Conservatism, Liberalism, and Nationalism: The Volatile Mix of International and Domestic Politics, 1814-1848.

Done by: Shady T.

Invasion of Russia failsInvasion of Russia fails

Napoleon abdicates. Napoleon abdicates.

The Revolutionary The Revolutionary wars, and the wars, and the Revolution, were over. Revolution, were over. Or so it appeared…Or so it appeared…

How strong should the France of How strong should the France of the future be? the future be?

Who should negotiate with whom? Who should negotiate with whom?

What should Europe’s new frontiers be?What should Europe’s new frontiers be?

What form of government should nation states What form of government should nation states

have? Liberal? Conservative? Nationalism?have? Liberal? Conservative? Nationalism?

The Source of The Source of Revolutionary DisturbancesRevolutionary Disturbances

Prince Metternich Prince Metternich of Austriaof Austria

““When Paris sneezes, Europe When Paris sneezes, Europe catches a cold. The disease catches a cold. The disease must be cured, the volcano must be cured, the volcano must be extinguished, the must be extinguished, the gangrene must be burned out gangrene must be burned out with a hot iron.”with a hot iron.”

Opposed Opposed Liberalism and Nationalism Liberalism and Nationalism of the of the French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Def: Def: advocates advocates limited governmentlimited government in order to in order to protect protect individual libertiesindividual liberties..

It is the ideology of Freedom:It is the ideology of Freedom:

Equality of opportunityEquality of opportunity

Freedom from arbitrary arrest Freedom from arbitrary arrest

Freedom of PressFreedom of Press

Freedom of AssemblyFreedom of Assembly

Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion

Freedom of SpeechFreedom of Speech

Free TradeFree Trade

Right to PropertyRight to Property

The origins of Liberalism:The origins of Liberalism:• The Enlightenment introduced the idea of a The Enlightenment introduced the idea of a social social contractcontract based on based on natural rightsnatural rights and and equalityequality of men. of men.

John Locke: “John Locke: “all men are born free and equalall men are born free and equal.”.”

• French Revolution French Revolution instituted a new political order instituted a new political order based on based on individual freedomindividual freedom

• Such rights and freedoms would be guaranteed in Such rights and freedoms would be guaranteed in constitutionsconstitutions as Liberalism demanded as Liberalism demanded representative representative governmentgovernment as opposed to autocratic monarchy as opposed to autocratic monarchy

• Napoleon codifies this philosophy in Napoleonic Code Napoleon codifies this philosophy in Napoleonic Code which spreads to most of Europewhich spreads to most of Europe

• Liberal economists believe Liberal economists believe the best government the best government governs the leastgoverns the least. The government should let the . The government should let the economy alone—economy alone—laissez-fairelaissez-faire.. Economic freedom Economic freedom should be given through should be given through free tradefree trade..

• Valued Valued equality of opportunityequality of opportunity—each individual —each individual has the opportunity to succeed; careers are open to has the opportunity to succeed; careers are open to all citizens on the basis of their talents, not their all citizens on the basis of their talents, not their titles, heritage, or privileges. titles, heritage, or privileges.

Life is “like a rat race”—everyone has the opportunity to win. Life is “like a rat race”—everyone has the opportunity to win. But this also means that But this also means that there will be losersthere will be losers. .

((Industrialization brought povertyIndustrialization brought poverty))

• Until the Revolutions of 1848, Liberals did Until the Revolutions of 1848, Liberals did NOT want NOT want democracydemocracy (or Universal Manhood (or Universal Manhood Suffrage)Suffrage)

• Why?Why? You must have a stake in society— You must have a stake in society—property. property. Liberalism guarantees a Liberalism guarantees a right to private propertyright to private property. .

LiberalsLiberals: :

John Locke, Adam Smith, John Stuart MillJohn Locke, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill

Generally men of the business and educated Generally men of the business and educated professionals. professionals.

Def: Def: a sense of unity based upon shared a sense of unity based upon shared characteristics: language, culture, historical characteristics: language, culture, historical

experience, religion, ethnicity and geographyexperience, religion, ethnicity and geography ..

To some, nationalism expressed a desire or right To some, nationalism expressed a desire or right for nationalities to rule themselves. Examples of for nationalities to rule themselves. Examples of nationalities that did not rule themselves in 1815 nationalities that did not rule themselves in 1815 were Germans, Italians, and Poles. They wanted were Germans, Italians, and Poles. They wanted it – conservatives worried about more revolutionit – conservatives worried about more revolution

Def: Def: advocates legitimate, advocates legitimate, traditional government in order to traditional government in order to preserve the status-quopreserve the status-quo..

Edmund Burke, the founder of modern Edmund Burke, the founder of modern conservative thought, wrote: “The state conservative thought, wrote: “The state was a partnership, but one not only was a partnership, but one not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who between those who are living, those who are dead and those who are to be born…are dead and those who are to be born…No one generation therefore has the No one generation therefore has the right to destroy this partnership.”right to destroy this partnership.”

CONSERVATISM continued:CONSERVATISM continued:• LegitimacyLegitimacy – restoring the hereditary rule – restoring the hereditary rule of monarchs on their thrones of Europe. of monarchs on their thrones of Europe. Belief in the Belief in the Divine Right of KingsDivine Right of Kings or or AbsolutismAbsolutism..

• TraditionsTraditions – feudal privileges, social – feudal privileges, social hierarchies and orders, traditional Catholicism. hierarchies and orders, traditional Catholicism.

The nobility was one of Europe’s most ancient The nobility was one of Europe’s most ancient institutions, and conservatives regarded tradition institutions, and conservatives regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions. as the basic source of human institutions.

CONSERVATISM continued:CONSERVATISM continued:• Preserve the Preserve the Status QuoStatus Quo: Peace, Stability, : Peace, Stability, and and OrderOrder is achieved by a is achieved by a Balance of Balance of Power.Power.

Conservatives: Conservatives: Edmund Burke, Prince Edmund Burke, Prince MetternichMetternich

Generally aristocrats of noble or royal bloodGenerally aristocrats of noble or royal bloodThe peacemakers of 1815 (Britain, Prussia, Austria, The peacemakers of 1815 (Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia) were men who were backward-looking and Russia) were men who were backward-looking and conservative, who believed that liberalism was and conservative, who believed that liberalism was responsible for a generation of war and untold responsible for a generation of war and untold bloodshed and suffering.bloodshed and suffering.

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES::

2) To use diplomacy to get what you want2) To use diplomacy to get what you want

1) To think strategically – what goals?1) To think strategically – what goals?

3) To understand how the major powers achieved 3) To understand how the major powers achieved the the THREETHREE goals of the Congress of Vienna goals of the Congress of Vienna

• LegitimacyLegitimacy – restore monarchs on their – restore monarchs on their thrones. Put the government back to the way thrones. Put the government back to the way it was. Reactionary and conservatives ruleit was. Reactionary and conservatives rule

• CompensationCompensation – Land! in 1815, size was – Land! in 1815, size was everything. Winners regain what they lost from everything. Winners regain what they lost from France. Try for moreFrance. Try for more

• Balance of PowerBalance of Power – a new European order in – a new European order in which no single power was able to dominate. which no single power was able to dominate.

More than anything, they wanted to prevent another Napoleon More than anything, they wanted to prevent another Napoleon figure from ever conquering Europe again. They want to figure from ever conquering Europe again. They want to replace French replace French hegemonyhegemony with an with an equilibriumequilibrium. Want liberalism . Want liberalism and nationalism and nationalism

BLOCKED as liberal and nationalist uprising are what opened BLOCKED as liberal and nationalist uprising are what opened

door to Napoleon.door to Napoleon. Not simply a territorial arrangement; it was, more Not simply a territorial arrangement; it was, more importantly, a importantly, a strategic and military balancestrategic and military balance. They . They embraced the idea of embraced the idea of ‘buffer zones’‘buffer zones’ between their between their country and potentially hostile neighbors. country and potentially hostile neighbors.

Metternich System

• Goal – not just balance of power across countries, but conservative/reactionary rule within.

• Each country’s rulers would suppress liberal and nationalist threats through various means like censorship

• Could call on one another for help• Would it work?

Reaction against Reaction of Congress of Vienna and Metternich

• Across Europe, liberals and nationalists tested Metternich system – lots of revolts and reforms forced.

• Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 show legacy of French Revolution and Enlightenment not dead. Vive la Revolution!!!!!!

• But conservatism stays a major force• Presence of all three – conservatism, liberalism,

and nationalism makes for volatile relations within and among nation states

Industrialization will introduce Industrialization will introduce

Another idea -- socialismAnother idea -- socialism

An emphasis on An emphasis on communitycommunity, , harmonyharmony,, and and cooperationcooperation rather than competitive spirit of rather than competitive spirit of Liberalism. They seek an Liberalism. They seek an equitable distribution of equitable distribution of wealthwealth though though state assistancestate assistance. (communal . (communal ownership of property)ownership of property)

SocialistsSocialists: Robert Owen and Karl Marx: Robert Owen and Karl Marx

Generally the lower classes (proletariat)Generally the lower classes (proletariat)

Socialism!!!