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Management Information Systems and Decision-Making:
An Overview
The type of information required by decision makers in a company is directly related to:
the level of management decision making
the amount of structure in the decision situations managers face
The levels of management decision making that must be supported by information technology
in a successful organization (independently of its size, shape, and participants), are often shown
as a managerial pyramid – see the figure below (O'Brien, p. 393) and Lecture 4:
Strategic management: As part of a strategic planning process top executives
i. develop overall organizational goals, strategies, policies, and
ii. monitor the strategic performance of the organization and its overall direction in
the political, economic, and competitive business environment
Tactical management: Business unit managers and business professionals in self-directed teams
i. develop short- and medium-range plans, schedules, budgets and specify policies,
procedures, and business objectives for their sub-units of the company, and
ii. allocate resources and monitor the performance of their organizational sub-units,
including departments, divisions, process teams, project teams, and other
workgroups.
Operational management: Operating managers and members of self-directed teams
i. develop short-range plans (e.g. weekly production schedules), and
ii. direct the use of resources and the performance of tasks according to procedures
and within budgets and schedules they establish for the teams and other
workgroups of the organization.
Decision makers need information products whose characteristics, attributes or quality are
having the three dimensions of time, content, and form – see the figure below (O'Brien, p. 393).
Decision maker at different levels of the organization are making more or less structured
decisions. Typically there are three types of decision structure:
Unstructured decisions (usually related to the long-term strategy of the organization);
Semi-structured decisions (some decision procedures can be pre-specified but not enough to lead
to a definite recommended decision);
Structured decisions (the procedure to follow, when a decision is needed, can be specified in
advance).
Earlier in this course we discussed the concept of system as a set of interrelated components,
with a clearly defined boundary, working together to achieve a common set of objectives. With
respect to the information system, it can be any organized combination of people, hardware,
software, communication networks, data resources, and policies and procedures that stores,
retrieves, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization (O'Brian, p. 4).
There are three vital roles that information systems can perform for a business enterprise:
support of business processes and operations, support of decision making by employees and
managers, and support of strategies for competitive advantage – see the figure below (O'Brien, p.
8).
The applications of information systems that are implemented in today's business world can be
classified as either operations or management information systems – see the figure, below
(O'Brien, p.13)
Operations Support Systems (OSS) produce a variety of information products for internal and
external use, such as processing business transactions, controlling industrial processes,
supporting enterprise communications and collaborations, and updating corporate databases
effectively. They do not emphasize the specific information products that can best be used by
managers. Further processing by management information systems is usually required.
In this course we are interested more on the Management Support Systems (Support of
Managerial Decision Making) and more specifically on the process of providing information and
support for decision-making by different levels of responsibilities of the managers and business
professionals. The management classifications of information systems can be structured in four
main groups of systems (O'Brien, the figure above, and chapter 10):
Management Information Systems (MIS): provide information in the form of reports and
displays to managers and many business professionals that support their day-to-day decision-
making needs. Usually the information has been specified in advance to adequately meet the
expectations on operational and tactical levels of the organization, where the decision making
situations are more structured and better defined.
Decision Support Systems (DSS) are computer-based information systems that provide
interactive information support to managers and business professionals during the decision-
making process. DSS use analytical models, specialized databases, a decision maker's own
insights and judgments, and an interactive, computer-based modeling process to support semi-
structured business decisions.Â
Executive Information Systems (EIS) or Executive Support Systems (ESS) are information
systems that combine many of the futures of MIS and DSS. Here the information is presented in
forms tailored to the preferences of the executives using the system, such as graphical user
interface, customized to the executives graphics displays, exception reporting, trend analysis, and
abilities to 'drill-down' and retrieve displays of related information quickly at lower levels of
detail.
Specialized Processing Systems (PS) are information systems characterized as functional
business systems, strategic information systems, knowledge management systems, and expert
systems.
It is important to realize that business applications of information systems in the real world are
typically integrated combinations of all these types of information systems. In practice, all these
different types and roles of information systems are combined into integrated or Cross-
Functional Business Information Systems that provide a variety of functions. Thus, most
information systems are designed to produce information and support decision making for
various levels of management and business functions, as well as perform record-keeping and
transaction-processing chores. Whenever you analyze or work with an information system, you
probably see that it provides information for a variety of managerial levels and business
functions. This will be explain and demonstrated in greater details in Lectures 7 to 12 of this
course.
The figure below illustrates the scope of the managerial challenges and opportunities facing
business managers and professionals in effectively managing information systems and
technologies (O'Brien, p. 17).