Integrating Alternative Integrating Alternative Energy Technologies in Energy Technologies in

the Electricity Sectorthe Electricity SectorDr. Eric BibeauDr. Eric BibeauMechanical & Industrial Engineering DeptMechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept

Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative EnergyManitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative Energy

TopicsTopics(1) Kinetic Turbines– potentially affordable distributed hydroelectric

technology that needs to be shown as commercially ready

(2) Distributed CHP technologies– generating heat and power within the fence and

offsetting industrial power and natural gas in support of DSM programs

(3) PHEV– a potential new demand for large hydro projects

and renewable energies that may not go away

Alternative Energy ChairAlternative Energy Chair

Why a Manitoba Hydro/NSERC chair– Pursuing cost-effective

alternative energy is one of the 10 important corporate goals for Manitoba Hydro

– Manitoba Hydro encourages development and demonstration of cost-effective alternative energy applications collaboration with the University of Manitoba

Average Marginal Newfoundland/Lab 0.02 0.00Prince Edward Island 0.50 0.81Nova Scotia 0.74 0.54New Brunswick 0.50 0.81Québec 0.01 0.00Ontario 0.24 0.54Manitoba 0.03 0.00Saskatchewan 0.83 0.54Alberta 0.91 0.54British-Columbia 0.03 0.00Territories 0.36 0.91Total Canada 0.22 0.43

Canadian Power Emission Factor (tonnes/MWhr)

Node

Primary

Energy

NodeNeeds

Energy Node

FF RE RF

HT TR EE

Kinetic TurbinesKinetic Turbinespotentially affordable potentially affordable distributeddistributed hydroelectric technology hydroelectric technology that needs to be that needs to be shownshown as commercially readyas commercially ready

What are Kinetic What are Kinetic Turbines?Turbines?

Convert flow kinetic energy into powerLow environmental impact – does not require head, dam, or impoundment– minimizes fish impact: screens; air; slow RPM

Limited data – long term deployment; cold weather impact– cost information; not commercially demonstrated

Modular Rapid DeploymentModular Rapid Deployment

600 kW twin unit (base load)Water velocity = 4.0 m/sWater density = 1000 kg/m3

1,800 kW (0.33 CF)Air velocity = 10 m/sAir density = 1 kg/m3

Water Air

150 m3.0 m

Unit does not exist yet

Power increases by: Velocity3 Density Area

Alternative Electrical Grid Energy Alternative Electrical Grid Energy Kinetic turbine proposed– First of its kind to operate at 2.5 m/s

Cost targets – $2,500 installed target

Low for small distributed scaleCapital $1,000 /kW per unitPower control $750 /kWInstallation at $750 /kW

Twin: 2 x 60 kW = 120 kW (2.5 M/S)– 40 c/kW diesel example = 0.42 Million/yr

Previous 40 kW per unit

Remote ApplicationsRemote Applications

Opens Northern Communities for development on a sustainable basisEnvironmentally sound technologyReduces transport of diesel/oil northwardApplications– remote communities, logging camps, mines,

fishing lodges, locations with limited grid capacity, Native communities, diesel generation displacement

Commercialization Commercialization ObjectivesObjectives

Prove first year-long operationEvaluate the applicability of kinetic turbines Establish operation and cost-effectiveness in all seasonsProve kinetic turbines can– achieve high capacity factor/

high availability – deliver base load power

Commercial Testing Commercial Testing of Kinetic Turbines of Kinetic Turbines

Positive step towards SustainabilityEnvironmental breakthrough for remote communitiesNew source of renewable energy Support distributed generation industry Show DG can workConnect alternative power to grid

Why Kinetic Turbines in ManitobaWhy Kinetic Turbines in ManitobaManitoba resource– vast river system– requires flow velocities above 2.5 m/s

Renewable energy technologyRemote communities applicationFits hydro-base cultureRapid deployment and modularBase load generationLikely cost effective distributed energyEnhance and build research capacity at the University of Manitoba

Commercialization Commercialization and R&D Objectivesand R&D Objectives

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er (k

W)

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es (l

bf)

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Torque (lbf)

Ocean/Demos

60 kW DemoProject

UofM R&D/targets

UEK 8 feet and shrouded turbine

Kinetic Turbine Research at UofMKinetic Turbine Research at UofMNumerical modelingExperimental analysis

Station

River

Bridge

FlowSpillway

Proposed Kinetic Turbine Proposed Kinetic Turbine Demo ProjectDemo Project

Kinetic Turbine ProjectKinetic Turbine Project

Will test for the first time a kinetic turbine for commercialization – 1 year period; cold climate; higher power density– River application; grid connected– Higher flow velocity UEK kinetic turbine (2.5 m/s)– Develop Safety and procedures protocols– Want proven technology for cold weather climates and

high river flow velocities

May prove new viable small-hydro application for remote communities

Flow Measurements Flow Measurements Velocity downstream walkway Pointe du Bois June 13, 2005

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ocity

(m/s

)

5.0 m8.0 m10.8 m13 m16 m

ADCP Flow Measurements

Turbine Flow Meter

Testing of UEK Testing of UEK Kinetic TurbineKinetic Turbine

FlowBoat Cable

Walkway BridgeWinch

Turbine

Boat

Turbine Cable

2 Cemented Cables

Data

Data

AC

DC

AC120V

120V

Heater

Heater

480VAC3 PhaseTo Grid

From Plant

OutsideCamera

DAQLaptop

Turbine

Boat

UnderwaterCamera

T1 Wirelessto Internet(0.01 Hz)

AtcoTrailer

DC/AC

AC/DC

HydroLaptop

VoltageCurrentVibrationVel & TurbulencePressure dropsTemperatures

Expected BenefitsExpected BenefitsProves a DG technology for commercializationInvest in support of sustainabilityPotentially less costly than wind – remote applications

Develop required experience – anchoring, deploying/retrieving– safety and deployment protocols

Provide a viable technology for IPP’s Allows off-grid applications

Distributed CHP TechnologiesDistributed CHP Technologiesgenerating heat and power within the fence and generating heat and power within the fence and offsettingoffsetting industrial power industrial power and natural gas in support of and natural gas in support of DSMDSM

Brayton Hybrid Cycle (BHC)

Entropic Rankine Cycle (ERC)

Distributed CHP– Waste: forestry and agriculture biomass residues– Industrial waste heat

Target: $2,500 /kW Turnkey

BioPower ExampleBioPower ExampleRemote CommunitiesRemote Communities

Power 1 MWeHeat 4 MWth

Need ComponentsPower Wind turbine 3.3 MWeHeat Oil furnace 4.7 MWth

Power Water turbine 1.3 MWeHeat Oil furnace 4.7 MWthPower 1.0 MWeHeat 0.0 MWth

Kinetic turbine

Biomass

System Size

Biomass CHP

Community Requirements

System

Wind with storage

Why DG CHP Systems Using Biomass and Why DG CHP Systems Using Biomass and Waste Heat are UncommonWaste Heat are Uncommon

Low Cost: the primary need

Independence: must not affect process

Simplicity: reduce operator qualifications

Ruggedness: allow remote locations

Maintenance Free: reducing cost

Automated: simple to operate

DG CHP with Steam not ViableDG CHP with Steam not ViableBoilers require qualified operatorsLarge equipmentCooling towersMaintenancePoor efficiencyLow grade heat rejection– Need CHP economics

High capital and operating cost

Biomass AdvantageBiomass Advantage

Highest energy density of renewable fuels

Can be harvested, stored, transported and used on demand

Forest biomass residues are a major potential source of renewable energy

Utilization success has been limited to specific large-scale applications

Utilization OpportunitiesUtilization Opportunities

Expanded use of biomass favors distributed approach– biomass resource is distributed– CHP applicable to smaller scale– transportation costs eliminated– minimizes power grid upgrades

Biomass is fundamentally a distributed resource

Better technology is needed for a distributed CHP biopower

Distributed Biomass TechnologiesDistributed Biomass Technologies

Most technologies have failed economically rather than technicallyUnsuccessful attempts have formed negative biases

Need to separate preconceptions from basic knowledge Evaluate opportunities objectively based on appropriate technologyIncreasing the use of biomass requires cost-effective, small-scale systems

Biomass Energy ConversionBiomass Energy ConversionEntropic Rankine Cycle–simple technology–twice the power compared to a

steam based system–produces hot glycol 90ºC-115ºC for

cogeneration–small components –no certified operators

Entropic Cycle CHP SystemEntropic Cycle CHP System

No boiler required: uses vapour heater

Small equipment: compact system

High temp. heat: 90°C district heat

Dry air heat rejection: 60°C return

Low maintenance: no dynamic seals

Good Power efficiency: 17%-22% cycle eff.

High CHP efficiency: 50%-85% flue heat

Affordable capital cost: $2,500/kW target

Industrial Waste Heat ApplicationIndustrial Waste Heat Application

NG

SOUR GASNATURAL GAS

TURBINE SALT BATH HEATER

to REGENERATOR

TOWER

COMPRESSOR

COOLER

COMPRESSEDGAS

AIR INLET 10°C

REGENERATOR GAS PRE- HEATER

Large power and natural gas user example

COOLANT 90°C

COOLANT 58°C

ENTROPIC TURBION SYSTEM

TURBINE EXHAUST

THERMAL ENERGY

ELECTRICAL POWER

TO PROCESS TO DISPLACE NATURAL GASTO DISPLACE AND SELL

GREEN POWER Ent

ropi

c C

ycle

BioEnergy in a BioEnergy in a Northern CommunityNorthern Community

2 MWe Community Subsidized Power System BioPower SystemPower (2 MWe) tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

Heat (10 MWth) tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

Total tonne CO2 0 tonne CO2

115532305534,608

Power: Diesel Fuel Turbion™ CHPNorthern Comm unity

Heat: Oil Biomass (local or pellets)2 BD tonne/MWe-hr

Power

Heat

~233 liters/ MWe-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~93 liters/ MWth-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~1 MWe-hr~No GHG

~5 MWth-hr~No GHG

BioPower SystemSubsidized Power System

(Biomass district heat already installed)

CHOICES?

Power: Diesel Fuel Turbion™ CHPNorthern Comm unity

Heat: Oil Biomass (local or pellets)2 BD tonne/MWe-hr

Power

Heat

~233 liters/ MWe-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~93 liters/ MWth-hr~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter

~1 MWe-hr~No GHG

~5 MWth-hr~No GHG

BioPower SystemSubsidized Power System

(Biomass district heat already installed)

CHOICES?

1

Distributed BioPowerDistributed BioPowerCHP Conversion ChartCHP Conversion Chart

Note: Results are for 50% moistures content

Bio-oil GasificationSyngas

AirBrayton

Large Steam

Overall Power Efficiency 6.6% 7.8% 7.4% 25.0%Electricity (kWhr/Bdtonne) 363 440 420 1420Heat (kWhr/Bdtonne) - - - -Overall Cogen Efficiency 6.4% 7.8% 7.4% 25.0%

SmallSteam

SmallSteam CHP

OrganicRankine Entropic

Overall Power Efficiency 9.9% 5.7% 10.2% 12.0%Electricity (kWhr/Bdtonne) 563 324 580 682Heat (kWhr/Bdtonne) - 2,936 2,713 3,066Overall Cogen Efficiency 9.9% 53.9% 54.5% 67.5%

1

Distributed BioPowerDistributed BioPowerCHP Revenue ChartCHP Revenue Chart

Note: Results are for 50% moistures content

$0.070 per kWhr$0.030 per kWhr

Canadian DollarsPower (90% use) Heat (60% use) Total

Bio-oil $23 $23Gasification Syngas $28 $28Air Brayton Cycle $26 $26Large Steam $89 $89Small Steam $35 $35Small Steam CHP $20 $53 $73Organic Rankine Cycle $37 $49 $85Entropic Reankine cycle $43 $55 $98

Revenue per BDTon Biomass

Electrical Power (1 cent subsidy included)Natural Gas

*Revenue for distributed biopower systems using 50% MC biomass

Biomass Energy ConversionBiomass Energy ConversionBrayton Hybrid Cycle (indirect heat)– Over 40% increase in

overall efficiency without major capital cost

– simple to operate– 60 PSI air pressure– low temperature inlet

turbine and heaterno ceramic or expensive materials

What is PHEV?– Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles

How does it relate to alternative energy?– Green Power & Biofuels to displace gasoline

Can this affect power demand predictions?– did any utility adjust their power demand to take into

account electrolytic hydrogen?– should utilities revise their power demand to take

into account PHEV?

Is this reverse DSM?

PHEVPHEVa potential a potential newnew demand for large hydro projects and demand for large hydro projects and alternative energies that alternative energies that may notmay not go awaygo away

UCDavis 60 mile PHEV

PHEV EconomyPHEV EconomyEffective load balancingPossible regional fuel independenceNo unnecessary technologies and stepsMultiple fuel/biofuel possibilitiesPHEVS may be the primary driver for a distributed informated network

Building Block for Sustainability Building Block for Sustainability with no Change in Infrastructurewith no Change in Infrastructure

PHEV with enough batteries to provide 30 to 60 miles of all electric range Night time charging for batteries from base electric plantsDay time/Night time charging from renewable sources to displace gasolinePotential peak electric shaving use of the batteries to reduce spinning reserves and voltage regulation needs for Electric UtilitiesAdvantage during drought periods for large hydro

Courtesy Andy Frank, UCDavis

Why PHEV in Manitoba?Why PHEV in Manitoba?Unique set of circumstances– current hydro capacity

5.0 GW for 1.15 million

– hydro reserves capacity5.0 GW for 1.15 million

– potential RE from Hydro 9 kW RE per person 9 kW RE per person

Farmland (excludes marginal lands)

– 77,321 km2 or 0.07 km0.07 km22 per personper person– significant biofuels production possible

REVS REVS (Renewable Energy Vehicle Simulator)(Renewable Energy Vehicle Simulator)

Maximize renewable and efficientelectrical use in transportationInformed decision about renewable energy use in transportation

Value Criteria Baseline transit

bus model Parallel hybrid

transit bus model Plug-in parallel

hybrid transit bus model

Covered range 8.64 km 9.08 km 9.04 km Fuel consumption 1.66 km/L 2.91 km/L 3.21 km/L CO2 emission 1,650 g/km 938 g/km 850 g/km NOx emission 8.79 g/km 5.03 g/km 4.57 g/km PM emission 0.178 g/km 0.1 g/km 0.091 g/km Total energy supplied by engine

82,545 kJ 49,079 kJ 44,436 kJ

Total energy supplied by the battery

31,194 kJ 3,1212.5kJ

Voltage of battery in PHEV bus model

Manitoba PHEV InfrastructureManitoba PHEV Infrastructure

Manitoba has approximately 500,000 engine block heaters using 133 GWh/year

Courtesy of Manitoba Hydro

Conversion EfficiencyConversion Efficiency

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

ICE:Gasoline

ICE: Diesel ICE: Naturalgas

ICE: eH2 FCV: eH2 BEV PHEV (1/3Gas)

well-to-wheel efficiency

primary energy to onboard electricty

Today

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Daytime Nightime

Grid Infrastructure WinterGrid Infrastructure Winter

Cars in Manitoba cars 748,000Driving mileage per day km/day 50 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Power FCX FCV

Power Rav4 EV

Power PHEV New MW power

FCV

BEV

PHEV

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HT TR EE

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Primary

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Manitoba118 PJ

SaskatchewanOntario

Minnesota

HT TR EE

HT TR EE

HT TR EE

HT TR EE

North Dakota

FF RE RF

FF RE RFRF

RE F

F

Network method

Power Export Assumed MH Current EmissionGHG Export Factor

Displacements Profile (%) (kg CO2/kWhr)North Dakota 10 1.02Minnesota 80 0.69Saskatchewan 5 0.83Ontario 5 0.24

0.71Total

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F

GHG Network MethodGHG Network Method

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Gasoline

convert green electrons to black electrons

PHEV ConferencePHEV Conference

Dr. Andy Frank, Davis University– "We should be looking at medium duty vehicles, mini

buses and delivery vans, and this kind of thing, especially government fleets"

The Honorable Edward Schreyer– "if someplace in the world, the industrial world, there

or four or five or six actual conversions were carried out, of a PHEV 30 or 40 or 50, in a way that was a complete success, seamlessly, successfully, and with demonstrable costs running per kilometer something like one quarter to one fifth, no exaggeration, of prevailing gasoline prices"

PHEV InitiativesPHEV InitiativesPhase I– Toyota Prius– EnergyCS

Phase II– Plug-in highway program: bus and utility vehicles – 350 Chassis– Renewable hydro power and bio-fuel and – Fleet vehicles operating in various applications

Electric motor/gen

UCDavis CVT

Batteries

Engine

Integrating Alternative Energy Integrating Alternative Energy Technologies in the Electricity SectorTechnologies in the Electricity Sector(1) Kinetic Turbines– potentially affordable distributed hydroelectric

technology that needs to be shown as commercially ready

(2) Distributed CHP technologies– generating heat and power within the fence and

offsetting industrial power and natural gas in support of DSM programs

(3) PHEV– a potential new demand for large hydro projects

and renewable energies that may not go away

Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative Energy

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

Presentations on Alternative EnergyPresentations on Alternative Energyhttp://www.umanitoba.ca/engineering/mech_and_ind/prof/bibeau/

Last Summer Last Summer PHEV ConferencePHEV Conference

http://www.umanitoba.ca/engineering/mech_and_ind/prof/bibeau/cec/cec.html

Heater

Recuperator

Cooler

Power Unit

Flue Gas

Coolant

90°C

60°CPM Alternator- High efficiency generation

- high speed operation

- combustor flue gas - process exhaust

Heat Source

Hot Water Out- 100% useable heat

- no cooling tower

Single Stage Turbine

-simplified, inexpensive -high speed operation

Simple & Direct Recuperation of Heat- Keeps energy in the cycle

- increases efficiency

Power Package- no dynamic seals

- rugged, maintenance freeCPE, Compact

Heat Exchangers- All welded construction

- small footprint

No Vacuum Operation

- reduced volume flow - small equipment

Entropic Cycle CHP SystemEntropic Cycle CHP System

Integrated Sawmill ConceptIntegrated Sawmill Concept

Distance Travel During Night Charging (One car)

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12

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e G

auge

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km Travel

EnergyCS PHEV

Toyota Rav4 EV

Honda FCX FCV

BEV, PHEV, FCVBEV, PHEV, FCV

LargeLarge--ScaleScale

SawmillSawmill

SawmillSawmill Sawmill

Sawmill SawmillSawmill

Power Generating

System

Power Grid

Woo

dwas

te

Pow

er

DistributedDistributed

SawmillSawmill

SawmillSawmill Sawmill

Sawmill SawmillSawmill

Power Grid

Pow

er

Energy CostsEnergy Costs

Prices have tripled in a decade

NYMEX Crude PricingContract 1

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rrel

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Technical complexity

25%