key to unlocking the

secrets of a map. Objects or colors in secrets of a map. Objects or colors in the legend represent something on the the legend represent something on the map. map.

Religions Legend

Can you understand this Can you understand this legend?legend?

Age ExpectancyAge Expectancy

Legend

Map ProjectionsMap Projections

►ProjectionProjection: The system used to transfer : The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map.map. A projection of an image onto another A projection of an image onto another

surfacesurface►either a cylinder, a flat plane or a coneeither a cylinder, a flat plane or a cone

3 basic types of projections3 basic types of projections cylindrical projectioncylindrical projection planular projection (also known as azimuthal)planular projection (also known as azimuthal) conical projectionconical projection

Map projection Map projection

►Map projections are necessary for Map projections are necessary for creating maps. All map projections creating maps. All map projections distort the surface in some fashion. distort the surface in some fashion. Depending on the purpose of the Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; acceptable and others are not;

Map projectionMap projection

►The Mercator projection shows courses The Mercator projection shows courses of constant bearing as straight lines.of constant bearing as straight lines.

Azimuthal projection

Miller Cylindrical projection

Map projectionMap projection

►The Robinson projection was adopted The Robinson projection was adopted by National Geographic Magazine in by National Geographic Magazine in 1988 but abandoned by them in about 1988 but abandoned by them in about 1997 for the Winkel Tripel.1997 for the Winkel Tripel.

►Winkel Tripel ProjectionWinkel Tripel Projection