Manitoba Hydro/NSERCManitoba Hydro/NSERC

Alternative Energy Chair Alternative Energy Chair

Manitoba Energy Development InitiativeFebruary 3, 2005 1200-155 Carlton St. at the North Boardroom

Dr. Eric BibeauDr. Eric BibeauMechanical & Manufacturing Engineering DeptMechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Dept

Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Alternative Energy Chair Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Alternative Energy Chair

OUTLINE OUTLINE Chair Research Program– Kinetic turbine (hydro)– Anaerobic digesters (biomass)– Icing of wind turbines (wind)

Chair Research Activities– Entropic Power Cycle (biomass)– Brayton Hybrid Cycle (biomass)

Chair Research Initiatives– Alternative energy center – Plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles

Possible collaboration areas

Why alternative energy in Manitoba?Why alternative energy in Manitoba?almost 100% alternative energy for power– hydro – biomass (2 plants)

alternative energy can displace fossil fuels in Manitoba– fossil fuels used for transportation

Manitoba uses bio-ethanol blends for gasoline

– use natural gas for heat

But power costs are low

Export

Why alternative energy in Manitoba?Why alternative energy in Manitoba?power demand growthself generationconnected to neighbours

Average Marginal Excludes CH4 and N2O Includes CH4 and N2O

Newfoundland and Labrador 0.022 0.000Prince Edward Island 0.496 0.807Nova Scotia 0.736 0.542New Brunswick 0.496 0.807Québec 0.009 0.000Ontario 0.235 0.542Manitoba 0.030 0.000Saskatchewan 0.834 0.542Alberta 0.908 0.542British-Columbia 0.027 0.000Territories 0.355 0.909

0.221 0.426Total

Canadian Emission Factor (tonnes/MWh)

see Chair Research Initiatives

Chair Research Chair Research ProgramProgramkinetic turbines ( 1 MSc)– run of river hydro power (no head)– CFD modeling– developing / demonstrations

anaerobic digesters ( 1 Research Associate)– swine manure– CFD modeling– developing / demonstrations

wind turbines ( 1 MSc & 1 PhD)– modeling and testing of icing– icing mitigation Distributed Power

Alternative Alternative Energy SourcesEnergy Sources

Electricity (highest form)

Heat (lowest form)

Gas & Liquid Fuels

WindOcean δT

BiomassSteam

PVCollectorsHydro

GeothermalFission

Processing

Sola

r

Mech/Turbo Generator

Nuc

lear

Alternative energy researchAlternative energy researchIsolated approach– investigate one aspect of a technology in

detailicing of wind turbines

ResearchResearch

General approach– investigate all aspects of an alternative

energy system new solution to old problem

– focus on reducingcapital, maintenance, operational cost

– return on investmentanaerobic digester, biomass, kinetic turbine

Research – Develop – Demonstrate

Scie

ntifi

c m

etho

d

Scientific method

Anaerobic digestersAnaerobic digestersbiological degradation– Mesophilic bacteria (25oC-38oC)– Thermophilic bacteria (50oC-70oC)

gas CH4, CO2, H2S, N2, NH4

use gas in ICE, Sterling, Brayton Hybrid Cyclefour main technologies– lagoon type– plug flow– complete mix– temperature-phased

Farm Feedstock

ProductsBiogasFiberLiquid

: Renewable CHP: Soil conditioner

: Liquid fertilizer

AnaerobicDigester

Anaerobic digestersAnaerobic digesters

Slurry In

Heat In

Heat InHeat In

Slurry In

Slurry In

Slurry In

Covered Lagoon

TPAD

Plug Flow

Complete Mix

Effluent Out Effluent Out

Effluent Out

Effluent Out

efficiency vs effectiveness

Anaerobic digester modelAnaerobic digester modelapproach– develop numerical model

Phase I, II, III– demonstrate numerically simple systems

operate economically in cold climates– design and optimize

cost-effective anaerobic lagoon-type swine digester for cold climates

Develop tool Design system

Numerical digester modelNumerical digester modelheat transfer loss anaerobic digestion model – hydrolysis– acid formation– methane formation

validation of parts of model– laboratory– demonstration facilities

collaboration with Dr. Oleszkiewicz

Anaerobic digester demonstrationManitoba Hydro: sponsor BioTerre cold-climate digester

Aiming for lagoonAiming for lagoon--type designtype designdesign – lagoon-type with active

mixing– simple design– use simple materials– numerical model to design

demonstration– Glenlee Research Center– validate numerical model– prove concept works – need to be acceptable to

swine producers

Preliminary Design Concept

Power

Gas

Digester Gas

Recycled Plastic Linked Boxes

Tsolid = 35 Co

Recirc Compressor

Flexible Membrane

Hay

Distributer Pipe2 Clay Layers

Flax Straw

Recirc GasMixing+Heating

Liquid/Solid Manure

Warm Recirc Gas

Wind Compressor

BurnerGlycol Loop

Hot Glycol

Glycol Return Recirc Heat Exchanger

IC Engine

Icing of wind turbine bladesIcing of wind turbine bladesManitoba Hydro – large wind farms

plannedsouthern Manitoba highest incidence of icing in Manitoba

ice issues– accretion causes

reduction in turbine efficiency

– load imbalance from uneven shedding

impacts personnel safety– increase stresses on

wind turbine

Icing of wind turbine bladesIcing of wind turbine bladesicing research– experimental investigation of icing on wind turbine blades– numerical modelling of ice accretion– ice mitigation strategies

Experimental componentExperimental componenticing tests in new ice tunnel facility– measurements of ice accretion, drag, lift, and moments on

scale test models – determine collection efficiency – power reduction as function of ice accretion– forces on structure during icing event – unique experimental data

forces and moments during a simulated icing event

Icing of wind turbine bladesIcing of wind turbine bladesexperimental work– test models

fixed wing3 blade rotating model

– non-uniform ice shedding– test mitigation techniques

– instrumentationforce balanceheat transfer rates at interface

Icing of wind turbine bladesIcing of wind turbine bladesice mitigation strategies– control of pitch and speed– change surface coating on leading edge of blade– break method in combination of other methods– add deicing fluid using rotational force to form fluid film– heater strips in combination with other methods– pressure pulses

collaboration– experimental and modelling work done in collaboration with

Dr. Greg Naterer icing of power cable with Manitoba Hydro

– ice mitigation with Dr. Dan Fraser

Kinetic turbinesKinetic turbines

2 units 350 kW (700 kW)3.3 m diameter Water velocity = 5 m/sWater density = 1000 kg/m3

2000 kW100 m diameter Air velocity = 10 m/sAir density = 1 kg/m3

ConceptConcept

Kinetic turbines applications stop at 3 m/s. Why?

Water

Air

150 m

What are the real costs of going in the ocean?

High velocity kinetic turbinesHigh velocity kinetic turbines

applicable for remote communities in Manitobaapproach – develop mathematical models for run-of-

river water turbines – improve efficiency and designs for velocity

applications above 3 m/starget higher power density (v3)

High velocity kinetic turbinesHigh velocity kinetic turbinesaddress–high turbulence levels –cavitations –determine turbine efficiency

numerically–design for high velocity river

applications

High velocity kinetic turbinesHigh velocity kinetic turbines

laboratory– provide experimental data

water tunnel 1 m/s (Dr. Greg Naterer)

– validate numerical work

high flow velocity facilityin-situ river flow characterization measurements– establish river characteristics

High velocity kinetic turbinesHigh velocity kinetic turbinesdevelop prototypes – numerical modeling– experimental measurements

prototype system design collaboration– Dr. Dan Fraser and Dr. Greg Naterer

Chair Research Chair Research ActivitiesActivities

Entropic Power Cycle Brayton Hybrid Cycle Modeling alternative fuels LCA and GHG emissions BioEnergy Marsh NPK filterUndergraduate Student projects

Entropic Power CycleEntropic Power Cycle

GHG Displacement GHG Displacement BioPowerBioPower CHP CommunityCHP Community

2 MWe Community Subsidized Power System BioPower SystemPower (2 MWe) tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

Heat (10 MWth) tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

Total tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

11,55323,05534,608

Power: Diesel Fuel

Turbion™ CHP

Northern Community

Heat: Oil

Biomass (local or pellets)

Power

Heat

~233 liters/ MWe-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~93 liters/ MWth-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

682 MWe-hr / BDtonne~No GHG

3066 MWe-hr / BDtonne~No GHG

BioPower SystemSubsidized Power System

Brayton Hybrid CycleBrayton Hybrid Cycle60% increase in overall efficiency without major capital costsimple to operategreenhouse & wood drying applicationsfunding application pending– CFI– Province of Manitoba– WED

Modeling alternative fuelsModeling alternative fuelsEquipment– biomass boilers and kilns

Manitoba– pulp mills with Manitoba Hydro

BioEnergyBioEnergy NPK filterNPK filter

Small

Condensing Steam

Small steam with

cogeneration

Organic Rankine

Cycle

Air Brayton

cycle

Entropic cycle Gasification1

Heat recovery loss (MW)

8.0 8.0 7.8 12.3 5.3 11.0

Cycle loss (MW)

15.2 16.5 15.3 12.1 7.2 10.5

Power generated (MWe)

3.03 1.75 3.13 1.83 3.68 4.71

Cogeneration heat (MWth)

0.0 15.0 14.5 0.0 16.4 0.0

1Assumes Producer gas has heat value of 5.5 MJ/m3 and cooled down to room temperature

Nutrient from Red River to Lake Winnipeg– average 32,765 ton/yr of N; 4,905 ton/yr of P

Biomass harvesting – 3.1-4.2% of N; 3.8-4.7% of P

Nutrient removal City of Winnipeg– reduce N by 2,200 ton and P 260 ton in Red River – estimated cost $181 million or $80,000 per ton of N

Energy production

Vegetation maps Netley-

Libau Marsh 2001

LCA analysis and GHG emissionsLCA analysis and GHG emissionslife cycle analysis (NRCAN, CEC, NRC)

– biomass forest waste– bio-ethanol– bio-diesel

GHG emissions– review Operational Envelope applications– TEAM SMART program– involve students

Distributed systems at 50% MCDistributed systems at 50% MC

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800-600

-400

-200

0

EMISSION REDUCTIONS for CHP SYSTEMS

GH

G E

MIS

SIO

N(k

g CO

2/BD

tonn

e)

Scenario 1Scenario 2Scenario 3Scenario 4

LargeSteamPow er

SmallSteamPow er

BraytonCycle

Pow er

Bio-oilConver.Pow er

Gasif.Conver.Pow er

SmallSteam

CHP

TurbodenCycleCHP

EntropicCycleCHP

Displacing oil for heat

Manitoba

Undergraduate student projectsUndergraduate student projects2004– land fill gas at Brady dump – generation of renewable hydrogen from biomass

2005– testing of biodiesel blends for cold weather applications – implementation of biodiesel at University of Manitoba– using biopower application in South America to displace

diesel fuelSummer 2005– transient simulation of a PHEV– modeling of a W2E gasifier system

Chair ResearchChair Research InitiativesInitiatives

– Alternative Energy Center – Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (PHEV)

Chair InitiativesChair InitiativesAlternative Energy CenterAlternative Energy Center

3 Prong approach– Faculty of Engineering

distributed power generation– Agriculture Science/Biosystems Faculty

bio-fuels –bio-ethanol, bio-diesel, bio-methanol–bio-hydrogen

– Environmental Science Facultypolicy and sustainable transportation

Chair InitiativesChair InitiativesAlternative Energy CenterAlternative Energy Center

3 Chairs working towards common vision– Faculty of Engineering

NSERC/Manitoba Hydro Industrial Research Chair in Alternative Energy (initiated by Bibeau and Fraser)

– Agriculture Science and Biosystems Engineering Faculty (ongoing)

Chair in Biofuels funded by Industry (initiated by Nazim Cicek)

– Environmental Science Faculty (conceptual)Chair in sustainable transportation

Chair InitiativesChair InitiativesPHEVPHEV

Unique set of circumstances in Manitoba for renewable power generation– current hydro: 5.5 GW for 1.15 million – hydro reserves: 5.0 GW for 1.15 million – possible RE from Hydro

9.1 kW RE per person

Farmland (excludes marginal lands)– 77,321 km2 or 0.07 km2 per person – significant production of biofuels possible

Chair InitiativesChair InitiativesPHEVPHEV

Renewable transportation solution– H: hybrid

ICE and battery

– ICEshort term: gasoline/bio-ethanol; diesel/bio-diesel; H2 injectionlong term: fuel cell with biofuels

– EV: electrical vehicle80 Km battery maximumsmart home concept for load balancing

– P: plug-inNo immediate infrastructure required

– PHEV: no technology gap

Possible collaboration areasPossible collaboration areasAlternative energy center– conference in June at UofM

renewable transportationalternative energy center vision

– support for transportation chairKinetic turbines* Anaerobic digester demonstration Wind icing instrumentation*Hydrogen injection in ICEBioPower: greenhouses/remote communitiesLightweight cement Analysis of hydrogen bus

* Current funding needs

Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative Energy

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

http://www.umanitoba.ca/engineering/mech_and_ind/prof/bibeau/

WebsiteWebsite