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Thursday 1 November Posters / Journal of Sc

trength test, this was significantly higher that the Attack play-rs who achieved stages 3 to 5; Center players had mean upperody endurance of 48 reps which was significantly higher than bothttack (28 reps) and Defense (34 reps) players; Defense at a mean

ime of 0.529 s over 3 m were significantly faster than Attack (0.664) players however there were no differences in sprint time at 5 and0 m. There were no other significant differences.

Discussion/conclusions: The finding that Attack and Defenselayers are taller than Center players is expected as height givesn advantage in goal shooting and defense. Game analysis researchnd a broader range of Netball abilities and performance level isequired to determine if the differences in fitness between positionsould be related to differing game demands for the positions of play.

ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.381

79

frican rhythm: The secret link to Kenya’s running success?

. van der Klashorst ∗, M. Nicholls

University of Pretoria

Distance running in Kenya. The first thought that comes to minds altitude. And, with reason. 2000 m elevations are common, andraining at such altitudes help create the high aerobic capacity thats vital to distance running success. There is nothing accidentalbout the successes of Kenyan distance runners. They result from aombination of several factors including the high altitude, genetics,he environment, living conditions, government support and tradi-ions such as cattle raiding. This study asks the question: ‘Why havehese circumstances been so much more helpful to Kenyan run-ers than other high altitude runners?’ Similarities between Africa’solyrhythmic drumming and dancing rhythm and the rhythm ofunning cannot be denied and this study proposes a possible linketween Kenya’s running success and their culture of music, dancend rhythm. The study is conceptual in nature and focused on thenalyses of Kenyan rural music, comparing the structure of Kenyanusic with that of Western music and relating the findings to dis-

ance running. Important differences in musical culture that maympact on distance running was identified. In Western culture, weend to think of the world as being divided into elements. Thiseality is also evident in the way we train our athletes: focusingn separating elements in running–breathing rhythm, arm rhythmnd rhythm of the feet. Running is often over-analyzed to the extenthat running becomes an ‘unnatural’ act. Music-making is such anmportant part of African social and cultural life that is performedegularly in a wide diversity of social settings. When communi-ates in Africa comes together, music usually forms an integralart of the activities. Within the African culture it is assumed thatll people have some musical ability, and are therefore capable ofaking part in a musical performance. Musical performance canherefore not be separated from social and cultural activities. Areat deal of Kenyan music is intended to reflect the rhythm of life,nd in such cases, the rhythm leads to the music. Rhythm is oftenolyrhythmic–many African musicians can respond to numeroushythms at the same time. The relationship between polyrhythmsnd running is further explained in the study. The results of thetudy have several important implications to distance training in

estern countries. Recommendations as result of the study focusn changes in our perception of rhythm in running and thereforen rhythm training for athletes.

ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.382

nd Medicine in Sport 15 (2012) S127–S187 S157

380

Self-perception of speed versus GPS recorded speeds in snowsports participants

G. Waddington 1,∗, T. Dickson 1, A. Terweil 2, S. Trathen 1

1 University of Canberra2 Thompson Rivers University

Introduction: Human self-perception of speed is requiredin activities where movement velocity greatly exceeds humanwalking or running speeds for which evolutionary capacity for self-judgement of speed of movement developed. Improving perceptionof speed travelled may improve safety across a range of sports.

Method: This study assessed actual and perceived distance andspeeds travelled by participants over a day as well as in resort des-ignated ‘slow zones’ in the 2010/11 season using a small GPS andaccelerometer data-logging device (SPI Elite GPSports Pty Ltd). Par-ticipants completed a questionnaire describing their assessment oftheir maximum speed that day and their distance travelled.

Results: 102 participants travelled 4.5 km or more dur-ing the data collection sessions. Mean age was 42.0, (9–80)years, with 39% females and 70% advanced/expert. Total ski-ing/boarding time was 497 hours (mean = 4.52 hours) covering4,475 km (mean = 43.87 km). Paired sample t-tests of the estimatedand actual maximum speeds were significant (p≤.000).

Discussion: Participants were consistently unable to estimatedistances they travelled and were unable to accurately estimatemaximum speeds they achieved, with most substantially under-estimating the velocity they were travelling in “slow zones.” Thisfinding indicates the potential need for mechanisms for enhancingself-perception of speed in this sport.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.383

381

Managing performance enhancing substance use by sportshealth professionals

J. Mazanov ∗

School of Business, UNSW-Canberra

Introduction: The expanding list of substances with perfor-mance enhancing potential has seen calls for the professions todevelop policy that regulates the use of such substances. This paperexamines how Sports Medicine Australia might respond to a call toregulate the use of performance enhancing substances (PES) amongsports health professionals.

Method: A thought experiment using the anti-doping frame-work as a guide is executed. This framework was chosen as the onlymature policy response to manage PES. The assumption is madethat PES work, with the corollary use means better performancethan those who abstain (e.g. treat more clients more effectively).

Results: This thought experiment shows that the harms arguedto emerge from doping in sport also emerge among sports healthprofessionals, such as coercion (e.g. being forced to use PES toensure competitiveness in the job market).

Conclusions: Applying anti-doping to sports health profes-sionals indicates a deeper understanding and response is neededto understand how professional organisations such as SportsMedicine Australia can develop policy to regulate the use of PESamong its members. Such an understanding may feed back into

efforts to regulate PES use among athletes.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.384