Magnetic Levitaion trains

8/7/2019 Magnetic Levitaion trains

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TRANSR APID

MANGLEVBY± ISHAANGUPTA

ECE-123

03914802810



OUTLINE

Transrapid working

Cryogen Working

Parts and Principle

Germany vs. Japan

Advantages

Impacts

Summary

References



Maglev

Full scale speed

500 km/hr



Types

Servo-ControlledElectromagnets

Iron-plate rail

Magnetic

attraction



Magnetic

repulsionSuperconductingInduction

Cryogenic



EMS system: The German Trans-Rapid TR08

demonstration train and 30 kilometer test track,

with operating speeds up to 450 km/hr.



EDS system: The Japanese Yamanashi

demonstration train, with speeds of 500 km/hr

on a 18 kilometer test track.



Maglevworkin

g





�The magnets onthe side

=> Sharper turns

An on-Board

Master computer

=> EfficientLevitation



Propulsion

System





Three Phase Motor GUIDE-WAY







� The system consists of aluminum three-phasecable windings in stator packs on guide way.

� When current is supplied to the windings, itcreates a traveling alternating current that

propels the train.� When AC is reversed, the train brakes.� Different speeds are achieved by varying the

intensity of the current.� Only a section of track of train travel area is

electrified.



The Japanese maglev

uses superconducting

magnets



Lateral Guidance

�The super

conducting magnet

induces repulsive-attractive forces

keeping the train in

the center of theguide way.



The German Trans-RapidMaglev



The Japanese Yamanashi





Lock./07

Inductrack System



Optimizes levitation efficiency

Uses Halbach magnetinc arrays

Uses a passive track and permanent magnets

Attains levitation at lower speeds



End i f lb rr n ing r

r nduct r f rt d l it ti n cir cuit in tr ck



0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Fraction of Maximum Levitation Force vs Speed

Speed (km/hr)

F r a c

t i o n o f M a x i m u m L

i f t

F o r c e

Transi i n speed (1.2 km/hr)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Fraction of Maximum Levitation Force vs Speed

Speed (km/hr)

F r a c

t i o n o f M a x i m u m L

i f t

F o r c e

Transi i n speed (1.2 km/hr)









The levitation and drag forces of the Inductrack can be analyzed

using circuit theory and Maxwell¶s equations

? A)cos()/()sin(=I(t)

:state)(steadycurrentInduced

)cos(

:voltage

2)/(1

10

0

t L Rt L

t RI dt dI LV

Induced

L R[[[

J

[[J

[¼½

»¬«

!!



To analyze the Inductrack we start with the equations for the

magnetic field components of a Halbach array

B x ! B 0 si (kx )exp[k (y 1 y )]

B y ! B 0 cos(kx )exp[k (y 1 y )]

B 0 ! B r [1 exp(kd )]si (T /M )

T /M

Br = Remanent field (Tesla),

M = no. of magnets/wavelength.

d(m) = thickness of Hal ach array magnets,

k = 2/l



Integrating x in y gives the flux linked by the Inductrack circuits

and yields equations for the Lift and Drag forces

F y !0 2 w 2

2kL

1

1 (R /[L )2 e (2ky 1)

F x !B 0

2 w

2

2kL

(R /[L )

1 (R /[L )2 e (2ky 1)

w = width of Hal ach array,

L,R = circuit induct./resistance

Newtons/circuit

Newtons/circuit



Dividing <F y > by <F x > yields an equation for the Lift-to-Drag ratio as

a function of the track circuit parameters.

¼½»¬«T

!! R

Lv

R

L

Drag

Lift

P

[ 2

The Lift/Drag ratio increases linearly withvelocity, and with the L/R ratio of the Inductrack

track circuits.



The levitation efficiency (Newtons/Watt) can be determined directly from

the equation for the Lift/Drag ratio

Since P ! F x v , the equation

for the levitation efficiency is :

K !F y

P !

2 T

P

L

R

«¬

»½¼

Newtons/Watt

Typical values: =1.0 to 5.0, depending on track

design



Application

InfoComm



Safety

�Virtually

impossi le to

derail.

�Collisions

etween

trains unlikely



Maintenance

�

Contactless journey..

SO,

NEARLY NO

MAINTAINA

NCE!!



Comfort�The ride at nearly

500km/hr is smooth

while not suddenaccelerating.

(Which, is also

unlikely!)



Economic Efficiency

�The initial investment similar ut

operating expenses are half.

�Can take 200-1000 passengers insingle run



�The linear generators

produceelectricity for

the ca in of

the train.



Speed

�Can travel at a out 300mph.

�For trips of distances

up to 500 miles its totaltravel time is equal to a

planes

�It can accelerate to 200mph in 3 miles.

=>ideal for short jumps.



EnvironmentADVANTAGES

USES LESS

ENEGY

LESS FUEL

USED

FUEL

1/5 OF JET

1/3 OF

CAR

SPEED FUEL

AT

200KM/HR-

>1L

AT 300KM/HR-

>2L





5-10 ft Levitation

Allows small animals to pass under

10-27 ft Levitation

Allows medium animals to pass under

50ft Levitation

Allows large animals, humans to pass







MagLev vs. Conventional TrainsMagLev TrainsMagLev Trains Conventional TrainsConventional Trains

No Friction = LessNo Friction = Less

MaintenanceMaintenance

Routine MaintenanceRoutine Maintenance

NeededNeeded

No Engine = No fuelNo Engine = No fuel

requiredrequired

Engine requires fossilEngine requires fossil

fuelsfuels

Speeds in excess of Speeds in excess of

300 mph300 mph

Speeds up to 110 mphSpeeds up to 110 mph



Summary } Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains have been under development for many years in

Germany and Japan for high-speed rail systems.

} Maglev would offer many advantages as compared to conventional rail systems or inter-city air travel.

} The cost and complexity of presently developed high-speed maglev trains has slowed their deployment.

} The Inductrack maglev system, employing simple arrays of permanent magnets, may offer an economic alternative to existing maglev systems.

} The simplicity of the Inductrack may make it attractive for use in a variety of applications,including urban maglev systems, people movers, and point-to-point shipment of high-valuefreight

} The Inductrack, employing Halbach arrays, is an example of a practical application of the

results of fundamental studies in magnetics and particle-accelerator physics.



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Magnetic Levitaion trains