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Term Definition or Memory TrickMake an observation Tell what you see, hear, feel, smell, or taste OR
Use any of your 5 senses to gather information
Make an inference Figure something out
Conserve Save it so that it doesn’t run out; Don’t use up; Use it wisely
Draw a conclusion Use reason to decide what you believe
Eliminate To get rid of
Sequence Put in order, one thing after another (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.)
Give Qualitative dataGive descriptions (ex: big, old, round, blue) that tell what something looks like, sounds like, feels like, smells like, or tastes like
Give Quantitative dataGive numbers, amounts, how much, how many (35 of them, 4.5 cm, 200 miles per hour, etc.)
Summarize or Give a summary Make a statement that covers only the main points
Absorb Soak up OR drink in (ex: a sponge absorbs water, your brain absorbs knowledge)
Inhale Breathe in
Ingest Eat
Initial The beginning or the first thing
Term Definition or Memory TrickIncrease Make more; make greater (E.g., Eating too much increases the size
of your stomach. Sunlight and water increase plant growth.)
Decrease Make less (E.g., Eating candy right before a meal can decrease your appetite. Exercising can decrease fat in your body.)
Reliability Believability (E.g., conducting many trials in an experiment will increase the reliability of the results that you observe.)
Trend “The general direction in which something moves” (E.g., If the temperatures in Houston is 70 degrees, and then it moves up 5 degrees each day for 5 days, you could say that there is a TREND. The temperature moves in the direction of increasing 5 degrees each day. You could use this TREND to predict the weather three days in the future. What temperature would it be then? If the TREND were to continue, the temperature would be 110 degrees, right?
Corrosive Eats away at; burns into (E.g., The acid is corrosive, so don’t get it on you – or you’ll be burned!)
Observe Notice – using your five senses to see, taste, hear, feel, or smell (E.g., you observed how many drops of water a penny held.)
Valid Believable, logical, done in such a way that others think it is correctly done (E.g., To make your penny lab valid, you had to make sure that only one person dropped all the drops of water on the penny. If you were “nice” and “took turns,” you invalidated your experiment (because you added too many variables!).
Invalid Not valid, not believable, not correctly or logically done (E.g., see
above sentence)
Pie Graph
• Looks like this:• Is used to show
the the parts that make up one whole thing
• Is used to show
percentages
Line Graph
• Is used to show how something
CHANGES OVER TIME
• Looks like this:Temperatures in Houston
01020304050607080
Mon
day
Tuesd
ay
Wedn
esday
Thurs
day
Friday
Satur
day
Sunda
y
Day of the Week
Tem
per
atu
re (
in D
egre
es
Far
enh
eit)
Do you see how the temperature is changing over time – over a week?
Do you see a PATTERN?
Bar Graph• Is used to COMPARE ONE THING TO
A DIFFERENT THING
• Looks like this:
How Many of Each Candy Color is in a Bag of M & Ms?
0
2
4
6
8
10
Red Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange
Color
Nu
mb
er
Do you see that one color is being compared to a different color?
If the present trend in temperature continues, what will the temperature be on Tuesday?
Temperatures in Houston
01020304050607080
Day of the Week
Tem
pera
ture
(in
Deg
rees
Fa
renh
eit)
If the trend of “moving up by 5” continues, then you could predict the temperature to be _____________ by Tuesday.85 degrees
Which kind of graph should you use to show each of the following situations?
You need to compare the weights of different students to each other.
You need to show what percentage of students made As on the last test.
You need to show how your height changes over the years.
Temperatures in Houston
01020304050607080
Day of the Week
Tem
pera
ture
(in
Deg
rees
Fa
renh
eit)
How Many of Each Candy Color is in a Bag of M & Ms?
0
2
4
6
8
10
Red Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange
Color
Nu
mb
er
REMEMBER A&W ROOTBEER
When diluting acid (to make it weaker), always pour the acid into water, never water into acid.
Look! The A for acid pours neatlyinto water.
Look! The W for water spills out over the A for Acid.
What is the color of the initial bar in the following graph?
How Many of Each Candy Color is in a Bag of M & Ms?
0
2
4
6
8
10
Red Blue Green Yellow Purple Orange
Color
Nu
mb
er
Red (Remember that “initial” means “first.”YOUR initials are the FIRST letters of your names.)
What is the initial safety rule you follow as you enter the lab room?
Read the board for directions as youlook for the safety equipment
to be sure that it is all working. (Remember that “initial” means “first.”)
General Safety Rules
1. Listen to or read instructions carefully before attempting to do anything.
2. Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes from chemicals, heated
materials, or things that might be able to shatter.
3. Notify your teacher if any spills or accidents occur.
Chemical Safety
1. Wear protective goggles whenever heating or pouring hazardous chemicals.
2. Never mix chemicals together unless you are told to do so (and then only in the manner specified).
3. Never taste any chemicals (you should never taste anything in the lab).
Glassware Safety1. Chipped or cracked glassware should not be
used. Show it to the teacher.
2. Broken glassware should not be disposed of in a classroom trashcan. There is a special glass disposal container for it.
3. If a piece of glassware gets broken, do not try to clean it up by yourself.
Notify the teacher.
To move hot objects you will need to use the right tongs. Different types of containers use different sets of tongs.
What does this symbol mean?
This chemical is corrosive! Don’t let this chemical get on you or in your eyes! It will “eat through” your skin and burn your eyes!!!!
If you conducted an experiment with onlyone trial, what could be said about the
reliability of the experiment?
A.The experiment is valid.B.The experiment is not reliable because
you needed to conduct more trials.C.The experiment is very reliable because
you only need to conduct one trial in any experiment.
D.None of the above
You see your friends in a canoe. Make observations about them.
1.One is brunette, the other red-headed.
2.Each friend is using one paddle. 3.Both friends are smiling.
The following are just examples:
Observations can be qualitative or quantitative. Make some quantitative observations:
1.There are TWO girls in the canoe.
2.Each girl is using ONE paddle.3.There is only 1 canoe. 4.The canoe is 2 meters long
The following are just examples:
Your friends return from a canoe tripand are soaking wet. What inferencemight you make?
You might infer that it rained, they fell out, the canoe tipped over, etc.
The following are just possibilities. You might think of others:
Qualitative or Quantitative observation?
The penny is new and shiny.
Qualitative (no numbers, just describing words)
Qualitative or Quantitative observation?
The shoes have ten (10) eyelets.The shoes have ten (10) eyelets.
Quantitative (has numbers)
What is the Scientific Method?
A series of steps that _____________ use to answer a__________ or solve a ___________. We use the scientific method every time that we conduct a lab ________________.
scientists
questionProblem
investigation
Steps of the Scientific Method,in Order?
1. Problem, Materials, Hypothesis, Conclusion
2. Conclusion, Data, Materials, Hypothesis
3. Hypothesis, Materials, Conclusion, Results
4. Problem, Hypothesis, Materials, Procedure
Use the sentence at left to help you remember the steps of the scientific method
at right:
• People• Hate• Mud• Pigs• Don’t Really• Care
• Problem• Hypothesis• Materials• Procedure• Data or Results• Conclusion
Match the name to the description of steps in the Scientific Method?
• Guess of an answer• The “REAL” or “RIGHT” answer to
the question• The information that you discover• A question you want to answer• List of supplies that you’ll need to
conduct the “test”• The list of steps you must follow to
conduct the experiment
• Problem• Hypothesis• Materials• Procedure• Data or Results• Conclusion
Hypothesis
• Is an educated guess that answers the question in the problem
• Often, it is an If …then If …then statementstatement
• Example: Example: IfIf a penny has a greater a penny has a greater diameter than a dime, diameter than a dime, thenthen the penny will hold the penny will hold more water drops on more water drops on top of it.top of it.
The table indicates the amount of time that four different brands of batteries worked in a
flashlight. Which of the following statements is supported by this information?
A. Brand L caused the light to shine farther than the other brands tested.
B. Brand M lasted longer than the other brands tested.C. Brand N gave off a stronger light than the other brands tested D. Brand O was more expensive than the other brands tested.
The table indicates the amount of time that four different brands of batteries worked in a
flashlight. Which of the following statements is supported by this information?
A. Brand L caused the light to shine father than the other brands tested.
B. Brand M lasted longer than the other brands tested.C. Brand N gave off a stronger light than the other brands tested D. Brand O was more expensive than the other brands tested.
Choose the correct quantitative
observation.
A. The bottle has 15cm of water in it.
B. The liquid in the bottle is thick.
C. The liquid in the bottle is red.
D. The liquid in the bottle is clear
Choose the quantitative observation.
A. The bottle has 15 (fifteen) cm of water in it.
B. The liquid in the bottle is thick.
C. The liquid in the bottle is red.
D. The liquid in the bottle is clear
Independent VariablesRemember I, I, I…
What do I (the scientist doing the
experiment)change in the experiment?
I change this variable.
Some Scientists call Independent Variables a
different name. They call them Manipulated Variables
Think man, man, man…
“You da Man!”
You are the Man (or
woMAN) who changes this variable on purpose – to see what will happen!
The INDEPENDENT or MANIPULATED variable in an experiment is:
• the only thing YOU changed with each test of the experiment
REMEMBER that YOU decide what this change will be!