Mantal Health and Mental Illness Incorporating Psychology.docx

8/21/2019 Mantal Health and Mental Illness Incorporating Psychology.docx

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MONIQUE MAVRONICOLAS – MENATL HEALTH AND MENTAL ILLNESSINCCORPORATING HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

Introduction

The objective of this assignment is to discuss a range of mental health approaches

and methods. The aim of the assignment is to recognise mental health models,

compare the different approaches and justify the relevance of these models. In

addition the paper will also focus on psychological abnormalities and mental illnessby not only showing an understanding of the concept but also evaluation methods.

The World Health organisation defines mental health as: “ state of well!being in

which every individual reali"es his or her own potential, can cope with the normal

stresses of life, can wor# productively and fruitfully and is able to ma#e a contribution

to his or her community.$ %n the contrary mental illness is defined by the World

Health %rganisation as: “&ental disorders comprise a broad range of problems, with

different symptoms. However, they are generally characteri"ed by some combination

of abnormal thoughts, emotions, behaviour and relationships with others. '(amples

are schi"ophrenia, depression, mental retardation and disorders due to drug abuse.&ost of these disorders can be successfully treated.$

s our understanding of mental health increases, more health care professionals

realise how controversial the “tic# bo(es$ are in understanding mental health. With

various research ta#ing place in different fields of study, each disciplines)

methodologies are subject to their research, depicted viewpoint and often design

their own conceptual mental health model to e(plain their findings. s we evolve

though time our understandings of basic psychology *bnormal, ffective science,

ffective neuroscience, +ehaviourism, +ehavioural neuroscience, ognitive,

ognitive neuroscience, omparative, ross!cultural, ultural, -evelopmental,-ifferential, 'volutionary, '(perimental, Intelligence, &athematical,

europsychology, /ersonality, /sycholinguistics, /sychophysics, /sychophysiology,

0ocial, Theoretical1 ,applied psychology * nomalistic, pplied behaviour analysis,

ssessment, linical, ommunity, onsumer , ounselling, 'ducational,

'rgonomics, 2eminist, 2orensic, Health, Industrial and organi"ational, 3egal, &edia,

&ilitary, &usic, %ccupational health, /astoral, /olitical, /sychometrics, 4eligion,

0chool, 0port and e(ercise, 0uicidality, 0ystems, Traffic1 and the orientations or

therapies * dlerian, nalytical, +ehaviourism, ognitive behavioural therapy,

ognitivist, -escriptive, 'cological systems theory, 'motionally focused therapy,

'(istential therapy, 2amily therapy, 2eminist therapy, 5estalt psychology,

Humanistic, 3ogo therapy, arrative therapy, /hilosophy, /sychoanalysis,

/sychoanalytic theory, /sychodrama, /sychodynamic psychotherapy, 4ational

emotive behaviour therapy, Transpersonal1 of these evolve too. With so many

aspects, theories, treatments and psychologies, it is hard to #eep up with all the

various approaches. 2or the purpose of this assignment 6 models7approaches will be

discussed starting with an overview and ending with a tables that includes but not

limited to, advantages, disadvantages and how the approaches can be applied to a

specific illness7 mental health disorder.

The Medical model/approach

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalistic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counseling_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometricshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlerian_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_systems_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionally_focused_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionally_focused_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodramahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalistic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_behaviourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counseling_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometricshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlerian_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_systems_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionally_focused_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodramahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_science


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This model treats mental illness in the same way as if there is believed to be a

physical cause. It considers symptoms to be e(ternal signs of the internal somatic

conditions and the thought is that of8 if the symptoms are collected into similar

groups, they will be able to be distinguished as syndrome and this will lead them to

the discovery of the true cause and suitable physical treatment can be administered.

The emphasis of this approach is on genetics, neurotransmitters, neurophysiology,neuroanatomy and argues that mental disorders are related to the physical structure

and functioning of the brain. '(amples of mental disorders that can be based,

treated within the biological model but not limited. 0chi"ophrenia an illness that can

be identified by the biological model not just due to the lin# to genetics

*predisposition to developing1, biochemistry *elevated levels of dopamine1 that can

be associated with schi"ophrenia, neuroanatomy *brain structure1 abnormalities in

the frontal and pre!frontal corte( and enlarged ventricles. /eople who suffer with the

illness are often characterised by psychosis or otherwise #nown as a brea# with

reality. They may perceive things that are not there *hearing voices, seeinghallucinations1, believing things are not true *paranoid delusions1, bi"arre language

and going off on tangents when they spea#. /eople that suffer from schi"ophrenia

often show behavioural disturbances having difficulty ta#ing care of themselves

which includes dressing themselves, shopping, paying bills and poor social s#ills,

often being socially withdrawn.

The Behavioural model

/sychologist that researched mental health and illness through the behavioural

approach, based their assumptions on the belief that observable empirical data can

be obtained through controlled observation that could be scientifically measured.

They suggested that psychology should be seen as a science and that mental health

or illness *or our behaviour due to this1 is a result of stimulus. 0ome of the other

basic assumptions were that mental health or mental illness could be cause by

conditioning. %ne conditions oneself without realising it by doing everyday things and

associating some things with negativity and others through positive association.

Therefore the approach suggest that one)s mental health or illness is influence by

their environment and conditioning. Illnesses such as phobias, that ta#es place due

to classical conditioning *in one)s past one learned to associate emotion of fear with

the stimulus that create the fear1. +ased on this there are a lot of underlyingenvironmental influences that has an impact on behaviour. The idea that the person

might have a mental illness is not considered as the model does not allow space for

mental structures but rather the behaviour of the person.

The Psychological model

The core assumption of this approach is that the roots of mental disorders are

psychological. The disorder is within the unconscious mind and are the result the

failure of defence mechanisms to protect the self *or ego1 from an(iety. &any of

these intrapsychic conflicts involve basic biological instincts, especially se(ual ones.

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&any adult problems are reflections of these earlier conflicts, particularly those

stemming from infancy and early childhood *such as the %edipus conflict1.

Spiritual model

0uggested as one of the oldest models behind mental health issues. The model

suggests that religion is #ey and that those with mental illnesses have eithercommitted sin and therefor have been possessed with demons or spirits. lot of

these aspects touch on religion hence the association of sin and been “doomed$ or

possessed. The model also suggests that it is closely tied into cultural beliefs, where

a culture connects its beliefs of the une(plained *due to uneducated and ill informed1

or not able to understand to the unacceptable. ontrary to the aforementioned

cultural believes and their views of mental health, in society today, the believe is that

religion or spirituality could contribute to mental health.

Moral character model

The character model suggests that one)s moral values are inevitable embedded in

ones outsets of mental health. The way we were taught as to what was right and

wrong according to society, the things that are acceptable and those that aren)t. The

model lin# our morality and mental health in view of our character. It suggests that

our coping mechanisms or the way we embrace life are both influential from a moral

character point of view. The model assumes that the majority of people have

somewhat stable and characters traits that will define their actions. Therefor a

person with a certain character, which impacts, possibly even defines, how they act

and how they live their life. 9nfortunately as we live in an unlawful society today we

can conclude that how people act much rather depends on the situation or their

circumstances.

Social model

The social model puts forward that systematic obstacles, negative attitudes and the

response of society could affect how a person is seen in society and defined by

society. The model recognises that some people might have some forms of

disadvantages or mental impairments, but none of these lead to disabilities unless

society fail to include people regardless of their differences. It also suggest that

society plays a role in the empowerment and management to eual rights in order for people to be able to live life to the best of their ability. lthough it includes some of

the medical model aspects *psychological and biological factors1 if poses it in a way

that suggests the power that causes and affects mental health most is due to

societal limitations.

Psychosocial model

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The model combines aspects from both the social and psychological models,

suggesting that mental illness are cause by a combination of factors. It suggests that

mental disorders are not only impacted by environmental and situational

circumstances but also how our personalities are built up throughout our life and how

the environment and situational circumstances influence these stages that could

cause mental health.

Statistical model/infrequency

This model suggests that people with I;)s above or below the average level of

society is abnormal, which will lead to the abnormality of a person)s thin#ing, traits

and behaviour. Thus suggesting that abnormal behaviour in people would be very

rare or statistically unusual according and to the contrary that people with high I;)s

are abnormal rather than highly intelligent.

The distribution curve above suggests that

there are a lot of people who are typically big

or aggressive whereas very few people are

very small or highly aggressive. Thus, there

are as many people or scores above the

mean as below it, in a normal distribution.

The further one scores from the mean, the

fewer people or scores there are in the

population. Thus the idea of abnormality is within the ? range overall,

suggesting that there are very few people being abnormal.

Biopsychosocial model

The biopsychosocial model suggests that mental illness and mental health is a result

of an amalgamation of

influences including the

biology of the individual

*genetic predispositions,

chemical imbalances1,

behavioural factors *lifestyle,

stress, health beliefs1, and

social conditions *cultural

influences, family

relationships, social

support1. The model and its

relationship to health is

depicted in the figure aside.

Model Best Applies

to

Strengths Limitations

Medical %-, s the model is based on 0ome of the treatments

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0chi"ophrenia biological science it is

objective and can give

insight to causes of some

conditions. The treatments

lin#ed to this model is

easily administered andeffective in controlling the

illness. The idea that that

the person is sic# and can

be treated reduces the

stigma of fear of mental

illness

have could have serious

side!effects, 'T can

cause memory loss and

are not always effective.

The drugs merely act by

managing the conditionrather than sure or find a

solution for it. ot allot of

mental illnesses have

physical causes and

therefore often ignores

that environmental and

psychological causes.

Treating mental illnesses

with medication reuiresclassification and there are

ethical issues with

labelling people as mental

ill.

Behavioural and

cognitive

/hobias and

%-

Therapy is structured in

such a way that it can

focus directly on the

persons maladaptive

behaviour. The need for

history whether medical or

psychological plays no

role as it)s suggested that

if one could change the

person)s behaviour from

maladaptive to adaptive is

adeuate enough for a

remedy.

%nly behaviour is

considered, thoughts and

feelings of cognition are

not ta#en into

consideration.

The therapy that

accompanies this model

may change the behaviour

but does not solve the root

of the cause of the

behaviour. It also ignores

the possible medical

causes, however ta#en

into consideration that0#inner based the entire

model on the observations

from the behaviour of rats

in a bo(, it is to be

e(pected.

Psychological/

Psychodynamic

/ersonality

disorders

The psychodynamic model

is able to provide

believable e(planations for

the causes of abnormality.

It encourages people to

s this model is based on

the role learning plays in

human behaviour, it lac#s

scientific validity and is

subjective to interpretation

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achieve to their full

potential.

of the therapist. It)s time

consuming and could get

very e(pensive and is

based on 2reud)s bias

study and over focuses on

se(ual issues. Theapproach is very

determinist as it says that

suffering childhood trauma

will lead to abnormal

behaviour in adulthood,

however it ignores other

influences.

Spiritual/

Religion

-epression,

n(iety

4eligion has the benefit of

empowering the individualthrough connecting

him7her to a community,

and to a superior force,

that might in turn give

psychological stability

*%man @ Thorensen,

ABBC1

o scientific evidence to

suggest that the modelwor#s.

Moral character +ody

-ysmorphic

-isorders

+asic personality traits

such as honesty, courage,

open mindedness assists

in the positive outloo# in

one)s life. The ability to

choose right from wrong

prevalent to society will

assist in managing mental

health

&ental illness is not only

based on basic

characteristics. The model

does not include other

factors that play a great

part in mental health.

0ocieties view with

regards to some aspects

are tainted due to lac# of

#nowledge and this could

have a negative impact on

people trying to cope withmental health issues. &ost

people with mental health

issues do not

ac#nowledge most of the

issues they are dealing

with or has no idea how to

deal with these issues and

the model becomes

blurred

Social nore(ia /roblems caused is due to djustments made to

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societal impact reduce the demand of the

society may not suit every

person. &edia plays a

very big role in social

interaction and could

advocate the wrongacceptable image.

Psychosocial

+i!polar The model provides

insight into the directions

of healthy development

across the lifespan and

e(plains culture and its

affects towards

development. It also

considers individualdifferences and can

identify predictable

tensions by way of

sociali"ation and

maturation.

The impact culture has on

development, needs A be

elaborated in the sense

that other factors have an

impact too. The model

suggests that due to a life

stage circumstances a

person is negativelyaffected but not everyone

responds the same way

and not achieve their full

potential will not mean that

one will suffer from mental

illness

Biopsychosocia

l

lot of different

mental

disorders

With several factors being

ta#en into consideration

social, psychological and

biological ! genetic, early

childhood e(periences, the

model the diagnoses and

treatment is greater.

3engthy proses and could

become costly

bnormality has been defined in a number of ways as unusual behaviour that is

different from the norm8 behaviour that does not conform to social e(pectations or

demands8 statistical infreuency8 failure to function adeuately8 presence of

pronounced psychological suffering or distress8 deviation from ideal mental health.

-epending on how data is gathered and how diagnoses are made, as many as AD?

of some population groups may be suffering from depression at any one time *I&H,

ABBE1

Maladaptive ehaviour is one of four criteria)s that could indicate abnormal

behaviour and is where a personFs actions or behaviour is li#ely to hurt another

person whether physical or social, the e(amples could stretch from bullying to

physical harm. Statistical rarity as mentioned in the statistical model, person with

e(tremely low or significantly high I; might be classified as being abnormal.

Personal distress refers to distress being the cause of abnormal behaviour in

people, li#e an(iety that leads to compulsive behaviour, unfortunately not all mental

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disorders have associations with distress and an(iety. 3astly violation of social

norms! behaviours that society deems inappropriate and not normal behaviour, and

could include many variable including but not limited to gender, culture and age.

s previously mention in the behavioural model, abnormal behaviour is regarded as

learnt by the processes of classical and operant conditioning. case that is oftencited F3ittle lbertF *Watson and 4aynor E6AB1 is an e(ample of how classic

conditioning has influenced the phobia. nother case often cited arey and arey

*E66=1 deliberated that the original inclination derived from ta#ing drugs may have

acted as a reward and lead to addiction which occurred through operant

conditioning. The behavioural model has directed the development of aversion

therapy, systematic desensitisation for treating phobias and behaviour modification

programmes.

biological7medical model often uses medical language such as patient, symptoms,

illness, treatment and has been the dominant model for over ABB years and haveadvanced the understanding of many mental disorders. The use of serotonin

reupta#e inhibitors such as /ro"ac appear effective in >=!D=? of cases of

depression but in the same breath may cause negative side effects li#e insomnia.

ot only could the drugs have side effects they could also lead to dependency and in

the same light might be treating the symptoms rather than the causes. In addition to

this there is a possibility of biochemical imbalances may be caused by the cause

treatment rather than the psychological disorder. +ipolar depression and

schi"ophrenia has had the strongest evidence of genetic effects as suggested by the

medial model, but to date have not yet been able to distinguish the prevention of the

commencement of these psychopathologies.

2ollowing the two models above and all the strengths and limitations as per the table

above, abnormal psychologies has to be allowed a variety of models to ma#e a

contribution to the understanding of abnormality. ontributions to the e(planation of

eating disorders have derived from biological, behavioural, cognitive,

psychodynamic, and humanistic models, just as many other mental illnesses has

been derived, listed and treated with various models.

The image elo" suggests the classification of Psychological Anormalities

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4eferences

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2ive +road models of &ental Illness available at

https:77www.psychologytoday.com7blog7theory!#nowledge7ABEAB>7five!broad!models!

mental!illness!E accessed on A< pril B<

The &edical &odel available at http:77www.simplypsychology.org7medical!model.html

accessed on A< pril ABE=&odels of &ental health available at https:77www.ucl.ac.u#7medical!

education7publications7psychology!in!medicine7hapterAD.pdf accessed on = &ay

ABE=

http:77as!psychology.pbwor#s.com7w7page76ED

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Mantal Health and Mental Illness Incorporating Psychology.docx