Macromolecules:What cells are made of

CA BIOLOGY STANDARD:

Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.

A Macromolecule is… An extremely large molecule, called a polymer,

made up of many smaller molecules called monomers. They are found in your cells, tissues and the food you eat.

They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous.

4 types of Macromolecules:Carbohydrates ProteinsLipids Nucleic acids

Polymers and Monomers

Poly=many (polymer = many molecules strung together)

Mono=one (monomer = one molecule)

Carbohydrates•Composed of C, H and O atoms in a C1H2O1 ratio.•3 types- monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

FUNCTIONS:•Used for Energy (50%-60% of your calories should come from carbs!) •Used for Cell Structure

•In plant cell walls•In insect exoskeletons

3 Types of Carbohydrates

Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharides

(Mono = “one”

saccharide = sugar) Disaccharides

(Di = “two”)

Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides

(Poly = “many”)

Monosaccharide = One sugar

Function: ENERGY FOR CELLS!

Examples:glucose (plants)fructose (fruit)dextrose (corn)galactose (milk)

GLUCOSE!

“Gly-”, “Glu-” = Greek for sweet

“-ose” = sugar Glucose is synthesized

during photosynthesis by plants.

It is required by cells for energy during cellular respiration.

GLUCOSE MOLECULE

March 16 – Continue in Notes

WARM-UP: What is the difference between the 3 types of carbohydrates?

Disaccharides = Two monosaccharides bonded together FUNCTION: ENERGY FOR

CELLS! Example:

Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose

Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose

Maltose (malt sugar) = glucose + glucose

Polysaccharides are long strings of monosaccharides bonded together.

Three types: Starch- Energy Can be digested; Plants store

extra glucose as starchEX: potato, rice, grains, pasta, vegetables

Fiber- Can’t be digested by humans prevents constipation and colon cancer and clogged arteries

Found in structure of plants = cellulose

EX: oat bran, skin of fruits, whole grains, vegetables Glycogen- used to store extra glucose in the liver for

times when you haven’t eaten!

Monomers are joined together by condensation reactions to create polymers.

A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules react with each other with the concurrent loss of a molecule of water.

Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis reactions.

Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water.

Nucleic Acids Store and

transmit genetic material (genes).

2 types: DNA and RNA

Monomers are called nucleotides.

How do you build a Nucleic Acid?

The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides containing a nitrogenous base, sugar and a phosphate.

P = Phosphate

S = Sugar

G = Nitrogenous Base

Draw and label a nucleotide!

Lipids are fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins

Lipids are hydrophobic (scared of water) and non-polar

Functions: Energy storage Cell membranes Hormone formation Healthy skin and hair Insulation and protection of

body organs

What does a lipid look like?

Lipids are made up of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Saturated fats are…Fats that have no double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain and are thus fully saturated with hydrogen atoms.

AtherosclerosisThe process of the arteries becoming progressively narrower.

Caused by eating too many saturated fats

Actual Clogged Artery!

Unsaturated Fats are… Fats in which there is at least one double

bond within the fatty acid chain. A fat molecule is monounsaturated if it contains

one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond. Where double bonds are formed, hydrogen atoms are eliminated.

Proteins (polypeptides) are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds in a linear chain and folded into a globular form.

FUNCTIONS: Enzymes that speed up

biochemical reactions Provide structure and

support: Actin and myosin in muscle Cytoskeleton- maintains cell

shape. Components of skin, hair and

nails (keratin), ligaments, tendons

How do we build proteins?

Made up of many amino acids There are 20 different amino acids! Different order of amino acids produces a different

structure and function.

Draw an amino acid!

The Bottom Line

All of these Macromolecules are synthesized (made) from simple precursors (building blocks):

Monosaccharides-> PolysacharideAmino acids-> ProteinFatty acids-> LipidsNucleotides-> Nucleic Acid

Key points

Polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules that are necessary for life.

Polysaccharides are made up of monosaccharides

Proteins are made up of amino acids Lipids are made up of fatty acids Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides

HW: Read Ch. 2.3 and do the section review.

YOUR ASSIGNMENT:MACROMOLECULE MODEL AND VIDEO

Choose one of the macromolecules. Use a visual- drawing or something else. Create a short educational video (30

seconds) explaining the important aspects of your macromolecule. (see your worksheet)

HOMEWORK: Read 2-4 on Enzymes and answer the section review.