Maier et al., 2000: A Textbook of Environmental Microbiology

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

3

Maier et al., 2000: A Textbook of Environmental Microbiology. Academic Press, San Diego, California

1

(Harayama, 1999)

Natural Oil SeepsConsumption

TransportationExploitation

Straight , branched & cyclic

CH3-(CH2)16-CH3

Low- and High-molecular -- PAHs

Phenanthrene

Benz(a)pyrene

Chrysene

A

B

C

D

PCDDs

PCDFs

PCBs

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Source : Ilyas et al, 2011

Coastal water and riverine

2

(Formin, 2001 and Dacko et al, 2008)

(Fukushima et al, 2011)

Classification of the biodegradable polymer

Synthesis methods to obtain high molecular weight

1

2

3

4

Source : Garlotta, 2001

Source : Satyanarayana et al, 2009

Source : Johan and Thomas, 2008

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1. paper printing,2. foods,3. color photography,4. textile dyeing,5. pharmaceutical,6. painting and,7. other fields to support human daily-life.

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Hamer, 1993 “biological response toenvironmental abuse”, is the use of livingorganisms, primarily microorganisms, todegrade environmental pollutants into lesstoxic forms or non-toxic compounds.

Vidali, 2001 and Boopathy, 2001 theusage of naturally occurring bacteria, fungi,or plants to purify hazardous materials .

Watanabe, 2001 Utilization of themetabolic potential of organisms and theenzymes they produce by microorganisms.

OOH

OH

COOH

COOH

COOHCOOH

OH

CO2

CO2

COOH

COOH

Phenanthrene

Phenanthrene 9,10-oxidePhenanthrene 9,10-dihydrodiol

Phenanthrene 9,10-quinone

2,2-Diphenic acid

1,2-Benzodicarboxylic acid

Benzoic acid

4-hydroxybenzoic acid

Prediction of phenanthrenedegradative pathway by AS03

O

O

HIDAYAT et al, 2013 : 2nd INAFOR

4

0

25

50

75

100

1 ppm 10 ppm 1 ppm 10 ppm

15 days 30 days

De

gra

da

tion

(%

)

0

25

50

75

100

We

igh

t of m

yce

lium

bio

ma

ss (m

g)

2,4,8 TCDF degradation (%)

Weiht of mycelium biomass (mg)

55%

85%

29%

48%

HIDAYAT & TACHIBANA, 2013 : International biodeterioration & biodegradation

HO

Cl Cl

ClOH

Cl

Cl

O

Cl

HO

HOOC

HO

HO Cl

ClOH

Cl

Cl

HO

HOOC

Cl

HO

HOOC

Cl

Cl

HO

HOOC OH

HO

HOOC

CO2

2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid

5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

3',5'-dichlorobiphenyl-2,2',5-triol

3,5,5'-trichlorobiphenyl-2,2'-diol

(Z)-4-chloro-6-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohex-2-enoic acid

2,4,8 Trichloro-dibenzofuran

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

5

FI-TR spectrum of PLA/Kenaf composite before and after degradation

400 1000 1600 2200 2800 3400 4000

Tran

smitt

ance

(%

)

Wavenumber (cm-1)

Control

T-1

T-2

T-3

T-6

-OH groupsPolyester

Loss of -OH groups free

Increased of -OH groups in acid Indicated a type of oxidation

products (carbonyl bond)

3040-3560 2500-3000 1720-1840 1200-1300

The activity of manganese peroxidase was 0.01; 0.14; 0.20 and 0.26 U mg-1 after 1, 2, 3 and 6 months incubation, respectively. Thus indicated that degradation of PLA/kenaf composite by P. ostreatus indeed occured via oxidation reaction


Control T-1 T-2 T-3

T-6

SEM of PLA/Kenaf composite on the view onemicro-fiber before (control) and after degradation

These indicated that circle hole might be the result ofenzyme action to break down PLA on the surface andP. ostreatus also consumed kenaf fiber as energy andcarbon sources.

By the extension of incubation time, the circle holebecame bigger and it was not appear again and kenaffiber became shorter at the end incubation.

Degradation of PLA/kenaf composite was appearedclearly on the surface


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Immobilized Fungus U97

MnP = 1.41 U/L reactionLac = 2.28 U/L reaction

Culture flask

Kriks liquid medium,Autoclaving 1210C,20 min (20 ml/flask)

pH 4.5

Fungus U97

INCUBATION10 days

Homogenized Fungus U97

1.5% Na‐Alginate 0.1M CaCl2

TYPE-2; pH 7.12Solid cont = 0.29%

Decolorization of waste water (type-2) by immobilized fungus U97, MnP = 1.41 U/l, Lac =2.28 U/l, flow rate = 1.5 mL/min

Control 1 times 2 times 3 times

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 6 24 0 1 2 3 6 24 0 1 2 3 6 24 0 1 2 3 6 24 0 1 2 3 6 24

1 Repetition 2 Repetition 3 Repetition 4 Repetition 5 Repetition

Dec

olor

izat

ion

(%)

Reaction time (h)

628 nm 500 nm 400 nm

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 6 24 0 1 2 3 6 24 0 1 2 3 6 24 0 1 2 3 6 24 0 1 2 3 6 24

1 Repetition 2 Repetition 3 Repetition 4 Repetition 5 Repetition

Dec

olor

izat

ion

(%)

Reaction time (h)

IM fungu U97 IM enzyme U97

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Degradation pathway of a anthraquinone dye,Reactive Blue 5 catalyzed

by a dye- decolorizing peroxidase, DyP from Thanatephoruscucumeris Dec 1. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-

MS), TLC and 1H- and 13C-NMR. Sugano et al., 2009

Fluidised-bed bioreactor (FBBR)

Continuous-stirred tank reactors (CSTRs)

ENZYMES

Osm

ae

ta

l.,2

01

0.A

pp

lied

Ca

taly

sis

A:

Ge

ne

ral

Trametes pubescens

8

Distillated water

Sample

No Peak

From Where ?Water Input

9

Occur in stagnant water (Fresh or sea Water)

Rhodophyta (red algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae) andChlorophyta (green algae) and cyanophyta (blue-green algae)

Chlorophyll is not soluble in water& soluble in alcohol, methanol,AtoAC.

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Algae tend to grow very quicklyunder high nutrient availability, buteach alga is short-lived, and theresult is a high concentration of deadorganic matter which starts to decaywith hypoxic condition.

Algae MWB under Microscope

1. Sunlight Swim toward the light source

Ka

miy

a, 2

01

1. P

roc.

Na

tl. A

cad.

Sci

. US

A 1

08

.

Treatment, keep 10 days

Before After

100 %, OPEN

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2. Nutrients, ammonia - NH3, nitrite – NO2-, nitrate – NO3, phosphate – PO4

3-

Fish waste, decaying leaves, uneaten food, household waste, minerals fromtap water etc. provide food for excessive algae growth

3. Warm Water

Often caused by shallow ponds, inadequate plant cover, poor circulation

Input

Output

> 3.1 X 109

Fungi : > 2.8 X 109 CFU/mL

Non Fungi : > 3.7 X 108 CFU/mL< 1 x 105 CFU/mL

BPOM – No. HK.00.06.1.52.4011, Tahun 2009

Disease-causing bacteria thatcan be transmitted by waterinclude Vibrio cholerae,Salmonella sp, Campylobactersp, Shigella sp, andStaphylococcus aureus.Diseases: cholera,gastroenteritis, typhoid fever,dysentery, diarrheas.

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Fungi MWB under Microscope

1 2 3 4

5 6

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

9 10 11

Non Fungi MWB under Microscope

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Decaying organic deposits in underground

H2S (Hydrogen sulfide) = rotten egg odor

Caused corrosive, tarnish silver rapidly and toxic to

Corrosive

Before

AfterAfter

Zeolite, 3 days70 g/ 1 L

Na(ClO)2, 1 days50 ppm

Before After

H2O2, 3 days3%

Carbon, 3 days50 g/1 L

Before After

Sunlight

Before After

Active Carbon, 3 days50 g/1 L=Fail= ?

1. Alga Killer, 300 ppm=Fail=2. Quartz, ordering3. First Aid, ordering

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1. Make sure water input output well.

2. Try to obtain a natural biological balance. (Combination of Clean WaterPlant material (oxygenating, filter and algae competitor) will result inclean water without chemical treatments)

Water lilies are consider as filterplants and provide muchneeded shade water surface forblocking out the sunlight

Oxygenator plant are veryeffective clear water plantsbecause they feed through theirroots and also through theirfoliage.

Water iris are knownmostly for theirbeautiful flowers andstriking sword-likefoliage, they are veryefficient filter plants

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3. Keep surface water shading 50-60% with floating plants.

4. Keep good water aeration and circulation.

5. Added an ultraviolet sterilizer combined with aeration system to killalgae.

6. Keep the number fish reasonable level.

7. Make sure a good maintenance and handling.

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Documents

Maier et al., 2000: A Textbook of Environmental Microbiology