Major Themes:1)The Uprisings of 18482)Liberalism vs. Conservatism within Revolutions3)Impact of Wars4)Shift in European Power

Italian & German Unification

Europe in 1831

Essential Questions

1) Why wasn’t Italy United prior to 1850?2) Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their

contributions to the Italian unification movement:3) Explain the three basic approaches to Italian

unification: 4) What role did the Zollverein play in separating

Prussia and Germany from Austria?5) What were the impacts of wars within the

unification movements of Germany?6) Explain how nationalism divided the Austro-

Hungarian Empire:

Italy (1859-1860)

Antiquity:Roman Empire

EQ 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?

Middle Ages: competing city-states

EQ 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?

Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces

EQ 1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?

Ruled by three major nations

EQ 2: Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their contributions to the Italian unification movement:

EQ 3: Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification:

Rome Skyline

EQ 3. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification

Approach #1:Goal: centralized democratic

republic universal male suffrage Remember Nationalism

has roots within Liberalism

Advocate: Giuseppe Mazzini

FAILED(too radical)

Mazzini, writer/philosopher/politici

an

EQ 3: 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification

Approach #2:Goal: federation pres. = progressive

pope

Advocate: Vincenzo Gioberti

FAILED(Pope Pius IX opposed)

Gioberti, Catholic priest

EQ 3: 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification

Approach #3:Goal: union under

leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont

Advocate: ???

WINNER!!!Victor Emmanuel,

King of Sardinia-Piedmont (1849-1861)

3. Key Events

Early 1860: unification of N Italy

Late 1860: unification of N & S

1866: Venice added

1870: Rome added

EQ 2: The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872)

The Duties of Man:

“O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love…”

The Idealist Patriot

EQ 2: The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861), A New Type of Nationalist

Unification of Northern Italy

1850s: strengthen The Kingdom of Sardinia

1858-1859: Quest to get Lombardy-Venetia from Austria!1. ally w/ France2. Get Austria into war3. Franco-Sardinian

victory!4. France pulls support …

separate peace w/ Austria: Italy gets Lombardy only

5. Cavour resigns

Noble Statesman in Sardinian Government, 1850-

1861

EQ 2: The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)

Unification of Northern Italy

1858-1859: Central Italy to the

rescue – demand unification!

1860:1. Cavour returns &

France re-pledges support

2. N. Italy unified (w/o Venetia)

EQ 2: The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)

Unification of North & South

Red Shirts 1860:

1. conquer Sicily2. plan to invade Papal

States stopped by Cavour

3. Piedmont moves South to stop Garibaldi and in the process conquered more than united Italy.

Military Leader

Government:Government: Divisions between:Divisions between:

parliamentary monarchy (Victor Emmanuel)

limited suffrage

“Transformismo”

social classes (rich/poor)

regions (N/S)

The Romantic movement of Mazzini and Garibaldi vs. the Machiavellian one of Cavour

EQ 3: What did the new, unified Italy look like?

Essential Question 2Essential Question 2 Essential Question 3Essential Question 3

EQ 2: Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their contributions to the Italian unification movement:

EQ 3: Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification:

Italian Unification

Germany(1871)

EQ 4: What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and Germany from Austria?

EQ 5: What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany?

Germany before Germany:

Holy Roman Empire

loose affiliation of ≈300 German states

800-1806

“First Reich”

Blame Napoleon:

German Confederation

loose affiliation of 39 German states

1815-1866

replaced HRE

purpose: military defense

ineffective federal diet met at Frankfurt under Austrian pres.

Government

EQ 5: What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany?

What to do with Austria?

Two major debates within the German Confederation:

1st “Grossdeutsche” – Liberal movement to unify Germany under Austria

2nd “Kleindeutsche” – Smaller unified body that excluded Austria and was led by Prussia

Major Concept -- Zollverein

German customs union founded in 1834 to ↑ economy

Prussia = leaderincluded all German

states but Austria b/c Austria did not want to ↓ tariffs

People: Frederick William IV

King of Prussia (r. 1840-1861)

1848: new liberal constitution accepts Prussian-led

German unification

1849: tries to be elected emperor of unified Germany

1850: Austria & Russia successfully oppose Prussia’s unification plans

Judged insane in 1858

People: William I

King of Prussia (r. 1861-1888)

1st German Emperor (r. 1871-1888)

First goal was to strengthen the Prussian military and he used O.V.B. to do that.

People: Otto von Bismarck

“Realpolitik”

1st German Chancellor (1871-1890) … “Iron Chancellor”

Minister-President of Prussia (1862-1873)

background: Prussian, Junker (Nobel), conservative

led German unification

4. Obstacles to German Unification

A. Denmark

B. Austria

C. Conservatism vs. Liberalism in Prussia

1st unification attempt: 1848 Revolution

Driving forces:1. Liberalism: make

absolutist Prussia a liberal constitutional monarchy

2. Nationalism: unite Germany

Events:1. Constituent Assembly

(Berlin) – liberal constitution for Prussia

2. National Assembly (Frankfurt) – constitution for unified Germany

Outcome: FAILURE!!!!1. Fred Will IV makes

conservative constitution for Prussia

2. Austria opposes unification

Locations that Matter: Schleswig-Holstein

Schleswig-Holstein: mostly German Holstein = member of

German Confederation ruled by Denmark

1848 & 1864: WARS! Denmark vs. Germany over control of S-H

However, this led to issues between Prussia and Austria

1848 and 1864 Wars with Denmark

Denmark vs. Prussia & Austria over control of S-H

First Schleswig War (1848) = inconclusiveHow obstacle overcome: Second Schleswig

War (1864) = Denmark defeated

Issue 2: Austria

Austria vs. Prussia over control of German affairs

Austria opposes Prussia’s 1848 unification attempt

Austria refuses Zollverein membership Austro-Prussian War (1866)

How obstacle overcome: Prussian victory in Austro-Prussian War

Issue 3: Liberalism vs. Conservatism in Prussia

Two House Parliament – “Bundesrat” and “Reichstag”

Liberals: Prussian parliamentConservatives: William I & BismarckEvents:

1862: parliament rejects William’s budget 1862: William appoints Bismarck chief minister 1862-1866: Bismarck rules w/o parliament (“blood & iron”) 1866: indemnity bill

How obstacle overcome: liberals & Bismarck align in common pursuit of unification

2nd Attempt at Unification: Austro-Prussian War (1866)

Cause: Prussia wants to control

northern German Confederation

war to drive Austria out of German affairs

Outcome: Prussian victory Austria withdraws ***creation of North

German Confederation***

North German Confederation

Final Unification: Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Cause: The Ems Telegram

drive south German states to unify with the north

France = common enemy

Outcome: Prussian victory ***German unification

achieved*** German nationalism harsh peace for France

(Alsace and Lorraine annexed) German Empire / “Second Reich”

(1871-1918)

What did the new, unified Germany look like?

Liberalism on the Continent now had a strong nation at its head

The Third Reich (1871 to 1918)25 statesparliamentary monarchystrong national government:

emperor (Kaiser) chancellor 2-house parliament

Reichstag = lower house (universal male suffrage)

German Essential Questions

4) What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and Germany from Austria?

5) What were the impacts of wars within the unification movements of Germany?

6) Explain how nationalism divided the Austro-Hungarian Empire:

Europe in 1871

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Lasting Impacts of the Unification movements

Essential Questions

1) Why wasn’t Italy United prior to 1850?2) Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their

contributions to the Italian unification movement:3) Explain the three basic approaches to Italian

unification: 4) What role did the Zollverein play in separating

Prussia and Germany from Austria?5) What were the impacts of wars within the

unification movements of Germany?6) Explain how nationalism divided the Austro-

Hungarian Empire:

Exit Pass: 1) Answer one of the essential questions on the flash card:2) Tell me the EQ you feel the weakest about and why:

1) Why wasn’t Italy United prior to 1850? 2) Describe Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi and their

contributions to the Italian unification movement: 3) Explain the three basic approaches to Italian unification: 4) What role did the Zollverein play in separating Prussia and

Germany from Austria? 5) What were the impacts of wars within the unification

movements of Germany? 6) Explain how nationalism divided the Austro-Hungarian

Empire: