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Malaria Vector Control: Azadirachta indica as a
sustainable tool for integrated Mosquito Larvae Management
Gordon Sevee
Neem Tree, Azadirachta indica
•Family: Meliaceae (Mahogany)•Distribution of Azadirachta indica: Found in 78 countries world-wide, global occurrence 64 to 91 million trees, mainly South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, found throughout Mali, including village of Sanambele •Description: Evergreen, broad-leafed tree growing up to 30m in height, produces 99 biologically active compounds with wide range of effects:
-larvicidal, insecticidal, repellent, antifeedant, antipyretic, contraceptive, and antiparasitic
-Authorized by EPA on food and nonfood crops
Moser, Gerald (1996), Status Report on Global Neem Usage,
Pesticide Service Project, PN 86-2588 GTZ, Germany, pp 39.
http://www.africanmarketsquare.ca/neemtree_b.jpg
http://host.webinnovation-host.net/%7Eeacircle/images/znz771.jpg
Sanambele, Mali
Has identified malaria as number one problem they face (Kante, Dunkel, Williams, Margo, Camara, 2009)
High rates of transmission/mortality in children
– 7 Children died in 2007– 5 Children died in 2008– Population approximately
1000 Places a social / economic
burden on village
Sanambele and A. indica Sanambele farmers are
already familiar with neem and its potential
Farmers have used a leaf slurry for food crop application (Gamby and Dunkel 2001)
Neem trees found throughout village and surrounding fields
DDT and pyrethroids applied to preharvest food crops were replaced in late 90’s by neem leaf extracts made by Sanameble farmers (Moore et al. 2001)
Anopheles Mosquito and Sanambele Without mosquitoes
malaria is not spread Adult females bite people
with malaria, then transmit Plasmodium to healthy individual by later biting them
Mosquito populations highest during rainy season (June-August) when many ephemeral breeding pools are available and humidity is high.
Clulex pipiens Rearing
Eggs transferred to 1.4L Pyrex pan with 300mL of dH20, 9mL Tetramin diet solution
Rearing pan placed in mosquito cage in environmental control chamber, 78F, 80% R.H., 14:10 hour light:dark photoperiod
Larvae were treated similarly
A. indica Leaf Slurry Formation
14 Leaflets were removed from a compound leaf and placed in a mortar and pestle
Leaves were ground 20 minutes20 mL dH20 was slowly added while
grindingSlurry was transferred to a freezable
container (40ml glass vial) frozen for later use
Developing Bioassay Procedure
Hypothesis tested: Larvae exposed to neem leaf slurry will show irregularities in locomotion and significant mortality after exposure to neem slurry.
Control: Larvae placed in small petri dish with 20mL rearing tray solution
Neem Slurry: Larvae placed in small petri dish with 10mL neem slurry and 10mL rearing tray solution
Developing Bioassay Procedure
Locomotion observations were made every 15 min for the first two hours
After the first two hours they were examined every hour for 4 more hours
Responses to probing and wind were observed in control and slurry dishes
Response to Neem Slurry Exposure
- All larvae exposed to 50% concentration were moribund (abnormal locomotion, weak probing response) and 25% mortality after 24 hours exposure-All control larvae displayed regular locomotion, vigorous probing response and 0% mortality
Probit Analysis
3 treatments with 30 individuals per treatment
Little to no control mortalityEven distribution (not 0 or 100%
mortality)50, 75, and 100% neem slurry
concentrations will be used
Lab to Sanambele
Constructing a model for a bioassay to be tested in Bamako, Mali at Anopheles rearing facility, University of Bamako Medical School, Malaria Research/Training Center
Village adoption of neem slurry as part of sustainable, integrated Anopheles (malaria vector) management
Eventual replacement of Bacillus thuringienesis var. israelensis, – Sustainable option eliminates need for foreign
financial support, completely produced in village, without fear of resistance development.
Above: Mosquito dipper and collecting pan
Right: looking for signs of larvae
Acknowledgements
•USDA CSREES Higher Education Grant, #4W01809. New Paradigm for Discovery Based Learning: Implementing Bottom-up Development by Listening to Farmer’s Needs and Using Participatory Processes with Holistic Thinking, Montana State University lead institution, Dr. F. Dunkel, P.I.
•Montana Agricultural Experiment Station #161 (F.Dunkel, P.I.)
• I would like to acknowledge collaboration of the Sanambele Women’s Association and the men and women farmers engaged in this ambitious hope to erradicate malaria from their village.
References:
RebeccaLGianotti*, et al. Efficacy of local neem extracts for sustainable malaria vector control in an African village. Malaria Journal 2008, 7:138
Grunewald, J., A. Vollmer. 2000. Malaria-control with neem products in the Mopti region in Mali, West Africa. Proceedings of the 9th Workshop, Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem– Ingredients and Pheromones, Hohenheim, Germany. Pp. 173-174.
Savory, Allan. Holistic Management: A New Framework for Decision Making. Island Press: Washington, DC, 1999.
Thrupp, Lori Ann, et al. Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research. Bootstrap Press: New York, NY, 1989.
Abera, Eferem, et al. Farmer Participatory Research in North Omo, Ethiopia. Internation Institute for Environment and Development, 1991.
Ayittey, George. Africa Unchained. Plagrave MacMillan: New York, NY, 2005.
Sachs, Jeffrey. Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet. The Penguin Press: New York, NY, 2008
Okumu, Fredos, et al. Larvicidal effects of a neem oil formulation on the malaria vector Anopheles gamniae. Malaria Journal, 2007, 6:63