MacromoleculesChapter 6.4

Pages 166-171

EQ: How is chemistry related to the growth and survival of living organisms?

6.4: The Building Blocks of LifeThe elements of life:Organisms are made up of cells. Cells contain molecules made up of the following elements:

CHONPCarbon (C)Hydrogen (H)Oxygen (O)Nitrogen (N)Phosphorus (P)

These elements come from the foods we eat.

Carbon:

All life on Earth is made of carbon-containing molecules.

Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms.

Examples: Glucose (C6H1206) & Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

The chemistry of all living things is based on the key element: CARBON

Organic Chemistry:Because of the many important and

unique properties of carbon-based molecules, there is a special branch of chemistry devoted just to the study of these molecules.

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon.

The carbon compounds we are studying are called Macromolecules.

There are 4 major categories of macromolecules:1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/bodychemistry/

Macromolecules - Are large molecules that are formed by

joining smaller organic molecules together.Monomer – a single molecule that can bind

to several others just like it to form a polymer.

Polymer – many monomers linked together by covalent bonds.

Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together

Hydrolysis: Process that breaks Polymers into MONOMERS *Water is USED*

Condensation: Process that combines MONOMERS into POLYMERS

*Water is RELEASED*

1.Carbohydrates:composed of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen (CHO).Functions as energy source for

organisms or as structural parts of cellsCarbohydrates include sugars and starches

Found in breads, pastas, candy

1.Carbohydrates:The monomer that is joined together to form

carbohydrates is a simple sugar, called a monosaccharide.Examples of monomers: Glucose, Sucrose

The polymer is a polysaccharide (means the same thing as carbohydrate)

2. LipidsAre made up of carbons and hydrogens

(mostly).Function as long-term energy storage (fat

cells) and provides barriers (plasma membrane)

The monomers of lipids are called fatty acids (and Glycerol)The polymer is lipid

2.LipidsExamples of lipids are fats, oils, waxes, and

steroids.Two types of lipids

Saturated – if only single bonds between carbon atoms Solid at room temp. (example – butter)

Unsaturated – if one or more double bonds between C atoms Liquid at room temp. (example - olive oil)

Phospholipids Make up the Plasma Membrane:

Lipids are nonpolar molecules which makes them great to use as barriers.

End Part 1!

8/27/12 Warm-up:What is a polymer?

What are the 4 major macromolecules?1. 2.3.4.

3.ProteinsMade of monomers called amino acids.Amino acids are small compounds made of

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes sulfur.

Peptide bonds join the amino acids togetherThe polymer is protein, but is sometimes

called a polypeptideAll amino acids share the same general

structure:

Proteins (cont.)Muscle, skin, hair are made up of proteinsCells contain 10,000 different proteins!Functions of proteins

control reaction ratesform bone and muscletransport materialsfight disease

Examples of proteins include meat, muscle, bone, and enzymes

Proteins (cont.)Proteins differ in the number and order of

amino acidsAmino acids interact to give a protein its shape

Can have up to 4 levels of structure (next slide)

The structure also determines the function of the protein.

Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function

Nucleic Acids:Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic

information. Two types:DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)RNA (ribonucleic acid)

The monomers are called nucleotides which are composed of1. Sugar2. phosphate group 3. nitrogen base

Nucleic Acids:

Nucleic Acids

• DNA stores genetic information • RNA builds proteinsDNA RNA

Examples:

DNA is double-stranded, and RNA is single-stranded

What have you learned?The four classes of macromolecules important to life

are _______, _______, _______, and ________.What molecules are the monomers for

carbohydrates?What molecules are the monomers for proteins?Proteins are used for __________ or as ___________.What molecules are the monomers for Lipids?Name 2 other roles can lipids play in living things

besides acting as energy storage molecules.What is the main function of nucleic acids in living

things?Name the two types of nucleic acids.What molecules are the monomers for nucleic acids?What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

8/28/12 Warm-up1. What is the monomer of proteins?

2. What is the name of the bond that binds amino acids?

3. What is the other name for proteins (other polymer name)?

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?