Manuel Gamio, 1883-1960Author(s): Miguel León-PortillaSource: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 64, No. 2 (Apr., 1962), pp. 356-366Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological AssociationStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/666606 .Accessed: 09/09/2011 23:59

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Blackwell Publishing and American Anthropological Association are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize,preserve and extend access to American Anthropologist.

http://www.jstor.org

MANUEL GAMIO

1883-1960

ON THE 16th of July, 1960, Manuel Gamio died in Mexico City at the age of 77. He has rightly been called the father of Mexican anthropology. As

an homage to his name and at the same time for the information of his numer- ous friends among North American anthropologists, I will offer in these pages a resume of his life and work. It was a life in which many important accomplish- ments certainly abounded.

Manuel Gamio was born in Mexico, D. F., on March 2, 1883. He took his elementary studies there and later went to the National Preparatory School of San Ildefonso, where he obtained his bachelor's degree. After receiving his bachelor's, he enrolled in the School of Mines. But, not satisfied with this type of study, he interrupted them to go to work with his father on a rural ranch on the banks of the Rio Tonto, on the border between Veracruz and Oaxaca. Re- maining there until the beginning of 1906, he had the opportunity of becoming acquainted at first hand with the life of the Indians. He learned the Nahuatl language and began to realize that his true work would be to investigate the past and the present of the native peoples of Mexico.

On returning to Mexico City, he enrolled in the courses given in the Mu-

356

Obituary 357

seum under the direction of Dr. Nicolas Leon and Dr. Jesus Galindo y Villa. At the end of 1908, he was sent to Chalchihuites in Zacatecas where he did his first

archeological excavations. The publication of a work about this zone moved the

North American archeologist, Zelia Nuttall, to offer the young Gamio a

scholarship which would permit him to continue his studies at Columbia

University. From 1909 to 1911 he studied to obtain his M.A. at this university under the direction of Dr. Franz Boas. During this time Gamio was able to ac-

company Dr. M. H. Saville on an archeological expedition to Ecuador, spon- sored by the Museum of the American Indian. On returning to Mexico in 1911, he worked in the Inspeccion General de Monumentos Arqueologicos, coming to occupy the position of General Inspector of this organization. It was when he had completed various excavations in the zone of Azcapotzalco and in other

regions of the Valley of Mexico that he, together with Franz Boas, introduced in Mexico the stratigraphic method in archeological excavations. From 1916 to 1920 Gamio acted as director of the Escuela Internacional de Arqueologia y Etnograffa Americanas, of which Edward Seler, Franz Boas, and Alfred M. Tozzer had been the directors.

In January, 1916, Gamio presented an idea of exceptional importance in a

paper read before the Second Pan American Scientific Congress held in Wash-

ington, D. C. The central idea of his paper consisted in demonstrating to the

governments the advisability of creating divisions of anthropology in order to assess the work of various governmental departments, especially in those whose business refers to what today we would call underdeveloped areas, where there are peoples culturally greatly different from the rest of the population.

In 1917 Gamio achieved his aim, obtaining the new post as the first director of anthropology under the Secretaria de Agricultura de Mexico.

As head of this department of anthropology, Gamio put into practice an- other of his great ideas, that which he called the method of "integral" investiga- tion.

He was fundamentally interested in studying two basic elements: the popu- lation and the environment in their living integration. This, in his thinking, ought to come ahead of the various sociological, economic, linguistic, sanitary, educational, or other points of view, and also take into account evolution

through time-prehispanic, colonial, and modern-up to contemporary times. For this he divided the nation into 11 representative zones, the first of which included the states of Mexico, Hidalgo, Puebla, and Tlaxcala-in other words those regions closest to the City of Mexico. The site recognized as representa- tive of this zone was Teotihuacan in the State of Mexico. There, better than in

any other place, the evolution of the environment and of man could be studied with the perspective of millenniums.

The results of the activities and studies of the team organized by Gamio- which was working on this from 1918 to 1921-were published in his great work La Poblacion del Valle de Teotihuacan, which appeared in three volumes in 1922. Gamio emphasized in the general Introduction the two principal ob-

jectives of his work.

358 American Anthropologist [64, 1962]

The studies which were expounded earlier in this work, and are going to be synthesized and commented on here, were made with two principal objectives: 1) To know the conditions of owner- ship, natural production, artificial production, and the habitability of the territory included in the Teotihuacan valley and to deduce means to better them efficiently. 2) To investigate the historical antecedents, the actual physical state, and the diverse aspects of civilization or culture which the population of the said valley present, thus the adequate and feasible means which ought to be applied to bring about its physical, intellectual, social, and economic betterment (1922:xii).

The monumental work concerning the population of the Valley of Teoti- huacan, guided by the idea that a definite geographic and human reality could be known only if it were studied integrally, constituted a contribution of the highest value, as has been recognized since that time by disinterested Mexican and foreign investigators. Subsequent to his work in Teotihuacan was the initiation of various projects which began to raise the living conditions of the modern Teotihuacanos. In this way, his Teotihuacan work was an example of a way of integrally joining theory and practice for the good of a group of people.

The investigation in the Valley of Teotihuacan also served Gamio as a thesis in obtaining his Ph.D. in anthropology at Columbia University in 1921. An- other demonstration of Gamio's interest in anthropology was the start in 1920 of the publication of a specialized journal called Ethnos. The journal appeared in three phases, from 1920 to 1925, bringing together in three volumes studies of authentic scientific value.

In 1924, Gamio had to give up his post as Director of Anthropology, thus interrupting briefly his professional activities, to become the Subsecretary of Public Education. In this post Gamio lasted only a short time, having to re- nounce it because he did not wish to be identified with the somewhat doubtful intrigues which came to his attention.

In 1925 Gamio left for the United States, working first under the auspices of the American Anthropological Association as head of an archeological- ethnological investigation in Guatemala. Later he studied Mexican immigra- tion to the U. S. for the Social Science Research Council and the Mexican Government. The results of his study were published in the books, Mexican Immigration to the United States and The Mexican Immigrant, His Life Story, published by the University of Chicago Press (1931).

On returning to Mexico, he occupied various positions related to his inter- ests in social science and the betterment of the Indians. Thus, in 1934, he was General Director of Poblacion Rural y Colonizacion; and from 1938 to 1942 he was Chief of the Departamento Demografico of the Secretaria de Gobernacion. In 1942 he was elected Director of the Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, which post he occupied until his death.

His activities at the head of this international organization permitted him to diffuse his ideas about integrated investigation on a much broader scale. Above all, he began to establish an adequate identification of the American Indian. This question, as he himself stated, "involves three questions which appear easily answered but which in reality are not: How many, who, and how are the American inhabitants who ought properly to be thought of as In- dians?" (1948:103).

Searching for this identification of the Indian, Dr. Gamio considered that

Obituary 359

neither racial nor linguistic criteria were sufficient or adequate to reach a definition of the Indian. It was necessary, he said, to consider the cultural traits of pre-Columbian origin. In his judgment, persons could be considered as Indian who, in their material or nonmaterial culture, retained a high percent- age of elements and institutions of prehispanic origin. With the characteristic tendency of always guiding his thoughts with a feeling for the practical, Dr. Gamio formulated the principal characteristics of the Indian groups in relation to various evaluative and qualifying frameworks, both from the population censuses of the various American countries and from the research which he carried out at the Instituto. Thanks to this work he was able to obtain a much more precise picture of the characteristics and extent of the Indian problem in America.

Impelled to convert his ideas into actual reality in the inter-American In- dian movement, Dr. Gamio took steps which culminated in the creation of various national Indian institutes in the great majority of American countries. In some of these Institutes affiliated with the Instituto Interamericano, men like Drs. Alfonso Caso and Aguirre Beltran, in the case of Mexico, saw how to

apply Gamio's methods of integrated investigation and action, making use of modern techniques. In this sense it can be said that ideas such as the Centros Coordinadores Indigenistas were a result of the original thought and concep- tion of Gamio.

It would be impossible to give in these brief lines all the activities devel- oped by Gamio during his 18 years as head of the Instituto Indigenista Inter- americano. It is enough to mention the work in sanitation which was done for the people in Chiapas and Guatemala who were victims of oncocercosis; his insistence on making and publishing a compilation of the Indian laws of various American countries; the project of raising the living conditions of the Indian women; the diffusion of new kinds of food, for example the soybean; the or- ganization of the Congresos Indigenistas Interamericanos and the uninter- rupted publication of the two information organs of the Institute, America Indigena and Boletin Indigenista, of which about a million copies have been dis- tributed in all parts of the continent.

Dr. Gamio was certainly a profound thinker and an originator of ideas, many of which were expressed with prophetic vision in 1916 in his book, Forjando Patria. This is considered a classic work and has recently been repub- lished in Mexico. The inter-American Indian was his final concern. All during the last weeks of his life, lying ill in bed, he followed with interest the work and projects of the Instituto. The last lines which he wrote referred, in part, to the necessity of continuing the work of raising the living conditions of the millions of American Indians.

Those of us who had the privilege of working with him over a long period are conscious of the irreparable loss which his death brings. But we also know that many of his fundamental ideas will continue to exercise a deep influence and will continue to be an incentive to action, as he would have wished

MIGUEL LEON-PORTILLA Instituto Indigenista Interamericano

360 American Anthropologist [64, 1962]

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DR. MANUEL GAMIO

Prepared by Juan Comas

1909 1. Restos de la Cultura Tepaneca. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico. Tercera Epoca, Tomo I, pp. 233-253. Con 8 laminas. Mexico.

1910 2. Los monumentos arqueol6gicos de las inmediaciones de Chalchihuites, Zacatecas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico. Tercera Epoca, Tomo II, pp. 467-492. Con 8 laminas y 5 Croquis fuera de texto. Mexico.

1911 3. Informe sobre el reconocimiento de algunos vestigios de origen prehispanico existentes en la Hacienda de Zavaleta, distrito de Chalco, Estado de Mexico. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Mexico, pp. 83-85. Con ilustraciones.

1913 4. Arqueologia de Azcapotzalco. Proceedings of the XVIII International Congress of Americanists, London, 1912; pp. 180-187. London.

5. Los prejuicios en la Arqueologia y la Etnologia. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, Tercera Epoca, Tomo V, pp. 41-49. Mexico.

6. Unidad cultural de Teotihuacan. Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico, Tercera Epoca, Tomo V, pp. 153-160. Mexico.

1914 7. Los vestigios prehispanicos de la calle de Santa Teresa [hoy Guatemala]. Boletin de Educaci6n, Tomo I, No. 1. Mexico.

8. Metodologia sobre investigaci6n, exploraci6n y conservacion de monumentos ar- queol6gicos. Programas y metodos del Museo Nacional. Mexico. 58 pp.

9. Unidad Cultural de Teotihuacan. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Arqueologia, Tomo II. Mexico. 8 pp. y V laminas.

1916 10. Forjando Patria. Pro-nacionalismo. Porrua Hermanos. Mexico. 328 pp. 1917 11. "El Instituto Antropologico de Mexico" y "Revision de las Constituciones latino-

americanas." Proceedings of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, Wash- ington, 1916. Section I, Vol. 1. Washington.

12. Organizaci6n y tendencias de la Secretaria de Fomento. Talleres Graficos de la Secretaria de Fomento. Mexico. 10 pp. Una tercera edici6n en 1923.

13. El Gobierno, el territorio, la poblaci6n. Talleres Graficos de la Secretaria de Fomento. Mexico. 11 pp.

14. Investigaciones arqueologicas en Mexico: 1914-15. Proceedings of the XIX Session. International Congress of Americanists. Washington, 1915, pp. 125-133. Washington.

15. Teotihuacan. Talleres Graficos de la Secretaria de Fomento. Mexico. 4 pp. 1918 16. Programa de la Direcci6n de Estudios Arqueol6gicos y Etnograficos. Oficina Im-

presora de la Sria. de Hacienda. Depto. de Fomento. Mexico. 44 pp. Una segunda edici6n en 1919 con el titulo de "Programa de la Direcci6n de Antropologfa para el estudio y mejoramiento de las poblaciones regionales de la Repfiblica." 51 pp.

1919 17. Empiricism of Latin American Governments and the Empiricism of their relations with the United States. Imprenta La Nacional, S. A. Mexico. 21 pp.

18. "La geograffa arqueol6gica de Mexico." Boletin de la Sociedad de Geografia y Estadlstica, 5 serie, Vol. III, No. 2. Mexico.

1920-25 19. Autor de todos los Editoriales, sin firma, aparecidos en ese periodo en la revista Ethnos, de la que fue creador, propietario y director.

1920 20. Teotihuacan. El Templo de Quetzalc6atl. Talleres Graficos de la Nacion. Mexico. 26 pp. y 1 plano.

21. Las excavaciones del Pedregal de San Angel y la cultura arcaica del Valle de Mexico. American Anthropologist. Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 127-143. Lancaster, Pa. Tambien en XX Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Tomo II, pp. 107-117. Con Ix l1minas fuera de texto. Rfo de Janeiro, 1928.

22. Los ultimos descubrimientos arqueol6gicos en Teotihuacan. Ethnos, I, No. 1, pp. 7-14. 1 lamina fuera de texto. Mexico.

23. El censo de la poblaci6n mexicana desde el punto de vista antropologico. Ethnos, I, No. 2, pp. 44-46. Mexico.

Obituary 361

24. El Cerro del Conde. Ethnos, I, No. 3, pp. 55-59. Mexico. 25. El resurgimiento del Arte Plumario. Ethnos, No. 5, pp. 117-119. Mexico.

1921 26. Texto para el "Album de colecciones arqueol6gicas seleccionadas y arregladas por Franz Boas." Publicaci6n de la Escuela Internacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia Americanas. Imprenta del Museo Nacional. Mexico. 46 pp.

27. Exposicion de la Direcci6n de Antropologia sobre "La Poblaci6n del Valle de Teoti- huacan," representativa de las que habitan la Mesa Central. Andres Botas. Mexico. 20 pp.

28. Vestigios del Templo Mayor de Tenochtitlan, descubiertos recientemente. El Coa- teocalli. Ethnos, I, No. 8-12, pp. 205-207. Con 1 lamina fuera de texto. Mexico.

29. El Actual Renacimiento Arquitectonico de Mexico. Ethnos, I, Nums. 8-12, pp. 248-250, y 5 laminas. Mexico.

30. Escandaloso fraude arqueol6gico. El pretendido tipo cultural tepaneca de Azca- potzalco. Ethnos, I, Nums. 8-12, pp. 253-256. Con 6 laminas fuera de texto. Mexico. (Version inglesa en las pp. 257-260.)

1922 31. Gufa para visitar la ciudad arqueol6gica de Teotihuacan. Secretaria de Agricultura y Fomento. Tacubaya, D. F. 20 pp., 1 plano y fotograbados. Hubo una edici6n anterior hecha en Mexico, D. F., 1921.

32. (En colaboraci6n.) La Poblaci6n del Valle de Teotihuacan. El medio en que se ha desarrollado. Su evoluci6n etnica y social. Iniciativas para procurar su mejoramiento. Direcci6n de Talleres Graficos de la Secretaria de Educaci6n Publica. Mexico. Tomo I, Volumen Primero: CII + 362 pp. Tomo I, Volumen Segundo: pp. 363-778. Tomo II: 670 pp. xxv + 189 y 106 laminas y diagramas fuera de texto. 205 y 16 figuras en el texto.

33. Introduccion, Sintesis y Conclusiones de la obra La Poblaci6n del Valle de Teoti- huacan. Tesis presentada a Columbia University para el grado de Ph.D. Direcci6n de Talleres Graficos. Mexico; C pp. y 65 ilustraciones.

34. Introduction, Synthesis and Conclusions of the work The Population of the Valley of Teotihuacan. Talleres Graficos de la Nacion. Mexico; xcvm pp. y 65 ilustraciones.

35. Artes Menores. Las pequenas esculturas. Capitulo de La Poblaci6n del Valle de Teotihuacan, Tomo I, pp. 179-186 y 15 laminas. Mexico.

36. Exposici6n de la Direcci6n de Antropologia sobre la Poblaci6n de Valle de Teoti- huacan, representativa de las que habitan la Mesa Central. Sus antecedentes his- t6ricos, su estado actual y medios de mejorarla fisica, intelectual y econ6micamente. Secretaria de Agricultura y Fomento. Tacubaya, D. F., 26 pp. y 17 figuras.

37. Los animales domesticos europeos y su influencia en la cultura aborigen de Mexico. Anales del Museo Nacional, Cuarta Epoca, Tomo I, pp. 31-32. Mexico.

1923 38. Esteril (Novela). El Universal Ilustrado, Ano 1, No. 19. Mexico. 24 pp. 39. La vida mexicana durante el reinado de Moctezuma II. Ethnos, 2 l Epoca. Tomo

I, No. 1, pp. 5-15. Con 16 laminas. Mexico. 40. Proyecto de Ley para la conservacion y estudio de monumentos y objetos arqueo-

16gicos en la Republica Mexicana. Ethnos, 2 l Epoca, Tomo 1, No. 2, pp. 28-48. Mexico. (En colaboraci6n con Lucio Mendieta y Nunez.)

41. Algunas sugestiones a los Misioneros Indianistas. Ethnos, 2a Epoca, Tomo I, No. 1, pp. 59-63. Mexico.

42. Nacionalismo e Internacionalismo. Ethnos, 2 I Epoca, Tomo I, No. 2, pp. 1-3. Mexico. 43. El ultimo periodo cultural azteca. Ethnos, 2a Epoca, Tomo I, No. 2, pp. 4-21. Mexico. 44. El celibato y el desarrollo de la poblacion de Mexico. Ethnos, 2a Epoca, Tomo I, No.

2, pp. 65-70. Mexico. 45. Foreword, a la obra The Land System of Mexico, by George McCutchen McBride,

pp. Ix-x. American Geographical Society. New York.

1924 46. The New Conquest. Survey Graphic, Vol. V, No. 2, pp. 143-146 y 192-194. New York.

A merican Anthropologist [64, 1962] 362

47. The Sequence of Culture in Mexico. American Anthropologist, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 307-322. Lancaster, Pa.

1925 48. The Present State of Anthropological Research in Mexico and Suggestions Regarding its Future Development. Reprint from Bulletin of the Pan American Union, Wash- ington, D. C. 30 pp., con ilustraciones.

1926 49. Aspects of Mexican Civilization (con Jose Vasconcelos). University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 193 pp. La parte de Gamio se titula The Indian Basis of Mexican Civiliza- tion (pp. 105-186).

19-26-27 50. Cultural Evolution in Guatemala and its Geographic and Historic Handicaps. Art and Archaeology, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 203-222; Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 17-32; Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 71-78; Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 129-134. Numerosas ilustraciones. Washing- ton.

1928 51. Trascendencia politica de la Antropologia en America. Sessao do XX Congresso In- ternacional de Americanistas. Rio de Janeiro, 1922. Vol. II, pp. 297-305. Rio de Janeiro.

1929 52. El trascendental aspecto del turismo en Mexico. Mexico, Vol. I, No. 1, pp. 10-11 y 58-59.

53. Trade and Culture in Latin America. The Nation, Vol. 128, No. 3315, pp. 76-77. New York.

54. Emilio Portes Gil, Mexico's New President. Current History, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 981- 986. New York.

55. Mexican Immigration into the United States. Explaining the apparent paradox that more Mexicans have re-entered Mexico than have emigrated. Pacific Affairs, No. 8. Journal of the Institute of Pacific Relations Hawaii, Honolulu. 7 pp.

56. Investigaciones y sugestiones sobre las necesidades que tiene que satisfacer la Escuela Regional y Campesina de "El Mexe." Revista Futuro. Mexico, 28 pp.

1930 57. Comentarios sobre la investigaci6n sociol6gica de los delincuentes. Revista Mexicana de Derecho Penal. Tomo I, No. 1, pp. 49-60. Mexico.

58. La implantaci6n de nuevas industrias en los Establecimientos Penales. Revista Mexicana de Derecho Penal, Tomo I, No. 1, pp. 71-73. Mexico.

59. Numero, procedencia y distribuci6n geogr,fica de los inmigrantes mexicanos en los Estados Unidos. Talleres Gr,ficos, Editorial. Mexico, 20 pp. y xxIx cuadros y mapas.

60. Quantitative estimate, sources and distribution of Mexican Immigration into the United States. Talleres Graficos, Editorial. Mexico, 19 pp. y xxix tables and maps.

61. Commentaries on the Indo-Iberic Countries of the Pacific. Proceedings of the third conference of the Institute of Pacific Affairs, Kyoto, Japan. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

1931 62. The Mexican Immigrant, His Life-Story. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 63. Mexican Immigration to the United States. A Study of Human Migration and

Adjustment. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1932 64. The nminima and the Elecgron. Conjectures of an Amageur. Mexico, 16 pp.

65. "Comentarios sobre la evoluci6n de los pueblos Latino-Americanos" y "Sugestiones para el estudio de las poblaciones primitivas en los paises indoibericos de America." Publicados por el Congresso Internazionale per gli Studi sulla Popolazione. Instituto Poligrafico dello Stato. Roma. 18 pp.

1935 66. Hacia un Mexico Nuevo. Problemas sociales. Mexico. 231 pp. 67. El conocimiento y el buen gobierno de la poblaci6n de los paises indoiberico del Con-

tinente. Trabajo presentado a la II Asamblea General del Instituto Panamericano de Geograffa e Historia. Washington. 10 pp. mimeografiadas.

68. Los varios mercados mexicanos. El Trimestre Econ6mico, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 3-11. Mexico.

69. The Education and Factors of the Making of a Nation. Mexico. 15 pp. mimeografiadas 1936 70. Delinquenza e legislazione penale nel Messico. Osservazioni. Estratto da Quaderni di

Criminalia. Angelo Signorell; Editore. Roma. 10 pp.

Obituary 363

71. Gli stabilimenti penalli e il livello culturale dei delinquenti. Considerazioni sull'op- portunitS, di elevare le condizioni materiali della vita penitenziaria. Giustizia Penale, Parte II, Serie 5, fasc. VIII. Citta di Castello. Italia. 8 pp.

1937 72. Una nueva Constituci6n. Revista Universidad, pp. 12-15. Mexico. 73. De Vidas Dolientes (Novela). Pr61ogo de F. Castillo Najera. Ediciones Botas.

Mexico. 115 pp. 74. An Analysis of Social Processes and the obstacles to Agricultural Progress in Mexico.

Rural Sociology, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 143-147. Louisiana State University. 1938-39 75. "Comentarios sobre nuestras leyes" y "La Preeminencia del factor cultural en

los problemas de poblaci6n." Justicia, No. 101 (1938) y No. 139 (1939). Mexico. 1939 76. Algunas consideraciones sobre la Salubridad y la Demograffa en Mexico. D.A.P.P.

Mexico. 37 pp. 77. El concepto de la Realidad Social en Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Sociologia. I

(2), pp. 11-17. Mexico. 78. Sugestiones sobre la Politica de Poblaci6n en Mexico (mimeografiado). Mexico. 79. Cultural Patterns in Modern Mexico. Quarterly Journal of Inter-American Relations.

Numero de marzo. Philadelphia, Pa. 80. Factores adversos a nuestra economia agricola, El Trimestre Econ6mico. Vol. 6,

No. 2. Mexico. 1940 81. War and the Acculturation of the Masses. The Annals of the American Academy of

Political and Social Science, vol. 210, pp. 28-34. Philadelphia. 82. Sugestiones sobre la politica de poblaci6n de Mexico. Migraci6n y Poblaci6n, Ano I,

No. 1; 4 pp. (sin foliar), Ano I, No. 2, pp. 23-26; Ano 1, No. 3, pp. 11-14; Ano I, No. 4, pp. 29-32 y 63. Mexico.

83. Concepto de la realidad social en Mexico. Revista Tribuna, Tomo 2, No. 3, pp. 14-19. Mexico.

84. Nuestros contactos sociales. Revista Tribuna, Tomo 2, No. 4, pp. 17-21. Mexico. 85. El Gobierno, el conocimiento del pueblo y la labor intelectual. Revista Tribuna,

Tomo 2, No. 5, pp. 15-17. Mexico. 86. La conciencia politica de nuestras masas sociales. Revista Tribuna, Tomo 2, No. 6,

pp. 17-18. Mexico. 87. "La colonizacion de nuestras regiones tropicales." Revista Tribuna, Tomo 2, No. 8,

pp. 23-25. Mexico. 88. El mestizaje y la homogenizaci6n social. Revista Tribuna, Tomo 2, No. 9, pp. 7-10.

Mexico. 89. La pequena agricultura y la explotaci6n de los recursos naturales. Revista Tribuna,

Tomo 2, No. 11, pp. 24-26. Mexico. 90. Industria Nacional de Exportaci6n. Revista Tribuna, Tomo 2, No. 12, pp. 42-45.

Mexico. 91. Geographic and Social Handicaps. Mexico Today, Vol. 208. Mexico.

1941 92. La legislaci6n y el factor geografico. Revista Mexicana de Sociologfa, III (2), pp. 45-50. Mexico.

1942 93. El Indice Cultural y el Biotipo. Proceedings of the Eighth American Scientific Congress. Washington, 1940. Vol. II, pp. 227-232. Department of State. Washington.

94. Consideraciones sobre el problema indfgena de America. America Indigena, II (2), pp. 17-23.

95. Las caracterfsticas culturales y los censos indfgenas. America Indigena, II (3), pp. 15-19. Mexico.

96. Calificaci6n de las caracteristicas culturales de los grupos indigenas. America In- digena, II (4) , pp. 17-22. Mexico.

1945 97. E1 material folklorico y el progreso social. America Indigena, V, pp. 207-210. Mexico. 98. Considerations of Indianist Policy. The Science of Man in the World Crisis, edited

by Ralph Linton, pp. 399-415. Columbia University Press. New York.

364 American Anthropologist [64, 1962]

99. La producci6n agricola y la industrializaci6n de los ejidatarios. America Indfgena, V, pp. 303-308. Mexico.

1946 100. Exploraci6n econ6mico-cultural en la regi6n oncocercosa de Chiapas, Mexico. America Indigena, VI, pp. 199-246. Mexico.

101. La arqueologfa y el estudio de la cultura indigena actual. Mexico Prehispanico, pp. 847-851. Editorial Emma Hurtado. Mexico.

102. El laborismo urbano y el rural. Obras completas de Miguel O. de Mendiz,bal, Tomo I, pp. 159-167. Mecico.

1947 103. The Consumption level of the Rural Indo-Mestizo Groups. The Social Sciences in Mexico and South and Central America, I, No. 2, pp. 17-24. Mexico.

1948 104. Consideraciones sobre el problema indigena. Ediciones del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. Mexico. 136 pp. Recopilaci6n de los Editoriales publicados en America Indfgena y Boletin Indigenista (1942-1948).

1948-56 105. Autor de todos los Editoriales, sin firma, aparecidos en ese periodo, en las revistas America Indigena y Boletin Indigenista.

1948 106. Foreword a la obra de N. L. Whetten, titulada Rural Mexico, pp. XII-XIX. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago.

1949 107. Alrededor de nuestro problema hist6rico. Memoria de la Academia Nacional de Historia y Geografia, Ano V, Boletin No. 10, pp. 9-13. Mexico.

108. Las necesidades y las aspiraciones indlgenas y los medios de satisfacerlas. America Indigena, IX, pp. 105-112. Mexico.

1950 109. Ibero-Indian Countries. Interplay of Indian and European Cultures. The Year Book of Education, 1949, pp. 251-266. The University of London. Institute of Education. London.

1951 110. Aculturaci6n espontanea. Volumen de Homenaje al Dr. Alfonso Caso, pp. 175-179. Mexico.

1952 111. Consideraciones sobre problemas del Valle del Mezquital. America Indigena, XII, pp. 217-223. Mexico.

112. Poblaci6n Indo-mestiza. Proceedings and Selected Papers of the XXIXth Interna- tional Congress of Americanists. New York, 1949. Acculturation in the Americas, pp. 267-270. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago.

1953 113. Indigenismo. Memoria del Congreso Cientifico Mexicano, Tomo XII, pp. 371-381. Universidad Nacional Autonoma. Mexico.

1954 114. Quelques Apercus sur l'Orientation de l'Institut Indigeniste Interamericain. Civilisa- tions, Vol. IV, No. 2, pp. 207-211. Bruxelles.

115. Dialogo sobre cuestiones indigenistas. Cuadernos del Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura, No. 6, pp. 91-93. Paris.

1955 116. El Instituto Indigenista Interamericano y el problema de las comunidades. Nicaragua Indigena, 2~ l~poca, Nums, 5-6, pp. 34. Managua.

117. Discurso de Introducci6n del Dr. Manuel Gamio, en el Seminario, sobre Problemas Indigenas de Centroamerica, celebrado en San Salvador en 1955. Boletin Indigenista. Vol XV, pp. 216-227. Mexico.

118. Economia, Cultura y Nacionalidad. Quinto Congreso Nacional de Sociologia, pp. 191-97. Mexico.

1956 119. Orientaciones del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano. Nouvelles du Mexique, No. 5. Paris.

120. El desarrollo biologico de la poblacion indigena. Volumen de Homenaje al Dr. Paul Rivet. Mexico.

121. "Escaso conocimiento del problema indigena," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XVI, No. 4 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 250 y 252.

122. La futura inmigracion europea en el Continente Americano, La Habana, 1956. 123. "El incremento del consumo," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XVI, No. 1, (Mexico, In

stituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 2 y 4.

Obituary 365

124. "Los indigenas y sus antecedentes historicos," America Indigena, Vol. XVI, No. 1 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 1-2.

125. "La inmigraci6n en America," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XVI, No. 2-3 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 106 y 108.

126. "La Legislaci6n Indigenista en los paises de America," America Indigena, Vol. XVI, No. 4 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 247-249.

127. "Mexico, Paladin de la causa indigenista. Ejemplar discurso de ... en la Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de Mexico," Boletin Bibliografico de la Secretaria de Hacienda y Credito Publico, No. 65 (Mexico), pp. 1-2.

128. "El problema lingtiistico cultural," America Indigena, Vol. XVI, No. 2 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 79-80.

129. "Proyecto de investigacion integral," America Indigena, Vol. XVI, No. 3 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 167-168.

1957 130. "El analfabetismo y el Congreso por la Libertad de la Cultura," America Indigena, Vol. XVII, No. 2 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 115-116.

131. "Las artes menores indigenas," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XVII, No. 3 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 198.

132. "El IV Congreso Indigenista Interamericano," America Indigena, Vol. XVII, No. 4 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), p. 291.

133. "La cultura del indio," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XVII, No. 1 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 2 y 4.

134. "El indio y la propiedad de la tierra," America Indigena, Vol. XVII, No. 1 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 3-5.

135. "El indio y los prejuicios sociales," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XVII, No. 4 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 278 y 280.

136. "El problema indigena, la ciencia y el arte," America Indigena, Vol. XVII, No. 3

(Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 203-204. 137. "La salud del indio," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XVII, No. 2 (Mexico, Instituto

Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 98 y 100. 138. "Underdeveloped countries," America Indigena, Vol. XVII, No. 4 (Mexico, Instituto

Indigenista Interamericano), pp, 335-340. 1958 139. "El cambio de vida en los grupos indigenas," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XVIII, No. 1

(Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), p. 2. 140. "La conquista armada," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XVIII, No. 4 (Mexico, Instituto

Indigenista Interamericano), p. 254. 141. "El desarrollo biol6gico de la poblacionindigena," Miscellanea Paul Rivet,Octogenario

Dicata, Vol. I Mexico, U.N.A.M.), pp. 83-85. 142. "Heterogeneous populations: the scientific and the conventional frames," Actes du

XVIIe Congres International de Sociologie, Beyrouth 23-29, September 1957, Vol. I (Beyrouth), pp. 431-434.

143. "El indio de ayer y el de hoy," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XVIII, No. 3 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 178 y 180.

144. "Medicos, curanderos y brujos," America Indigena, Vol. XVIII, No. 2 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 91-92.

145. "El rapido incremento demografico y las supervivencias culturales de origen pre- colombino," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XVIII, No. 2 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 90 y 92.

146. "La situaci6n econ6mica del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano," America Indigena Vol. XVIII, No. 3 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 163-164.

147. "Las supervivencias precolombinas en lo relativo a alimentaci6n," America Indigena, Vol. XVIII, No. 4 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 3-4.

1959 148. "Las actuales supervivencias precolombinas en America," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XIX, No. 1 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), p. 2.

366 American Anthropologist [64, 1962]

149. "~America Latina o America Indoiberica?", AmErica Indigena, Vol. XIX, No. 2 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), p. 83.

150. Comentario sobre la poblaci6n indigena de America. (Ponencia presentada al IV Congreso Indigenista Interamericano, celebrado en la Ciudad de Guatemala, 2 de mayo de 1959.) Mime6grafo.

151. "Conmemoraci6n del Dfa del Indio," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XIX, No. 2 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), p. 62.

152. "~Cu,ntos indfgenas hay en America?", America Indigena, Vol. XIX, No. 3 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), p. 167.

153. "Enfermedades de los indfgenas," America Indigena, Vol. XIX, No. 1 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 3.

154. "Grupos indigenas en vias de extinci6n," America Indfgena, Vol. XIX, No. 4 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), p. 243.

155. "Isidro Fabela, Polftico inmaculado," Homenaje a Isidro Fabela, T. II (Mexico, U.N.A.M.), pp. 255-256.

156. "La poblaci6n indigena y la carretera Panamericana," America Indigena, Vol. XIX, No. 4 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), p. 182.

1960 157. "La aculturaci6n del indfgena," America Indigena, Vol. XX, No. 1 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 3-4.

158. "Conmemoraci6n del Dia del Indio," Boletin Indigenista, Vol. XX, No. 2 (Mexico, Instituto Indigenista Interamericano), pp. 82 y 84.

159. Forjando Patria. 2a ed. Pr61ogo de Justino Fern,ndez. Editorial Porrua. Mexico. 160. "La revoluci6n agraria," Boletfn Indigenista, Vol. XX, No. 1 (Mexico, Instituto

Indigenista Interamericano), p. 2.