Mac Do Nell Grammar

8/13/2019 Mac Do Nell Grammar

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PREFACE

TO THE NEW EDITION.

As I am growing old I begin to feel that it is difficult,if not impossible, to eep m! boo s !oung, or to re"i"ethem constantl! b! what we call new editions. When I hadre"ised the last edition of m! #ans rit $rammar, I badefarewell to it. What I had wished to achie"e, little as itma! seem, I had achie"ed, namel!, to suppl! a grammaticalmanual, correct. in all its rules and paradigms, and contain%ing for all important matters references to &anini, thehighest grammatical authorit!, recognised '# such b! all

post%(edic writers of #ans rit.It ma! not seem, as I said, to be ), "er! high aim to produce

a correct grammar, and to ma e its correctness dependent on

the authorit! of another grammarian. *ut when we e+amineother grammars, and see, for instance, such forms as n mangi"en through successi"e editions as a Nominati"e and Accu ..sati"e singular, when we see such breaches of the simplest

phonetic rules as in *enfe!-s impossible form ad a t.am , etc.,matched in one of the most recent #ans rit $rammars b!Whitne! /a r aut t a ttl) t, a, claim to freedom from clerical errorswill hardl! be considered a "er! modest claim. N or do Iflatter m!self to ha"e alwa!s reached that standard of cor%rectness which is represented to us in the trul! mar"ellous.wor of panini. .

It has been argued, not without0 a certain plausibilit!,that no grammar, not e"en that of &anini, ought to beconstituted into an infallible tribunal, but that the Ian ..guage itself and the literature should form the final court

1ur2e $rammati , 3 456, i+, p. 7', paradigm dah., #ans rit $rammar, 3 ''4, paradigm r u d h.

a 2


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IV &8.E9A:E

of appeal in all ;uestions of -grammatical%right or wrong.True as this principle would be e"er!where else, it is not soin #ans rit, at least, not with regard to that literature forwhich alone m! grammar is intended. The whole of #an%s rit literature, with the e+ception of the (edic and the*uddhistic, is so completel! under the swa! of &anini-srules that e"en a poet li e 1alidasa would be consideredguilt! of a grammatical blunder, if he used a form not recog%nised b! panini. This is a state of things un nown in an!other literature, and supplies, I belie"e, a perfect


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TO THE NEW EDITION.

ne"er entered m! mind. If one nows the difficulties of anhistorical grammar of $ree , ?atin, or $erman, one ma!well doubt whether the time has come for attempting ahistor! of the language of a countr! in which nothing is soentirel! absent as histor!. I now, of course, that I ha"e

been charged with inconsistenc!, because I "entured to intro%duce into m! grammar the (edic s!stem of accentuation,

, which is not recognised in post %(edic #ans rit, and has its proper place in an historical grammar onl!. I must pleadguilt! to that charge, but I considered the accent '@ usefulfor purel! practical purposes, and so full of interest for the

#cience of ?anguage, that I decided to mar it through ..out, at least in the transliterated portions of m! grammar,where"er it could be done with certaint! and with a hopeof practical usefulness.

It is interesting to see how the same ob


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TO THE NEW EDITION. "ii

!ana, and can we distinguish in them between portions thatconform. and others that do not conform to the rules of&anini What is the date of the introduction of writing

into India, first for monumental, and afterwards for purel!literar! purposes I When can we detect the f st certaintraces of *uddhism, of $ree influences, and of that completeliterar! paral!sis which seems to ha"e been produced inIndia b! the in"asion of Northern *arbarians ?astl!, whatis the- earliest date that can be assigned to what I ha"ecalled -the 8enaissance of #ans rit ?iterature,- which com%

prises nearl! all the wor s that ha"e hitherto been studied

in our schools and uni"ersities These are a few of the ;uestions which will ha"e to be

answered before we can form a conception of what an his%torical grammar of #ans rit ought to be.

And e"en if all these ;uestions should admit of some indof pro"isional answer, enabling us to construct a practicableroad through the drifting sands of Indian chronolog!, howcould we spea of a histor! of the language of India, inwhich the trul! historical literar! monuments, the boo scollected in the *uddhist :anon, whether written in &a ior in se"eral distinct dialects of #ans rit, find no place- Itis eas! to ignore the fact that the edicts of ing Aso a inthe third centur! *. c., and again, the =athura Inscriptionsof the time of ing 1anish a represent the real histor! ofthe language of India, and that the :hinese translations of

literar! wor s belonging to the *uddhist :anon authenticatethe "er! language in which the! are written at a time when(edic literature had ceased, and modern #ans rit literaturehad not !et begun to e+ist. *ut these are stubborn facts, andhowe"er much ignored at present, the! will hF"e to be rec onedwith sooner or later. ?astl!, can that be called a histor! ofthe language of India, in which the true relation between#ans rit and &rA rit, whether real or artificial, has not beendetermined, and in which the ;uestion whether the laterscholastic #ans rit, beginning from the fifth centur! A. D., is


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' ...(lll PREFACE

a natural de"elopment or an artificial renai8sance, is ne"ere"en mooted If with the indices to the (eda, to &anini,to the =ahabharata, 8'.ma!ana, and =anu, and with thematerials so laboriousl! collected in *oehtling and 8oth-sDictionar!, we could hope to construct a complete histor! of#ans rit, an historical grammar of #ans rit might indeedseem within the limits of possibilit!. *ut considering howman! connecting lin s are still wanting. and how man! newdisco"eries ha"e been made of late b! &rofessor *uhler andothers, particularl! with reference to that true histor! of -language which can be read in Inscriptions onl!, all scholars

will probabl! hold here also discretion the better part of"alour. . It gi"es me real pleasure to e+press my sinceregratitude to &rofessor Whitne!, and e"en more to his prede%cessors and fellow%wor ers, for the light which their laboursha"e shed on certain phases in the historical growth of #an%s rit, and for the laboriousl! constructed indices which the!ha"e so generousl! placed at our disposal, but I cannot but;uestion the wisdom of embod!ing these results in a practicalgrammar of the #ans rit language.

When a demand arose in England for such a grammar, aI grammar that might safel! be placed in the hands of begin%ners, feeling une;ual m!self to the tas of preparing a newedition of m! grammar, I re;uested =r. =acdonell to under%ta e the tas of not onl! re"ising, but of considerabl!shortening it. =r. =acdonell has had far more e+perienceas a teacher than I can claim, and I ha"e left him perfectl!free in his choice of what he considered essential to beginners.To him will belong the whole credit, if m! grammar should .

, continue to pro"e useful to !oung students of #ans rit, andI now lea"e it to him to e+plain the principles b! which hehas been guided in adapting m! old grammar to the re;uire%ments of his pupils.

=A?O A, EN$ADIN, August 4@, ''6.F. M. M.


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TO TIlE NEW EDITION. i+

THE e+perience of some !ears- teaching has con"inced methat #ans rit, compared with other dead languages, is notdifficult to learn. The fact that the ordinar! #ans rit "erbhas no sub


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TO THE NEW EDITION. - +i

as well as the rules on the formation of the first aorist. Onthe same ground, the terminations of the first and the secondcon


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LII &8E9A:E TO THE NEW EDITION.

literature, e+cept in the comparati"el! few cases where theopposite course .seemed necessar! on pedagogic grounds.

In order to supplement what is omitted in it, the student

should use the list of "erbs in connection with the paradigmsof the "arious tenses and with the list of irregularities gi"enafter each of the latter. I ha"e appended a chapter ons!nta+, which, though short, I thin will be found to containall that the beginner wants, together with a brief s etch ofthe metres most commonl! to be met with in the classicalliterature.

In conclusion, I must e+press m! obligations to &rof.#ten2ler-s elementar! #ans rit boo for suggesting to methe ad"isabilit! of either retaining or omitting "arious rules.To =r. Apte-s e+cellent $uide to #ans rit :omposition Iam indebted for much of the matter contained both in thesection on the use of the particles and in the chapter ons!nta+. M In preparing the list of "erbs, I ha"e deri"ed muchassistance from &rof. Whitne!-s "aluable new wor , -#an%

s rit 8oots, (erb%9orms, and &rimar! Deri"ati"es.- 9orthe s etch of #ans rit metres I ha"e found "er! ser"iceable&rof. Oldenberg-s article on the #lo a, in "ol. +++" of the

ournal of the $erman Oriental #ociet!, as well as &rof.acobi-s more recent article, - ur ?ehre "om #loo.- 9rom

&rof. Edgren-s #ans rit $rammar I ha"e deri"ed some sug%gestions as to arrangement, and some "aluable hints from&rof Whitne!-s article on the #tud! of #ans rit in theAmerican ournal of &hilolog! /"ol. ", NO.KG. To &rofessor=a+ =uller, abo"e all, are -due m! sincere than s for thead"ice and help he has alwa!s gi"en me in this as well asin all other wor I ha"e underta en in #ans rit. I -

.A.A.=.N(E*$A**B, N. *., #eptember, ''#.


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4 6. ?isto:compoundconsonants 54 5. Numerical figures '4 7. 8ules of pronunoietion . '5 '. The accent, 9

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:ONTENT#.

:HA.&l-E* I. The Alphabet / % 6G.

SE T. PAGE #E:T. PAOEThe De"anAgar letters 4 ). The nasals . . 6

. #ans rit and modem @. The three nasal semi "owels 5Indian dialects K . :onsonants without cor%

4. :haracters in which #an% responding nasals 5s rit is written K 4. Anus"Ara before ', sh, s, h 6

alphabet. K . &eculiarities of letters in, . The "owels K combination 56. :lassified table of letters5. How to write the lettersi. =ar s and signs '. The sibilants

:*A&l-E* II. 8ules of #andhi / )%7)G.

). =eaning and use of #andhi @

4@. :lassification of "owels @4 . (owels meeting "owels

/4 %47G. II44. a and a followed b! other

"owels and b! diphthongs I I4K. ?i;uid "owels followed b!

other "owels . . . I I4f. e and @ followed b! "owels II46. aiandaufollowedb!"owels 445. nchangeable "owels . . 4

47. Irregular #andhiP preposi%tions ending in a or !followed b!e, @, or ri . 4

4'. The ele"en final consonants K4). No word ends in two conso%

nants. . KK@. :lassificationofoonsonants,

according to their organ K . According to their ;ualit! 6K4. :hanges of organ and of

;ualit! . . . . 6KK. :hanges of organ affect

dentals, Anus"ara, and(isarga onl! I#

' . 9inal t before palatals /e+%cept k, kk). . . . . 5'6. 9inal n before palatals . 5'5. 9inal t before the linguals

/e+cept shG. . . . 5K7. 9inal n before d, dk, n. . 5''. :hanges of ;ualit! . . . 7'). 9inal , t, t, & before nasals '

@. 9inal t before I . . . '. 9inal n before I . . . '

4. Doubling of final ii, n, n . ''. 9inal n before firsts and

seconds . . . . . . '. 9inal Ii andn before a, sh, ' )

6. 9inal n before a or s/not shG )5. 9inal t before s . . . . )7. Anus"Ara, and final m. . 4@'. 9inal m ~n pau,8d, 4 I). (isarga for final s and r . 4 I

6@. (isarga before soft letters. 446 . an, and ah before soft letters 44

64. 9inal radical r . 226K. 9inal r before initial r. . 2"6 . &ronouns *ah and eshah . 2"66. *hoh, bhagoh, aghoh . 2"


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m l

LI(:ONTENT#.

. SE T. #!$%

65. Nouns ending in radical r. 467. Initial lelt and medial kit 46'. Initial ' changeable to leA. !6). Initial h after , t, t, -& . 465@. 9inal aspiration thrown

bac on initial . ..46 .5 . Interpa Fa.ndhi /5 %7)G 4654. ,h, ri before "owels . 4663. rt before oonsonante 455 . e, ai, @, au before "owels .04556. i and u before radical r or " 4555. Two final consonants im&

possible. . 4557. :onsonants remain un%

changed before "owels,nasals, andsemi"owels 47

SE T. #!$%

5'. Aspirates losing their aspi%ration . . . . 47

5). #oft aspirates followed b!

. %tor th 0 . 0 .7@. Dentals after linguals 2*. n.after k and g . 2

74. n before sibilants. 27K. n before sem.i-"owels. 2

. 7 .m changed to nP unchanged before !, r, 2

.76. n changed to n 275. s changed to sh 0K@

,,77. sbefore t . . . . . K7' .. s changed to t before s , KQ

07). h before s is treated Ii e .. gh .. . . K

:HA&TE8 III. Declension0 /'@% K@G.

'@. I. Nouns. II. Numerals.III. &ronouns . . K4

' . $ender, number, and case. K4'4. :ase%terminations . "2'K. Nouns with, changeable

bases. . . KK' . #trong cases 0 0 0 0 0 KK'6. I. :onsonant stems and

4. "owel stems. K'5, A. nohangeable bases

/'5%)6G0 . . 0 0 0K'7. *ases in gutturals, linguals,

dentals, and lablals /'7%) * ) + + + + + + + K6

''. itrali h . . 0 K6'). harit, agnimath, suhrid,

budh, gup, a ubh K5)@. *ases in palatals F5) . *ases in nasals K')4. *ases in semi "owels . K')K. *ases in sibilants and h 0 K)) . E+ceptional cases in sibi .. 0

Ianta and h.. 0 0 K))6. *ases in s . % K)5. *. :hangeable bases /)5%

@5G . . 0 0 . . K)7. Nouns with two bases /)7%

@@G% . in at 0 K0)'. *ases in mat and "at . )). 4. *ases in in 6

@@. K *asesin t!as 6@ . Nouns with three bases

/ @ % @ G% . "as . 5@4. 4. *ases in an /man, "anG 7@K. Irregular bases in an )@ . K. *ases inale. -. 6@@6. &ractical hints on the de%

clension of changeable bases. 52

@5. Irregular nouns withchangeable bases. . . 6K

@7. (owel bases / @7% KGaanda. . . M

@'. *ases in radical a. .5'S@). *ases in i and u . 66

@. Irregularities pati, sa hi,a ahi, asthi, dadhi, sa thi 67. *ases in t and a . . . . 67

4. *ases in ri . 5@K. *ases in al, @C au . . 5

. Degrees of comparison%tara., &tama + + + +54

6. &rimar! suffi+es %t!asC%ishtha .54

5. Numerals /n5% 4@G :ar%dinals .. 54

Declension of cardinals 5

). Ordinals . 564@. Numerical ad"erbs. . '


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:ONTENT#. -

&l-onouna / 4 % K@G.

BBOT. PAGE SECT. PAGB4 . &ersonal pronouns . 57 45. 8elle+i"e pronouns 7@44. Demon tr. pronouns tad. 5' 47. :ompound pronouns 7@4K. idam. .% 5' 4'. &ronouns of ;uantit! in !at4 . adas. . 5) and "at .-. 746. t!ad, etadP interrogati"e 4). Indefinite pronouns. 7

imP relati"e !ad 5) K@. &ronominal ad


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. 4@ 4@ all "erbs . . . . 444@ . Two forms of the intensi"e *22neF 4@4. *ase medified before in%

4@ tensi"e &ya + + + + 44 4 4@K. :on


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#AN#18IT $8A==A8.

*


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.ka

..,

THE DE( ANA$A8i ?ETTE8#.

(OWE?#. :ON#ONANT#.

Initial. IedlaI. E;ul-fllent. E;ui"alent. . E;ul"alent.

a tf &~kh - Ii ph

WIT

fl

A "1g f bl( gh F bh~n Im

t l A ~ k /or chQ 11 y /orcbhG

.F r

t& ri /or riG ~ fi /or fi) 3

'"i e&, ti~ " /or eCt + m /or m)it ai F th 'IJ m /or m)


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IT 1 a + $ /or l0)\I.dh " /$ih"Amdli!aG,L~T au ifn " 5 / padhmAni!aG,

!5


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:HA.&TEC8 I.

THE A?&HA*ET.

/IG. The #ans rit, or sacred language, is the ancient Ut,rary

language of the Hindae, 9rom the ancient popular dialects, called&rA rit, are descended most of the dialects of modern India, .

*engAli, Hindt, =aratht, $u


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%%

THE A?&HA*ET.

6 / G. The following table contains a complete classi5.cation otall the letters of the De"anagart alphabet according to the organswith which the! are pronounced /see K@G.

Hard. an; #oft. an;H


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tar

THE A?&HA*ET. 6

A"agraha (s) mar s in our editions the elision of .. a at the beginning of a word, e. g. itsf; te o pi for it .mrte api.

o mar s an abbre"iation thus, F gatam, on /gaGtena.' /7G. There were oFginall!fi"e distinct signa for the sibilantsP

but the signs for the guttural and labial sibilants ha"ing becomeobsolete, their place is supplied b! (isarga, the sign of the un%modified sibilant.

) /'G. -There are fiTe distinct letters for the fi"e nasalsF When

these nasals are followed b! :O8sonants of their own class, the!are often, for the sa e of more e+peditious writing, replaced b!

the sign of Anus"Ara. Thus we ma! >rite tinT am itA for

F a l itA, &.if Innam itA for.r.wt afl itAP fnT umclitlfor0 ,nmn ftditAP F namditA for F nanditAP iftnnampitA for *I'f nn ampitA. The pronunciation remains un%affected b! the change.

-I-he same applies to fins -Vm, at the end of a sentence. Thus...%tma! be written for Ft but it is reall! an m, and to be

pronounced as such.

@ /)G. *esides the fi"e regular nasals, there are three nasali2edletters, f, if, f, or li, ti, ,,5!,, i, w, hich are used torepresent a

final '6 m, if followed b! an initial t. iI ,*f "P e. g. nf>!Ati for *i*ITftrtam !AtiP - I r>tai labhate for *iM tam

labhateP 36ftr ta- "ahati for 'Iilftfirtam ahati./I>G. The onl! consonants which ha"e no corresponding

nasals are F r, F., -J sh, F s, l h. % A final -V m, therefore, beforean! ot these letters at the beginning of words, can onl! be repre%sented b! Anus"Ara, the natural or unmodified nasalP e. g. iF tam ra shati, *ittftr tam harati.

4 /I IG. In the bod! ot a word the onl! letters which can be preceded b! Anus"Ara are F I, 't sh, F ', l h. *efore thesemi%"owels V !, F r, C , -V.", the F m in the bod! of a word is ne"erchanged into Anus"AraP e. g. F gam!ate, ****8namraA.


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I n% b%!a,*f n%ga,


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.. sb%p%,., 'III ah%ma, sh%!a,-8I- ah%"a &*K*a% a, .. a% ba,


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A::ENT. 9

7. The dental .. s sounds li e s in ainP the lingual-ll sh li esh in shun, the palatal -C ) li e ss in sessionP the difference

being that in pronouncing the lingual the tongue is turned

further bac than in the Lase of the palatal.'. The real Anua"Ara is sounded as a "er! slight nasal, li e n

in the 9rench bon.

A@@'Dt.

* /Appendi+ IT). The #ans rit accent, which is mar ed in

wor s belonging to the (edic period onl!, but not in classical#ans rit, is a musical accent dependent on pitch and not on stressonl! C, It does not depend on ;uantit!, and is not, as in the clas%sicallanguages, limited to particular s!llables. In this grammar it is mar ed in the transliterated words, in order that thF student

ma! see clearl! how strong s!llables are dependent on the accent

and are wea ened b! the loss of it.

The three principal accents are the udA.tta, or acute, pro%nounced b! raising the "oiceP the s"arita, or circumfte+, pro%nouneed b! a combined rise and fall of the "oiceP and theanudA.tta (i. e. without udA.ttaG, which ma! be mar ed in trans%

literated words b! the #ra u, and which belongs to all "owelsha"ing neither of the other two accents.

The anudA.tta immediatel! preceding an udA.tta or s"arita "owel

is called anudA.ttatara.The anudA.tta immediatel! following an udA.tta is changed intowhat is called the dependent s"arita.

.In #ans rit the s"arita and the anudA.ttatara onl! are indicated,

the former b! t, the latter b! M. WheDe"er we find a s!llablemar ed b! M, we now that the ne+t s!llable, if left without an!

mar , is udltta, if mar ed b! I, is '"aritaP e. g. F agolh,F an!ZP F agn nl /ag, anudA.ttataraP DI, udAttaP nA,dependent s"aritaG.


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4. $uea "owels -(aP FeP ,noP FarP Fal.K. (nddhi"owels FAP FaiP MauP F rP Fll.

@ 8 ?E# @G #ANDHI.

:HA&TE8 II.

8 ?E# O9 #ANDHI O8 THE :O=*INATION

O9 ?ETTE8#.

) /4KG. In #ans rit e"er!. sentenee is considered as one un%

bro en chain of s!llables. The coalescence of final and initial I

letters is called #andhi /putting togetherG. -The rules of #andhi

are based chiefl! on the a"oidance of hiatus and on assimilation.The absence of #andhi is in man! cases sufficient to mar the

stops which in other languages ha"e to be mar ed b! punctua%tion.

Though both are based o n the same phonetic principles, it isessential, in order to a"oid confusion, to distinguish In t e r na l #andhi, which determines the changes of final and initial letters

of from internal #.. dhi, which applies to the final lettersof '*erbal roots and nominal base, when followed b! certainterminations or suffi+es. .

Note%The rules of e+ternal #andhi appl!, with few e+ceptions,to words forming compounds, and to the final letters of nominal

bases before the &ada or middle terminations F bb!A.m, F bhlA,8: bb!a , su /see '6G, or before secondar! suffi+es beginning

>ith an! consonant e+cept *6($*2ternal #.. dhi.

lassi*iLatio . of =o>el ++

4@ /K@%KKG. (owels are di"ided into %

A.I. #imple "owels -( a, FAP Fi, FtPFu, ,,@.P#l"i,#+"l& lli... ,....M.,.. ,....M.,


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1" I88E$ ?A8 #ANDHI.

F a! and F a", the% semi"owels being droppedG wiF sa he iha ** sa ha ihaP an -ft prahho ehi 9

= F prabha ebi.

25 (" ). The(riddhi "owel Fai becomes .. ! /through -II tA!G,: au becomes F A."/the semi"owel not being dropped in thiscaseG before all "owels and diphthongs F ri8 sri!ai arthaAF ri m!l artha P but ft FW tau iti 9 *I'Tffriir tA" iti.

Note%The hiatus occasioned by the dropping of *6 ! and , "in the abo"e three cases /4 , 46G reFains, no further coalescenceta ing place.

45 /K)G. *2ceptioD% f the "owels M I, ... %@ , Fe are the termi%nations of the dual, whether of nouns, ad


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a"a N eti 9 a"aiti.4. When a preposition ending in .. a orC Ais followed by a


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ELTE8NA? #ANDHI. '

"erb beginning >ith ..., "i, the two "owels coalesce into lr

instead ofFar.

E+ .,. N .&ritir apa N r lati apAr latiP -@-.

N*IlII*ir F. pari. Nrishati 9 parArshati. Note / 7%6oG%Inter


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'onant, e+cept when F r precedes a Anal F , F t, , t, V. p, which


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1# ELTE8NA? #ANDHI.

is radiaal or f bstituted for a radical. In the case of all othercombinations the final letter or letters must be dropped till onl!

one remains, which is allowable as a final. Thus F NF eblbhsr Nt. ablbba , K p. sg. impf. of f bhri, to FP

N.l6 F B=a0? Ns 9 su"al, nom. sing., well


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are or .. , W, ., , t

T**NA? #ANDHI. 1$

lingual, dental , and labial. !, , .. " can be nuali2ed, W lf ft .< ++ > >

and then written F, ), ;, !, ". r can%

not be nasali2ed.

K /67G. lit of 11B1IPnsonants which are liable to change

of place are the Dental., .!. *I 'ri.ra,and =ia aa.a. The dentals become palatal and lingual before palatals and

linguals. b. Anus"Ara and (is8ga adapt themsel"es as much as possible

to the organ of the letter b! which the! are followed.

7* , howe"er,. is practi.ca ,. tNated as a li ? al, being deri"edfrom ~l.


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#

1% ELTEllN-A? #ANDH .

All other changes of final consonants are merel! changes ot;ualit!P these in the case of dentals, Anua"Ara, and (isarga beingsuperadded to the changes of place.

The Dental. CCt a a '6 .K /54G. 9inal CC t before palatals /Fi, F , F g, ~ 0k, ~ iI,

~ () is changed to a palatal.

E+. F N..9 'nI' tat N a ta a, ana thisP F N f9rfW

PrfF tat N hinatti P ta hinatti, he cuts thisP F[F9 F fiIl tat N srinoti 9 ta$srinoti, he hears thisP CCCNsrr 9 ir0iI'T*Iirtat NoA.!ate taggA!ate, this is

bom.

In the last e+ample the final -C- t is changed to F k, and then to/K'G the same change would ta e place before an initiallgAP

and before an initi'i F ,-itt might become either ~# O % F n.K6 /5KG. 9inal iVn before ~#, l #A, 'l. ft, and F' is changed

to palatal 'l.n.E+. iI*i6 NiI Iftr 'iI'**f*IfittA.n[ oa!ati 9 tlitga!ati, he con%%

;uers them.

Note%8ules on the change of final iV n before F k, ~ iA, and~ s >in be gi"en in Kand 6.

K5 /5 G. 9inal CC t before -V t, ~ n, ~ el, *6d&, -lI-/ C /not F shGis changed to a lingual.

E+. F N 8 9 8 etat N t$a$$ura&0 etatt&a$$ura$,the idol of himP F [ m 9 wrf\tat N da!ate 9 tadela!ate

here the final -C- t is changed to t and then to F el /K'G thesame change would ta e place before an initial l6 el$/ before an


37/243

initiall t n, t might become either F lor F n -31).K7/56G. 9inaliVn beforeFel,:Vd ,Fn/not-t'hGis changed t@ lVn.

F ' in this case is generall! changed to F A ri C$ Gf8 ta hrinoti.


38/243

ELTDlT A? #A.ND*l-. 1&

E+. F N *Im Ii]i lie mabAn[cllmaral mahAndA%maral, a great uproar. J

Note I%8ules on the changes of *6 n before F I and F IA /not

F shG >ill be gi"en in K. Note 4%The changes of place with regard to final Anus"Ara (fII)

and (isuga /AG >ill be e+plained, together with the changes of

-;ualit! to which these letters are liable, in 7%64.

II. :haDg .. of alit .K' /55G. Final consonants must be soft before lOft initials and

hard before hard initials. Note%As the nasals ha"e no corresponding har; letters, the!

remain unchanged in ;ualit! before hard letters, unless the con%tact can be a"oided b! inserting sibilants, or, if the following lettersare sibilants, b! inserting , I, I, or t / , 6G.

Accordingl! inal F , l t, t, V. & before '@nants become CVg,

~ el, ~ d, Cb respecti"el!. Note%, t before sonant Oalatals and ingua swill of course

become ~# and F d respecti"el! b! K and K5.E+amples % .

.F F N tiFi* i( sam!a Nu tam sam!agu%tam, well saidP F N I I F di N ?a?a!

digga%gal, an elephant supporting the globe.

~ t1 ~ N *#6 ;9ta I -/ pari"rlt N %yam pui"rlda%!am, he is a mendicantP N 9 ;fY=lf l l /

pari"rlt N mitram pari"rlclmitram.55t8 N... 9 suit N atra saridatra, the

ri"er thereP F N 8 F mahat N dhanulmahaddha%nul, a large bow.

V. p F N... 9 -III-f-C-a up N atra a ubatra, aregion there /inflectional base F a ubbGP -W t[....,. sp Nga!u 9 abga!al, obtaining water.

c
mailto:Ii@imailto:Ii@imailto:Ii@i


39/243

' ELTE8NA? #ANDHI.

*ut F [ F Wftii=-/ sarit Ngalam sariggalam /K G,water of the ri"erP F N 8 F etat N

dAmaral

etaddamaru, the uproa.r of them.K) /57G. F , -Vt, 'Itt, /. p, when followed b! iniF naaals,

chiefl! F n and F m, may, after becoming Fg, F d, ~ d, and ,b, be further assimilated to the nasaQ, and be written F n, 't n,iVn, Vm.

E+. F Ntn l F or f; &Tdi N nAgaA dignlgaAor dmnAga , a world elephantP F [ lfT*r8 9 & -I- - Ior 'i# I'D8gagat N nltha gagadnAthall or gagannAthaA, Io rd of the worldP ..... [F F or F ap[ nadt abnadt oramnadt, water%ri"erP F NO8 'II'#*049or F Or!: Nmu ha prlgmu haA or prA.ilmu hal, facing the east.

@ /[email protected] 'It before F becomes it /not F dG.E+. F F F F tat Nlabdham tallabdham, this is

ta en. /7 G. 9inal F n before F also becomes F P but this F ,

being pronounced through the nose, is written with Anus"Ara,-which in this case is usuall! written as a hall%moon.

E+. F [ cPsp r *I't**nmahAnNlAbhaA99 mahWbhaA,large gain.

4 /74G. 9inal F , F n, and F D, preceded b! a short "oweland followed b! any "owel, are doubled.

E+. JI IiVN..,., 8 F dhA"an N as"a dbA"annas,CaA,

a running horseP F N-llTlW 9 pratBall N lste pra% t!ailillste, he sits tumed towards the wFstP C &rt N'IIT'fi F sugaa [ Aste9 'ugaCnAste, he sits counting well.

*ut :fi;liV N a"tn N lb"a!as"a. /call the poetsG re%mains unchanged.

K /7KG. 9inal it n before -initial F , F b, and / p, F pb,


40/243

remains unchanged, ,


41/243

ELTE8NA? #ANDID. )

&inal V n before F le, '# l, re;uires the interceaaion of F , .&inal V n before F t, ~ tA, re;uires the intercession of CCsh .Bmal -V n before 'It t, CCth, re;uires the intercession of Vs .*efore these inserted sibilants the original i6 n is changed to

Anua"Ara.

E+. F [ F 9 ]\ I/ hasan N lea Arahasafll a ara, he did it laughingP F Nf fp 4* &ifail alan N titti- bhala 9 alamshtittibhah, a mo"ing tittibha%

birdP I IiVN *!i8 F patan N FuA patamstaruA, a fallingtree.

/- G. 9inal F tt and *ft fI may remain unchanged before thesibilants F ', C eh, *6 IP but F ma! optionall! be inserted afterthe F ti, and F t after the F fl.

E+. F[iI F or F /orFG pri.b[sete prltisete or pri.tlbete /or prltl eteGP F N m K

0I*!I&

-dir or t'l4(eQfh #ug fl N santi suga8sarati orsugantsarati.6 /76G. Bmal -V n before, sh remains uncbangedP before F s

it ma! remain unchanged or 'It t is insertedP before F ' it must be changed to the palatal nasal /K6G -Cit& ~ its ma! further bechanged to ', $$A, or It6 I .

E+. ****(

N FtAn[shat iAnshat, those si+P /

N"tW F or nliMii.tA.n[sahate tAnsahate or tlntsa%hate, he bears themP I /[.TfV ftl lliMI5( or *fI'I(I**&:lI&Vor nl.iIMii( or niiiBiMi5( tAnN sArd ilAn9 t=slrdi Q anor Wlidrdt An or Cle lArd ilAn or tAl lrd i An, those tigers.

5 /- 5G. A final F t before F s must remain unchanged, but If,t

ma! be inserted.E+. F [ >ftr. F or IF=i fa8 shat N saritah 9

ahatsaritah or shattsaritaA, si+ ri"ers.

This intercession is owing to the analog! of ace. pl. mase. of


42/243

"owel stems and of nom. sing. of n%stems, whica originall! endedin I.

: 4


43/243


44/243


45/243

......,

44 ELTE8NA? #ANDID.

a .... >i Ii8or I IIr >it8 prathamaA N .&?all prathamas sar?aior plathamd sa.rgaA, the first section. C

6@ /' G. (isarga /e+cept when preceded b! .. a or W lG if fol...

lowed b! a soft letter /consonant or "owelG is changed to F r, thisletter being Fhe soft form of (isarga.

E+. &.fir8N *#6 ilif3(44 a"iA [ a!am a"ira!am, this poetP m8 N *'* e'fir .FIi.. &figallA N ga Aati gaurga Aati, the o+ wal sP ITN'fI*ir E/ %.fn "A!ul ["lti "A!ur "iti,the wind blows.

6 /' G. I. The final s!llable -til- B drops its (isarga beforee"er! "owel or soft consonant.

4. The final s!llable . al&/aG drops its (isarga before e"er! o2e3e+cept .. aP/bG before e"er! soft consonant and before .. a, it is changed to

.n @, after whichC a is elided.E+amples 8&*. ....&r. [ M ..rt as"ll N ami


46/243


47/243


48/243


49/243


50/243


51/243

N5'

"8 INTE8NA? 'ANDHIF

Note /II'F%Il *6. gh, F dl, F dh, F bh, F Ii, at the end of as!llable, lose their aspiration before IiV dh" ( ot f rdhiG, F bh,F s, the! throw their upiration Mbac on t..g, F d, , d, , b atthe beginning of the s!llable /not on other lettersG. :p.5@.

E+. F N F budhFs bhut, nowingP F bhudbhlA,instr.plur.P ftbhutsu, @@. plur.P .rmabhuddh"am, 4. p. pl.aor, mi;.

*ut F dugdhi from n dub, to mil , 4. sg. imp".7@ / 44G.Dentala after linguals become lingual.

E+. F N F ish [ ta ishtaP fI*t N fEr9 fIf0 d"ish[

dhi 9 d"icldliP F N fI V9 sbat [ n


52/243

and Fgam[lI- "a.

76 /)5G. T le dental -V n, followed by a "owel or -V n, F m, V - ,


53/243


54/243


55/243

INTE8NA? #ANDHI. '

4. The change is caused b! the same lingual letters, -C 2, Crt/included in the "owelsG, t r, ,.h /included in the inter%"ening lettersG, N , F I, and the "owels e+cept. aand - A.

K. The consonants which change the F must precede imme%diately /this is not necessar! in the case of -V nG, while the"owels admit of inter"ening letters in both cases.

/ 46G. F ' beforeCC, t becomes CC sh.

E+.C, dris N - ta becomes S drishta - 4).F ' before other consonants follows the rules of e+ternal #andhi.

/ K4G. The 5.nal Fs of roots becomesCC, t before the lV.s ofthe #etleral tenses / K6GP e. g. AV"as, to dwell, IWI ir"ata!ati,K. sg, fut. act. The same change ta es place in the middle casesof the suffi+ -tF "as / @4G. .

7) / 47G. -Vh before F s, and in roots which begin with, d before other consonants also, is treated li e *6MghP e. g. F Nf> fiIrleh N si le shiP 3 N - W I ir;ab [ s!atidha sh!ati /5), noteGP N - F dah[ta dagdha /5)G.

In other roots C-Ct, C/ th, -Vdb, following F h, are changed to:Vdl, the-V h is dropped, and a preceding short "owel lengthened.

E+. F Nw alr. lih [ tal HdlalP F NF l Vroh Nt m 9 rodlum.

Note%E+ceptions to this are F[w ;E nah[talnaddhalP -l N - 9 C dnn Nta 9 dridAaP C- N CCCC!ah [ t m 99 "odhumP ; N CCCaah Ntum sodlum.


56/243

l%U U

'. ~i -su

DE:?D'ION. %

:HA&TE8 III.

DE:?EN#ION.'@. Declension is most con"enientl! treated under three

head' F

I. Nouos and ad


57/243

stroa,

I

DE:?EN#ION. KK

Note 4. The nom. ace. (O:. pl. neut. /which ends -in F iG inserts anasal before a


58/243

..a

5I, a.

' &E:?*N#IOF.

D8 bhi , J bh!u, CauG. The wea est are all the remainingwea cases /"i2 ..those of which the terminatioas begin with "owelsGP

e. gF #*'I* prat!all au, nom. dual-/strong base F prat!ail GPlIi lfnr prat!agbhi /middle base Fprat!a GP *nft*liT8 pratt o ,gen. dual /wea est base F,ratl G-.

In neuters With three bases the nom .. oL, ace ..singular ismiddle, the nom, (O:I ace .. dual wea estP e"g. nom. "oc .. ace. sg.F prat!a , nom. "oc .. ace, du, F pratl t, nom. "oc .. ace.

Ol.lI'm prat!an i. The other cases are as in the.masculine

O lf# AlfD A.D *:TI(*#.'6 / 6KG. This declension ma! con"enientl! be di"ided into

two classes %

I. *ases ending in consonants.A. nchangeable bases,

II. *ases ending in "owels.

A. In ... a and - A.*. In Fi and Fu ..:. In t and &sitD. In-illri.E. In F ai, ..n @, au.

*., :hangeable bases ..

Note%In order to a"oid confusing the minds of beginners, it isad"isable to commence with the bases In consonants, because these

add the case%terminations- gi"en in without modification. #omegrammars begin with the "owel declension in-C a /ll. AG, since this

is the most important, containing as it does the ma


59/243

,p

Ur .F

DE: N#ION. '6

l-e;uired by the rules of #andhi before the terminations. =ascu%lines and, feminines ending in the same consonant are inflectede+actl! ali e. The neuten are di l-erent /as in the other declen%

sionsG In the nom. "oc. acc. of all numbers.The lV ' ot the nom. sing. masc. and feme is alwa!s dropped,

because no word ma! end in two consonants /4)G.The "oc. sg. mil and f. the same as the nom. e+cept in bases

in /deri"ati"eG F as /)6G.On the insertion of the nasal in the nom. "oc. sec, pl. neut.,

see '4, note 4.

8 . *ases in the first four letters of the guttural, the lingual,

the dental, and the Iabial classes /see 6G end in F , F t, , t,/cp. 4'G respecti"el! in the nCom b. eg. and before the loco Ol.suffi+Csu, and in Fg, Fd, ~ d, respecti"el! before the termina%tions beginning with F bh. The! retain their original sound

before "owel terminations.

*aae. in $ ttanla.'' / 66G. &aradigm FF itrall b, painter (m itta,

picture, "-F.li h, to paintG.

S$. =. &. Du. =. 9M #P. =. &.

D.=. NiiifcPs.%ll Ur A. #oi -iiifM '.t%li ham-C -iiiM4Kr %li hau . i< 'II Me8%li ha I. f-C ..fMlif.%li hft U f l 'il'fi sfnr8%lirbbl D. f..... f=\ % he rF V %li,bh!lm U F!b.A .t -FFI.F %lilbh!=r... f=/iii %li ha U fFF %li hFm$ CC ..I'M 8%li h5 a-P. r ii.fMf. % i hl

r...,.FM'K&Hbhn ( 5G

N.A.( .FF%lllt#$.

NE TE8.

tr.

fFf -# it ..li bta

&F.

Ff.%liil. hi


60/243

.~-T F ,., tNmuu.

fiF p

l'#,

Note%In the paradigms of regular nouns with unchangeable, bases it >ill be sufficient to remember the nom. sing., nom. instr.

loc. pl., and nom. pI. neut.

lIall'. in DeDtals l and ?abia .s.') / 67G. These are declined li e f.... fY-6l-VM itrali h.

*A.#1. lTO1.'$. lITOH.&?.Q/.&. IIf#8.&?. ?O:.&?. *Oil. &?. N.

F harit, green, tfCC tfor ~f*fi+m, f. n . hant hantu h ldbhih hantsu hariDti

+ rH....' agniFath, .. ft~ @lf-l- @> 0m oliAflre% indling, m. f. D. agnimat %mathaA %madbhlA %matsu. %mmthi

msuhnd,friendl!, m. f. n. suhnt subtidal suhr.dbhiC 'ubritsti suhr/ndi

t-V. budh, nowing, Fm.f.n. b%hut b dhai bhuclbhll bhutsu b Ddhi-IFgup, guardian, -I; - Cfat n


61/243

Or8a m8 pdil aAFF

F

n-lnbhil pdnbhil

C nlDbhu

0riUK pdnbhuF "rd C. "r/s al F "ridbhlh FF "ritsu .

lri55C

DE: N#ION) 8&

0NO1. #>.. NOli. &I.. *5 T%. &?. ?O:. &?. NO=. &?. 6.

FFFgalam galamu al galamu,bhll

Fga amubhl

Ft-tga aml f i

?i e F galamu are declined F "a , f. speechP F

t"a , I. s inP F mi, I. lightP F sruh, f. ladle. Note /I6)G%The special bases F roil , curlew, IiF prAn ,

worshipping, F "r , cutting, are respecti"el! declined in the%

nom. sg., nom. iostr. loco pI. thus %

F n-lD

Ttnlil al

2 / 5@G. F l is changed to t when 8final and before con%sonants, but to ' before "owels.

*A#1. NOli. #$. NOII.&?. IN#T8. &?. ?O:.&?. NOH. &?. N.

ITlt prAhl, an as er F-F I F F

'# !dt prl#al prldbhih prAtsn prlm'i

K / 5 G. is changed to or -l.g.

QlA#E. NOH.#$. NOH. &?. m#T8. &?. ?O:.&?. NOH. &?. N.

F rug, disease F ~,- tfif rB:. rugal rulbhiA r bh , ningi

~ fi"g, strength F Sfnl8 ft< liM5r l urgah Clirgbhih lirbhu 4r#i

?i e F rug are declined .. F "antg, m. merchantP -& fiV bhi%shag, m. ph!sician C-lF tn#,m, priestP a t srag, I. garlandPF asrig, n, blood.

Note I. Nouns deri"ed from an! of the si+ roots%F!ag, to

sacri iceP F bhragg, to roastP F bhrlg, to shineP F rag,

to shine, to ruleP C- m"ig, to cleanP ** 8.srig, to emit, tocreateP also F parinig, a mendicant%change '-.#to F t


62/243

K' DE:?EN#ION.

or F d& e.g. nom. sg.. and p? of F pari"r\g are IF pari"rit, -;Cft mr pari"r\gaAP F samr\g, m. so"ereignF satnr\t, -W TiIsaFr\ga P F de"eg /from F de"a N*f'S6ya?Q ,worshipper of the goda F de"et, F de".ega Pl -ii/.7h"igg, roasting F hhr/t, l0 K bhr/gga .

Note 4. F,a"a!\g, a (edic priest, is irregular in changing

its base to F a"a!as in the nom. and before consonants %-NOH. #$. (O:. #$. NOH. &?. IN#T*. &?. ?O:. ~5.

I I ff F or F W:I ITiI ...%;itN -WlI r.,a"a!l,h a"a!i,h or a"a!al a"a!\ga a"a!obhi a"a!f .hsu

. *ases in F gk, which are rare, change F gk to F : or rt.g. Vl asali in .asals.

) / 6 G. . No base ends in F t+or F it -86).4. *ases in *ft n undergo, no change.*ase F-C-tsugan, a read! rec oner, m, f. n. /C su, well, and

- - lttgan, to countG. NOll. S .

NOH. -&?. IN#T*. &?.

,J6f~/?pO. &?. NOH. &?. N.

~f*gaugan ' gallaC suganbhil sugansu sugani /'4, n. 4G

K. *ases in F n are changeable, and will be treated in )), @4.

/ 7'G. *ases in the labial nasal F m change F m to F n inthe nom. sg, and before consonants, The V m is retained before"owels.

, *A#E. NOH. #$. NO=. &?. IN#T*. &?. ?OO. &?.

IItrpV prasO:m, mild, F FTIf IFtfCF IFm. f. prasb.- pradma pras'nbhih prasansu

*ase. in #emi"owel .)4 / 5 G. I No base ends in F s or /practicall!G in l6 " .4. *ases in F undergo no modification. C

#ee deol, of F di", @5.


63/243

-DE:?EN#ION 8

. .K, *ases in t r are regular. e+cept that F i and F u, preceding the F r, are lengthened if tbe F r is final or followedby a con% sonant. In the loco pl. the F r /being radical F remains

unchanged. before * shu /65G.

*A**. NO=.(O:.'$. NOH. &?. IN'T*. &?. ?O:. &?.

fF gil, f. "oice - -igr.Cm8 gilaC - ftftigirbhl F girsh .F pur, f. town *.9 p t pura F pirbhi l.i Ota&shB

F CAI%,D. water en "r -fTft 8ri ..ml "ArbbiA c,,F "irs=Fd"Ar, f.door 'IT8 d"- I t d"\ra W &l d"ArbblA Ilid"Arsb

*F.' in #ihilaDts /F -. ,sh, F bllG an;' h.

)K / 7 G. *ases in F I, Csh, ,.., sh, and F h change these

letters to F t when final and before consonants /cp. 4', 6 and 5G.

*.l#*. NOH.#$. NOH .,?. NO=.&?.N. IN'T*.&?. ?OO.&?.

fF "ia, om.f. n. f38 NfF Fone who enters "it (IsaU, "imsi FdlGb A "itsu

F d"ish, m, fF . f+~ m8 fif/ 0FfF bat ng .d"-rt d"isbah d"imshi d"idbhi d"itsD.

*r*It ta sh, m. t n. inIf8 iflr F paring tat ta sba tam shi tadbbil tatsu

fl gub, m, f. . -It -lit~ .'

0.)

co"ering ,hut g ha g nihi. MhudbblA Ihutsu

) / 7 .G.*Mceptians..I.. *ases in F s.a. *ases deri"ed hom F dis, to show, III d"i(, to see, and

~ 6r', to touch, change F ' to CC , F.g. fF.di', f. a


64/243

countr!

%NOH. #$. NOH. &?. NOH. &?. N. IN#T*. &?. ?O:. &?.

FF dl fF di= FCC di= Flf digbbl F di shu


65/243


66/243

t^E:?*N#ION.

*a.e. in the Dental #ibilant l6 +.)6 / 56G. I. *ue. ia F B, is, F ...In these bases it is important to distinguish the deri"ati"e

froF the radical l +The following rules must be :arefull! noted.

I. Deri"ati"e F as is lengthened in the nom. (not Bocati"eGsing. masc. and feme (aot n!ter).

4. Deri"ati"e F is and F us remain unchanged.

K0 Deri"ati"e F as, F is, F us lengthen their "owel /be%

sides nasali2ing itG in the nom. "oc. ace, pl.. Deri"ati"e F is%and F s beforF "owels become F ish

and F ush /75G ..

These rules are re"ersed in the case of radical F as, F is,F usP in other -Words, / G F as remains unchanged in thenom. sg, maso. and fem., while /4G F is and F us arelengthened /"oc. and neut. aI.oGP /KGthe "owel of the nom.

"oc. ace ..-pI. neut, is ne"er lengthenedP / G Fis and F us remainunchanged before "owels.

Note%8 d. F is and F us (no , ) are engthened

before consonant terminationsP F as alwa!s becomes .G 1

before F bh.

NOll.#$ .. (O:.'$. 1O &?. IN#T* ..&?. ?O:.&?. NO &?.N.

Del-. F sumanas

0wnno.-iI @C,,

ind, m, f. n. 'umani.A %na %nasaCSllTflV S C Strifw%nobbi %naseu %n msi

It is eas! to recognise a radical as, is, us, b! rememberingthat ali roots being monos!llabic, onl! one s!llable must remainFfter prefi+es are detachedP e.. ?+.m sutus, well%sounding, fromE su, well, and *l6 tus. *ut F sumanas, well%minded, fromKIau, well, and F manas, mind, from I#6 man, to thin , [F.as.


67/243

42 .DE:?EN#ION

++ =!S$. NOL.&?. INIT*.&?. ?OO.&?. NO(.&?.N.

Had. Fpiftda%gras 1 '8 1 '*I8 Wl#flt8 1 '8K 1;f>eatings mouthful, m.f,n .. %gra %grasah %grobhl %grahsu %gr'msi

Der. ,Wi fit ( # g!otl# S fir8SfiA ofwfF om ,owlC,well%lighted, m, f. n. ..ttl %tlshah %tlrbhi %tlhshu %ti-mshi*ad.CF slipfs @tft- om @ ftfF ow., oiiifw

well%wal ing, m. f. n, &Oin .pfsa ..pi.rbhf %p sh %prtLsi

Der, F dirg=t!us Si 7 '1 oF 7 1' /9 long%li"ed, m, f. n, %!u %!usb' %!urbhih %!uhshu %!ftmshi

Had. lV sut s Coi? @p /GF oF @


68/243

J

DE: N#ION.

spelling applies to .the loc .. pl. of all unchangeable bases in-lV s preceded b! a "owel fiI ,or FP ,F, or FP F or FP cp, ), K0G

II. *ase. in l + preceded bBo- ther "owel. (>rytewG.

*A#? NO1.#$. NOHAI&?. NOH.&?.N.IN#T8.&?. ?OO.&?

..... 8V a As, splen%F F fi I Ff'......mr. FT -did, m. f. n, a Ah a sah a Amsi a A.bhi a lhsu

Fdos,arm,m./n ..G F .F -i ff IFfil F ,d5h d5sba d5mshi d5rbhih d5 shu

F i trs, desir% F F - r.rcif.; F fF@ ' of acting, m.f.n. i th i trsba i trshi i trhhi i trshu

F'ubirni,onewho F F F - F Fstri es well, m.+f. n, suhm sublmsa suhfmsi suhinhhth suhinsu

*. :hangeable *ases.)5. 8egular changeable bases end in , t, iVn, lV s, or F k ..

Those in ,t end in F at /C,mat, -CC "atG.Those in iVn end in 'IIi6 an /F man, IiV "anG or F in /tifiV

min, AiV"inG.Those in F s end in F !as /comparati"esG or F "as /perf.

participles acti"eG. ,

Those in ~k are deri"ed from Fa , to mo"e.

Of these bases, those in F at, F in, and F !as ha"e t2o

forms, i, e. srrong and wea cases T those in 'IIi6 an, F "as, and

~ $ ha"e t&ree forms, i. e. strong, middle, and wea est cases /'KG.

)7 / '4G. .ouns >ith two *aI. *ase. in at.'. &resent &articiples in F at /maso, and neut.G The

strong base is in F ant, the wea MinF Ft.


69/243

7l7 *

447 DE:?EN#ION.

*ase F adat, eating, from F ad, to eat.

SID$BP!F. B!P.

=A#O ?INE.

A. .FpV dantam

iI'#PBF!P.

I N.( .. F adan FF adantau ..%tw adantah

dantau $i'8adata I. F aclati U . F adadbbih

D. F aelate ... F adadbh!Am U .

!b.A 0Fadat8 . F adadbh!a

$. A 8 a;atX*< adatim .P. adati F adatsu

NE TE8.

N.A.Fadat Fnadatrdanti

Note / '5G %F mahat, great, originall! a present participle,forms its strong base in F Ant. -

N.-IV iVma=n N.(.pl.m.oF %=nta n.oCftI%hinti

A. Fmah\ntam I oF %hataAI. I-ViIT mahat- StF %h'.dbhih

I(.Fmahanl

)' / '7G. b. *ases in *fi6ma.t and F "at /which are ad


70/243

%mat-C

(. ,tf 1 .,iti( &man


71/243

an

lGE:?ElI#ION.

F gnana"at, ha"ing nowledge.

D. IA IFgf 'na"ln D.=. TPAwgflAna"anta I .". '(** gFna"an I A. litC,,C,, gnaDa"at Note I (* bha"at, when it meaD# -Bour Honour,C is

declined li e F gnAna"at /the% "oe.. is F b="an or

bhohGP when it means being,- pres. part. of F bh i, it is regular

/li e FCC sdatG, Note 2 /I)@G%F l!at,howmuchX and Fl!at,'@ much,are

declined li e nouns in F mat N. F l!anF (. C, &Vi!an.)) /[email protected]. lIase. ill F m.These form their wea base !y dropplng the i6 n /but onl!

before consonantsG.The! drop the &t n inthe N. *g, m..an; n., and lengthen the "owel

in the N. mase., lengthening it also in the N. A. (. p? neut,

D. 'gF Jlilt dhanlA. F dhaninamI. EIf r 8rrdhaninl". Fdh-niD

=A#: ?INE.

NE TE*.

pl, JIfPpr. dharunahJIftA ,dhaninalFdhanlbhi

N. A. CC- dhani 0iftf fdhanlni

". C-Cdhanior F

dhanm@@/4@5G. K. *ases in * 6t as /oomparati"e suffi+G form

their strong cases from t fillt!ams. *ase 8.Fgari!'', hea"ier.'IN$ ?A8. =A#: ?INE. #PBF!R.

N5Fgari !C

A. 'Itt iwi/ gart!lmsam(. -Ttl r.gari! D

N .(. 7Iit riWgart!lmsahA. F gart!asa

~~1g2+iy3!hiA


72/243

I I

F

.DE:?EN#ION.

NE TE8.

,N.A. F garl!all F g'.ri!ast flth;fa gari!Amsi

.@ lD.With three *a.ea.*4* - 49). r, &artioiple. of the reduplicated perfectin F "aC.The strong base is IhV"amsP the middle, F "atP

the wea , F usb . -

FF rurud"as, ha"ing wept, from F rud, to weep.

=A#: ?INE.

CN. Frurud"b. N.(.S-lilll%d"Fs=l N.".owiw %a"llmsaII

KiA" . .F FF FII75i r F r udF" adn " - m = m F . iFFF %F %.- m F u FIIFFF-

I. F Frudu'ha

?. F9- rurudtishi IeF &;>;bhy!m I .oF%d sbol ..

NE TE8,

i N.Frurud"at I oF%dt s=. .

Note I /4@6G%&lPJrticiplFsln *F( "as, which insert an F i betweenthe reduplicated root and tbe termination, drop the F i whene"er

the termination F "as is changed to %#%,Jush, b t rac ioal F i or t is ne"er dropped in this ease. Hence the t. sg. of iIF

tasthi"ln, from lIIIT st , to stand, is F IT tastbushA., but of fif-ift;Ti/ nint"An it is nin "usbaC

The *86' of F "as is changed to , t before lVs and F bh, asin F "ats!ami, future of F "as, to dwell / N tlltfi ls!AmiG.F ush is deduced from F "as. naccented **'"a commonl!

becomes F u. F us before "owels regularl! becomes CC ush,


73/243

ii I'(

DE:?EN#ION, 7

The following e+amples of reduplicated perfect participles /cp.'K, note 4G ma! be usefu %

0rtI P%%! %. DY/. $. DY/.#I.. !Le. I'P. nt T%. #P.

C< AV %B)lB=as,7 'a 8 'aT'K Fiha"ing heard # *l (in su*r "lmsa ' 'r (lish*th* ml"adbbih

F pe i"as, F. >tJiCi' F %;fe CfIha"ing coo ed pe i(\n pe i"lmsa pe ushal pe i"adbhiA

stf itttt/gagmi"u-, F FF IfT A-fW ba"ing gone gagmi"ln gagml"lmsa gagmt shah gagmi"adbhi

fFg gaD."asl, F 'IIm'ri>8 *#I*I8 8ha"ing gone gagan"ln gagan"lmsa daF sha gagan"'.clbhihFgaghni"as, -II-f ren-/*t'fnt>8 Cfa i f.8

ha"ing illed C gagltni" n gagbniC msa gaghnt *haA gaghni"adbhiA

Fg'gh n"ae, FF '*Il0Il8 Filat9iha"ing illed gaghan"ln gaghan"lmsa gaghntishah gaghan"'.dbhih

Note 4. *eginners are apt to confound this reduplicated perf.act. participle -with the acti"e participle formed b! adding thesuffi+ CCC "at to the perf, passi"e participleP e. g. fir rita, pf. pt. pass.,- done, , ICCCrita"at, ha"ing done D. *f*I'lI*i( rita%"an, A. F ritbantam., The cause of 0the confusion is that

both end in oF "an in the N M sg,@4. 4. *ase. F. F aD /FaD, F maD, fi6 an).

Their strong. base is - Van F their wF est, -V nP aFd theirmiddle base ... a.

The N. sg. masc, has -lit A,neut, .. a /cp. the bases in FinG.If the suffi+es F man and Ii6"an are immediatel! preceded

b! a consonant, the! do not drop their ... a in the wea est cases.

Tbis is to a"oid the concurrence of three consonants, though therule does not appl! to bases in simple F an. Hence C-CC-C

atmat l!, but F ta shnA.,

On the change of F m to it n, see 7 .


74/243

'. &E:?EN#ION.

. In all other words the ,. a is optionall! retained- in the ?F sg.

and in the N. A.(. dual neut.

uspV rlgan, m, a ing.

#IN$. #PB%.

N. I digit N.(. ITif liglnah IA.Fr-)lnam

(.Frlgan

I. lIT rlgna

P. uttr "#g*li or lTiIfttrlgani*JJIIi6*lman, n, name.

us.rrignaCI

F rFgabhih

tTiI rfigasu

#IN$. B!P. #PB%.

N. A. iITIf nlma

". ifI*I' nltma or iI'0lfi6n\man

'if!tt n\mnf or C,Cdmani

I. rmnn\mnl I nimabh!am 'i'f0IriiI8n /mabhih?. iI- f"n\mni or 'if !iT8nlmnol I dmasu

iITF n\mani

F brahman, m. n, the. creator /Fman preceded by a con%

sonantG.=A#: ?INE.

#IN$. #PB%.

D. il rT brahm-

A. i I'#I0I6 brahminam(. * Ii6 brahman

i mI08 brahmitnah IIiIlrll brahmanaA

I. *I*!0T brahman Z CIIWfi % brahmabhih 0


75/243

,

DE:?EN#ION. )

KrnOlF B.... ia ~ aD.@K / )6G. I. F pathin, m. path, has for its strong base

*i*I*i6 panthAnP for its middle base .r.r pathlP for its wea est base ** (. path.

The N.(. ag. are irregular.#IN$. &? *.

I N.(.F panthih FpanthAn'h II A. FpanthAl a.m II ****8 patha I. ** ** path\ I pathibbih

4. F han, n, da!, ta es F baa aa ita middle base.#IN$. D A?. &? *.

I D.H. 5't8 ahaA I.iCahntorFahant II a 'JI. -WI-alm!

Iahobh!lm 'IIl*fi8i8 alIobiii

?. FahDi ..,r. -hno I ''ahaAsu

~~~I~,!2nl l~,h~4The (isarga of the N. s . is treated li e an original l r /64G.

Hence .F aharaha , da! by da!P and, in composition, e. g.

F abargafta . E+ception F ahorAtr , m. l da!and night.

K, 4&/I))G0 pV'"Fn, m a dog, F! "an, m. /


76/243

E


77/243

6@ DE:?EN#ION.

#IN$. &? *.

N. ITs"\/YY(/aG(GF!t "A IITiI s"\nah F! "anah

. ~ s(\nam F!u"anam iI stinaA C !itna (. IiVs"an/YY"o"G F! "an I. Ifif l(abhl F! "a.bhih

6 /4@4G. F han (from %C-tit han, to illG at the end of compoundsta es F ban /lengthening the "owel in the nom.


78/243

DE:?EN#ION. $i

I N.A. Fprat!a l NE TE8.

o ;it"" &tBf

Other words in F a: are %

ST YD$ *A#*.

F sam!a i , right

Fn!an , low

F sadhr!an , accompan!ing

=IDD?E *A#E. WEA1E#T *A#E.

F sam!a F sami-

Fn!a Fn

Fsadhr!a ~82dh+fk

F an"an , following-C-F "lsh"an , all%per"ading

F d.dan ,upward

F tir!an , tortuous

.Fan" F"i'h"a

FFd.da

filFtir!F

FanVi

F(i'=

Fud lFtir= 4

Note%F prg , forward, eastern ', and F bA , downward,

south, ha"e onl! two bases, F prA.n and F a"'.F for thestrong, and 111", pra and "1111", ad for the wea .

=A#: ?INE.

N.(. sg. F prfi ilHr pl.F prltn a

A. F prt/il am I 0I* III8 prfl ah0 I. m..-t pmA. . *I*fnf8 prrgbhi

P. pr\ i F prlbhu

* t, though no ! precedes the a, b! analog!., 2 9rom tirb /?at. transG [ ai, to go. The '* in the strong

and middle base is due to analog!.K F prAn , -worshipping,- is unchangeable ,%" ,I, noteG..

9or F [ lJ prAn N s 9 Or!n: 9 prail ..


79/243

64 DE:?EN#ION.

@6. The beginner will find it useful to remember the following points with regard to changeeble bases % -

I. The "owel of the sufti+ is lengthened in the D. sg, maso. in

all changeable bases e+cept those in F a: and CC at

..Ii.,ihi/agnimln, f; EIli/"id!l"AnP ilTrlgA., -8Tbrahm-, !f;f 4f pratidi"a.P liftdhanl, *fI* Itt"AgmI, F medhi"l*IdhanftamaP F "id"as, fF"id" ttara, f l-l &l"id" ttamaP F prat! , &IlIit. prat! %tara, '0IiInIiII prat! tama.

6 /46 G. *efore the other /primar!G suffi+es of the comparati"e

Fi!a' /rarel! 8V!as, $ . 0CaW,?at. %iorG and of the superlati"eFisht a/$ .%-OToG,base' are reduced to one s!llable, suffi+es beingdropped F matimrfu, wise, anrl 8V m tt!as, IIfn m f,tisht a PF "rlndlra a, beautiful, F 8V "r/ndi!as, PF "r/ndisht a.#ome of these comparati"es and superlati"es ha"e no corresponding

positi"e from the same root. F nt!as, Iifi ( ImnishtAa,and F nedt!a.s, itF nedisht a, belong onl! in sense to F>pa, small, and CIi- i Iianti , near, respecti"el!.

/46lG. As a rule the root ta es $una before these two sufti+es,

with metathesis of F are F shudra, mean, F sh5dt%!asP tripr , F tr pi!as. There are, howe"er, man!irregular forms, e. g. CII F bahula, fre;uent, F bamht!as.

These primar! comparati"es and superlati"es ha"e the acute onthe first s!llable.

.D.**A?#.

5 /46KG. :ardinals.

I *K'*Iie a. 7 ' * ( saptan /E7ICC- G.2 It .,.. d"i, ' t ' =i6 asbtan /OI:T>,G.

K f r tri. 1 t -8iV na"an -?lI'IIfa).

.. I C-8 at r. @ FO FF dasan /Kfl:t G5

F .;F pan an. II F:l e iIB't I'( e Adasan.5 F f :,shash, 0 4 F t F d".ldasan.


93/243

FtC-

*" ;F *I*tl l Mli/ tra!oduan.;F FF aturdasaD.

N =E8A.?#. X

X1 o ftshashtl ..7@C@W8-fiIsaptatl.

5 l.;FF

pan adasan .

*,X;C F sh5dasan. '@ to FiI *itt91 4t.YFfir na"atl.I I ;, FF saptadasan. @@ 3oo satam.

' lt CCIEVFi/ asht-dasan. @ lY3 e asatam.

) l4t.FF0na"adasaD. F F e l%

Csiff-F fil ina"imsati. dhi am satam,

4@ o "imsatf. @4 lo fICF d"fsat'm.4 l Ffi - e a"imsati, F F d"!a%44 FF I fctFfir d"i"im*ati.M dhi am satam.

2" ' tr-!o"imsati. @K lY trfsatam.

4' Ft w"tfciF .asht-"imsati. FFtr!adhi%4) 4t. -i8fFiI- n-"a"imsati. am ' tam

.-#ifNF l natrimsat. @ 3 Y dasasatam." @ Fo F tnmsat. F F ;asi&K) . 4t. -tfEI-NFn "atrimsat. dhi am *atam.

FF itna at"l% 211 tYY .. d"e sate.

rimsat. F d"fsatam.

4 @ 1 C-iilrftF at"Arimsat. " @@ Foo F trfni sa%) &I)4t. n-"a at"A% tlni.

rimsat. AF trfsatam.-#if iF inapan Asat. @@@ lo o .'if;asa satlni.

Fo Fo .;Fpan Wt. F sab'.sram.

Note%In order to form 0the numbers from 4@ to @@ not

enumerated abo"e,it is onl! necessar! to remember that 4,K, and'me.,. ; tr !as, and .%"t asht- before 4@ and " @ (**&F d"l"imsatF, -6CiJNFfitW!o"imsati, -ImF asht-%


94/243


95/243

C N =E8A?#.

C- V aant-n,howe"er, has the fol owing alternati"e forms % N. A. ( .%wClasbla., I. F asht.bhll, D. Ab. ' IT!IK

Fhtabh!C-, P. ashtAsu. Note /46'G. '. The numerals Kto ) are used as plF agreeing

with their substanti"el in Dumber .and cue /K and .. If8%bna"imsati%tarnal.

seth C,,C i55'5.D IfAIii "imsatitam'A.

K@th F trimAl.

F . trimsattam M

41th ..... *rt..8

:at !ri '.

8 :at !rim&

sattam .

6@th F pal AsaA.

83... ..... paa Asattama .

5@th IfI pr. shashtitam'A.

5 't , ... filii8 e ashsshtit %m*A.


96/243

F Ir. e ashasltt A .


97/243

XX

7@th .. rift .. Mptatit m .

,Iat t5Dflln ..8e aaaptati% tamC-.

C F e uaptatai.

'@th FCC-`-uttitam .#I#t F in&r e AsttitamaA.

F CIi e Wtai.)@th *I*Iftnnr8nantitam .

) #t , ... lImil'8 e ana"ati%tamCM F e ana"ataA.

looth F AtatamaA. F

Note%The feminine from VGonwards is alwa!' formed with F t.

*-umerioa. Ac "erbs ana othe - De2i!atin?4@/45@G. CC sa rtt, onee,

-d"fi, twice. - !8 tril, thrice.F iatdri, four times.

. iF pal a rit" h, fi"e tim

F shat rit"l ,li+ time., etc.F e adhl, in one wa!%

5n d"idhl or D d"edhl, inCtwo wa s. !'** tridhl or ian tredbl, in three wa!l.

Wurdhl, in four wa!s.F pal adhl, in fi"e wa!s.

F sbodll, in ai+ waB', etc.

F e u l , one%fold.fnr. d"iAA,two%fold .F riAl, three%fold, etc.

F d"a lbn or CF d"fta!am, a pair.

F tla lbn or F bitaram or ..,., 8all, a triad.F t tushla!am,a tetrad.F p hata!aID,a pentad, etc. -


98/243

#aY@Yl0ll%., %&

4 /45 G.

*ase /in compositionG F madandF .... =I.

*ase (in compositionG i3 t" d aad p; !uahm d.

SID$BP!F.

N. Fa=m, I. Ft"am, thou

A . F mlm, me F t"lm, theeI. II ITma!A, b!me i*I*ITt" fA, b!thee

D . lf I I m@ !am/mihiG,tome F tlibh!am /tibiG, to thee

Ab. -C mit, fro me$. I#r mama, of me

P. *If3 m !i. in me

N.A. F-"DmI.D.Ab.Fl"\bh!Am

$. P. ..,;r. A"a!ol

F hat, from theeta"a, of thee

iIIf; t"a!i. in thee

.

CCF !u"iilhpm,Cn!u" !ol

#PB8

D. ( Hm,. we Frl!am,. rouA. F aamin, us F !ushmln, !sou

I. F aamlbbil, b! us F !ushmlbhiA, b! !ou

D. F asm bb!am, to us FB 'hm-bh!am, to !ou

Ab. F smat, from us F!ushm-t, from !ou

>. Falm bml,ofus FB 'hm.ml,of @u

P. asmlau, in us F !.uahmlsu, in !ou

* -fbia is properl! not a geniti"e at all, but a neuter sing. of an ad


99/243

l

%8 . &8ONO N#.

, The following enclitic forms are also used #g. A. lIT mA., i-n

t"aP D. $. it me, it te, Du, A. D. $. -C nsu, F "Am. &l.A. D. $. D ,

"u.Demonstrati"e l-rO.OllD'. M.. 44 /454G. *ase /in compositionG ;t=, that /also he, she, itG.

SID$BP!F. #PB/!P.

GZA#O. H. HA#O. -l I

. N. -'- sal/dG WTs\ /)G it t ' in8 til'A.. F tam IF tBm ITiVtin tilI., ihI tena I ITta!A F talA I fltlbhihD. %.nitasD?ai mtas7 iU .-Ah.W IIT rtaam.tUA. itAf tebhB= *IT!r. t\bb!a ,%...., ft;t tasT%.IltCC$. flII tas!a W I&Vtuhlm iI'I' * rt -m?. F tasmin F tastAm Fteshu F tim

Dual, m.t/

N. A.(. tau, WteP I. D. Ab. F tlhb!AmP$. ?. rn ta!ol. I

Neuter, N. A. sg. F tat /$ .,.d,?at. Is%tud, Engl. FtG,du, itte, p . Itfirt\ni. The other cases are the same as in the masc.

4K /45)G. *ase /in compositionG F idam, this /indefinitel!G., #IN$ ?A8. &? 8A?. . , - C

+. < 1. #l P ' .G/A#d.

N ... F a!am F i!am F imeA. Fimam FFim\m FimlnI. rn aD.ena F ana!A., F ebhl D. .. asma .. F 'Bal l-AbF 'I TiI asm\t i

-l I., -

F iFFimn-IONFbhV

F Abh!aCF -%% .. , F as!a ..ebh!=

$ . Fas!a , ,., Fesh\m?. w.Fasmin F ''!\m es=

Fp. 6 .

FAs\m

F-su .


100/243

.

8rllYDYBD . 5)

Dual,m.,f.,F.,A.(. Fima , F imeP0 . D. Ab. F Abh!lmP

$. P. iI*I*8aa-!oC., .. Neuter, N. A. sg. F idam, duo F ime, pl. F bnlni.

4 /47 G. *ase /in compositionG F adds, that.

#IN$ ?A8. '#PBF!P.

N. Fasal

GlA#e. &DZ.

Casali

lA#;.

0... laml&Df.

A. F amdm F am\m F amln F amC

D. F am%5shmai F amlish!ai I amfbh!aA FamVVbh!ah

I. F amlinA F amu!\ dfar. amlbhiA F amf*7hilt

F aDl sh!. IFam?hAm Fam\sham

!b ... . &nramtishmAt

$.

*IIfIIIT8am s h y!! .

P. Famlishmin Famt sh!A.mFamfshu C am\sbu

Dual, m. f. D., N. A.(. F amtiP I. D. Ab. F amltbh!Am,Famu!oC. -

Neuter, D. A. sg.F adC-, pl. Fnhm\ni.46. ?i e 3 =d are inflected

A. I /45KG. The demonstrati"e pronouns 0Ft!ad, he, she, itPsg .. D. 8 s!-h, -V;l s!\, ill""t!atP A.lI&Vt!am, i T06t!ftm,F t!at, etc.

4 /45'G. F et d, this /"er! nearGP sg. N. F esh-C , F es ,F etatP A. F emm,BTI6 et\m, F at t, etc.

K /47@G.,F enad /encliticG, he, she, it, is defecti"e, onl! oc%


101/243

curring in the A. ag. du, and pl., I. sg., and $. ?. du, It istlubstituted for F. et .d and F idam when these refer to anF etad or F V id5m in a preceding sentence.

* /47KG. The intenoptive pronoun F im, whoX sg. D. :a, ClIT I, F imP !. am, F m, F im.

:p.6 .


102/243


103/243

* .I .

'

&*OlfOO? *.

4' /475G. *! acidiD-F =Ii aDdF-C to eertain pronominal basel, the following compounda, impl!ing ;uil.ntit!, hlwe beenformed %

F tl"at, @ muchF etl"at, @ much declined H:e DOun# in F Tat /)'G.

F!l( t, as muchF f!at, '@ muchftanr]; h h f!ln, F f!ati, Ff!at /)'G0........ --C !aWl,ow muc

Dote&a ati, how man! m Bti,'@

man!, and *Ifr!-ti,as man!, are uninftected in the N. A., but in the other cues aredeclined li e F .u i / @)G. .

4) /477G, The interrogati"e F im, b! addingC,CC it, F .ianC or .t3 -pi, i' changed to an indefinite, pronoun.

F lt, F it. Ffm it, loFe oneP alsoF F it, an!thing.

..... uhn , F Wan , F ldmhn , lome one.

.sfHr 5. pi, *ITfiI ipi, t &rf; fmapi, lome one. .Ia the lame maaDer inde*.nite ad"erbs are formed F A$a;

when ~ bdnit, 8ICA F, onceP .. " ,whereX

. it lflr Blpi,not an!where.#ometimee the relati"e pronoun is prefi+ed to the interrogati"e, toreDder it indefinite F **8 ,whoeoe"er T ftII

yIIa,.. F.of whomsoe"er. ?i ewise F yR* tit, who%I@'"er, or F ... yi0I s a, or / ..... rI! :Bhn4.. The relati"e pronoun, if doubled, aslumel an indefinite orrather distributi"e meaning -C , If, I;, !5 aA.!- !l,! d!ad, wholoe"er. Oceaaional Fhe relati"e and demonstrati"e

pronounsare combined for the same O rOo


104/243


105/243

f'n'

. .

:ONl $ATIONi

fold /and similar words in !a ..C tra!-GP fr>*rd"fta!a, two..fold /and similar words in t a!a A I Itrfta!aG, ma!followthe pronominal declension in the N. pl., and fw ft Id"itf!aand Ftrit !a in the whole singular.

E-. iaramIA or ...F iarame D. fn'i l3 d"itf!l!a or

flHi %.ad"itf!asmaiP Ab. fllt C,d"itf!lt or / -Cd"itf%!asmltP $. rl n-, fE:fd"itf!as!a T ?I fI*it*ld"iti-!e or fI rftcaf lfVd"itf!asmin N. pl. frIft*n8d"itf!=.

Note%At the end of possessi"e compounds /4 'G these pro%nominal ad


106/243

FD'e# . . &resent /indicati"eGP 4. Imperfect /iDdicati"eGCP K. DlF perati"eP . Optati"e /potentialGP .6. &erfect /reduplicated and periphrasticGP 5. Aorist /flrst and secondGP 7. 9uture /simple and

periphrasticGP '. :onditionalP )% *enecticti"eOF

#reLati e (a indof aorist optati"eG.The abo"e forms contain two principal groups, the present

group /present, imperfect, imperati"e, optati"eG and the sibilant

group /simple future, conditional, first aorist, benedicti"eG. Ofthe remaining forms, two are reduplicated /perfect and second

aorist, K see 5 G, two are periphrastic /perfect and futureG, and

one a root%preterite /second aorist, I and 4 see 5 and 5KG.*esides these forms, there is one infiniti"e / ) G, unconnected

>ith an! tense%stemP and participles connected with three tensesP present, simple future, and perfect, acti"e, middle, and passi"e.

There is neither < pluperfect nor a sub


107/243

.@

ft,

:ON# OATION. -

. l0lea cnu....K6 /4)6G. The Fen :laI#e are di"ided into com.t....

tiona. In the first, comprising the #t, -th, 5th, and lothclasses, the present te end. %in a, and remainF unobsagedthroughout.

In the aecoFa coll


108/243


109/243

:ON $ATION. &&

K. The se"enth or 8udh class adds the terminations directl!to the final consonant, before which i6 n is inserted in thewea , and na in the strong forms.

F !ug, to


110/243

CdbC

&8 @ll $ATION.

a.a. p catiOIl.@ /K@4G. 9i"e "erbal forms ta e reduplication in #ans rit,

"i2. the present stem of the third con


111/243


112/243

.; -ete/lG FFetAm/lG FetAm/fiAte/4G FatAm/4G e!atAm t!AtAm FA.tlm/4G

'@ 0:ONl $ATION.

>,OIJt l.ptiOD, therefore, the term.iDatioD. are ace .. teae+cept in the strong forms(*"*) and in -the imperfect /the aug%ment alwa!s being accentedG,

&reeent.

I. fit mi4. fa si'". ' ti

&A8A#=AI&ADA.Imperfect. Optati"F

,F

lit :OIl . 2Il; con .WlVam4 Fe!am'F!am

S Fe' F!A'

Ft Fet F!at

Imperati"e.

FAni&(I) fthi /4G

I tI. -"al4. **'8thah

K.>8tal

, *( "a C e a '3!' !lBa ..,.. ! a

F tam F etam F !at m F tamPrF tAm F etAm F!atAm F tAm-

I. If8maA If rna ema !Ama4. I'tha Pr ta n eta tmr !ataK. 'tI'f ranti I F an 5 , .F e!us F !us

FAma

-ta...., antu6

AT=ANE&ADA,&relent. Imperfect. Opta ...t..i...M e.

Imperati"e.

I.Fe e/lG Fi/4G Fe!aCC

Fi!a F ai4.(0se

".Ill6 th

il-ta

b FethAsneta

F tthAs

t.rita-]- s"a

itF t'.F.I.;"ahe ,C"ahi Fe"ahi F t"ahi F A"ahai

4.ri ethe/IG F ethMA,in/IG *K*I**I#6 FethAm/lGF Athe/4G 'II0 'lIl6Ath !m ( 4G e!AthAm t!AthAm FlthA.m/4G

lG

I.;mahe Iff( mahi FCemahi Ftmahi Flmahai4.s:dh"e 06 dh"am - F edh"am F tdh"am F dh"amK. ...&.itante /IG -r.iI- anta /IG *Kti6eran Ftran Fantam/lF

it ate/4G WI at-a/4G FatAm/4G


113/243

OON $ATION. '

NoteC I %The final a of the first con


114/243


115/243


116/243

ooNJ1JGATION .'


117/243

*I I

s

FP

l * OON $ATIO,N. 7 5

E

f~

I~0

-\#.

+~F-f

58*

& ;

i

/at f

,, 8?..d F

1,~ .&s 60e'. '.; F%P

Y:d

e 'I~Ii It. -6

~It6

. < . *

.... ' ; E., ++ .

7 0 F F


118/243

C- .

8


119/243

2 :

tiH

f.. il *>


120/243

i

*I I

. : Ol lG-> !TIY0r + 81

.H

4i

Fi/i g- (IiFB t .,t t t t,.P

I~?t

~ 00lF/i

.t itE i it.; .....< ]I

t it ,10 ~ * ? ,FtI7i -t i t

,f + i .e'K


121/243

l+8 6 Jiii 0 O

F*

F9

,F..8 .

-C

..


122/243

88 :ON $ATION.


123/243

?~ ?~(

1~

~* tQa

u:~

L

Jt

!ONJ GATION " #$

. ;

K

r f

Ii (1 ...

3 PP+ 8 f Q

.;

i]I

It.

+

JKK

aJK3 3

$O

. .;t

' S

.P

. 88i$Il

~i' ith the

connecting "owel F it e+cept in eight "erbs 'Idru, to run, , *I- ,to hear, F stu, to praise, **sru, to flow, 'K- ri, to do, bhri, to

bear, , "ri, to choose, #l sri, to go, >here it m*l * be omittec .The K. pl. Atm. retains the F i e"en in these "erbs. The i isomitted in the 4. sg. &ar. in those "erbs which do not ta e .F in the future.

E+. 'I0KI*I*la rtha, F a FF-, F a rue. ,) /K4)G. 8oots ending in -lITA /or diphthongs, .uC *94, 7G

drop the >r A before "owels and the intermediate F i F

* Yn t.lle cbanre of , dh to l6 di, cpo 6', p. @5,6.


136/243

1 .:ON $ATION.

dadh\-tba, F dadh%i%tha, F dadhFu . TheFe- roots /e+cept

F h"e,.to ca G also ta eC au as their termination in I. and K.tl?. &ar. JIT dbA, FF dadhau,

6@ /K47G. I. (owels capable of-$una, ta e it throughout the

singular if followed b! one consonant.

F ish, F i!%esh%aP *'t budh, !aiNbubFhaP but iftcVgl",~#i#i'va.

4. 9inal "owels ta e (riddhi or $uFa in the first, $una in thesecond, ( riddhi onl! inthe third person singular ift nl, to lead,I. fif-ilT lnini!a or fiIiA nina!a, 4. F ninetha or firP ri r r nina!itha,. K. fPr. rr; ninF!a.

K. =edial. a before a single consonant is lengthened /i, e. ta es (riddhiG optionall! in the first and. necessaril! in K. sg.P e. g. t%-han, to ill, I. if'*tI'iIgaghlna or I I-iIgagh'.na, K. *I*l0' fgag na.

6 /K4'G. On the other handP the .root in the wea formsis wea ened in the following cases %

I. 8oots in which .. ', is preceded and followed b! a singleconsonant /e. g. FpatG, and which in their reduplicated s!llablerepeat the initial consonant unchanged /this F+cludes roots begin%

ning with aspirates, with gutturals, and with l/ "G, contract thetwo s!llables to one with the diphthong *K'e /ep. ?at. eap%io, cep%iG,This contraction ta es place e"en in 4. sgP &ar., when - tha isadded With F i /the strong form is used when - tha is added with%

out F-iG F !ak, ;m pe i%tha, but '3*f$f3 papa %tha, ;, pe u P litV tan, F ten%i%tha, F tenuit. .

Note%it trt~Eto cross, F phal, to burst, F bhag, to en


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138/243


139/243


140/243


141/243

:ON $ATION. @6

. Atmanepada /a medial "owel, as well as final lri,remains unchangedin the second formG.

I-irat I-o rm..

: 5.,to cut. I-arumaipada.I ... Nt r , -/ lA"%isham ... = If LKIgla"%ish,,

. 4.F aIA"%i W:P#IA-i/ >A"%ishtamK0 CINtC-C, '.I "%tt .Nlf ii-/ lA"%ishtAm

A.tmaDepacla.

.=I rC... >A"%ishmaW=TftnaIb%ishta... =it rs '.I "..ishuh

I. -5Nf f c '. a"%ishi ... =f i4 f] aIa"%ish"ahi -W=fct ift la"%ishmahi

4. -ll:Ps-far.'. a"%isht = .MffllIII- -i/ la"%ishAtham .Fala"%idh"amK. F la"%isbta ... =f;i:irili/ala"%ishAtAm =ffillft ala"%ishat .

8 budb, to percei"e, as it ends in a eonaonant, ta es onl!$una. &ar. sg. I. abodhisbamP Atm . . I fJlfll-bodhisbi. Note%%al grab,to sei2e, does not ta e (riddhi.Other roots

with ... a followed b! a single consonant ta e it optionall!.

. .ecODel I-orm.f l tship, to throw.

I-arumaipada.

. F a shaip%sam F - shaip%s"

2 +...,8 a shaip%sih F a shaip%tam

K0 Fa4I ' - shaip%sit F a shaip%tAmAtmaDepac a.

F a shaip%sma

.. a shaip% Pa

....r,,- shaip%suh

I. F 8 ship%si wfJiitftr-neahi, 4. pl . ...nt!Fnedl"am., rl, to do (final7 , ri)8 &ar. F - ArshamP Atm. -W fflt


142/243

riabi, 4. -W fC-a rithu, K .,. a rita.


143/243

1 % OONl $ATlON.

Inegul.a.riti ...

I. Terminations beginning with F at or 'tKI6sth drop their F s if the base ends in short "owel or in Mconsonant e+cept

nasals **' shaip%ta, ., a ri%tb P but..r. '.mamsta,from iiiV man, to thin .

4. F ;a, to gi"e, IT dbA., to place, *IIlT st=, to stand, changetheir "owels to i before the terminations of the tmanepada.

These "erbs ta e the second aorist in the &arasmaipada / 5KG.K. F dri*, to see, F sri#, to create, F spris, to touch, ta e

( riddhi with metathesis in the &ar. F sri#, .e 'IF srAbhamPdu. 4. F sra.htamP Atm. F sn ahi,F -sri%

shlAAA, -C&urishtaP du. 4ffiKli-srlbh"ahiP pI. 4. Fasriddh"am.

. The aor. of 3 dab, to burn, is difficult /op. 5@ and 5)GF ac hA shamP du, 4. FF adlgc ham< pI. 4. F

adagdhaP Atm. FlIf =lhabhi, 4. ~Fl91 -dagc h=, Fadagc haP pl. 4 J& IF adhagdh" ID -6g, noteG.

6. The termination F dh"am of 4. pl. Atm. becomesC dh"amwhen immediatel! attached to < root ending in an! other "owel

than -lit AP optionall! after intermediate F i preceded b! a semi%

"owel or l h F a ridl"am T but F -la"idh"amor @ CV%d "am. The f dh"e of the perf. Atm. 4. pl. under thesame conditions becomes C dA"e.

Thir; I-orm.6) /K67G. This isconith an F ' prefi+edto them. =ost "erbs ta ing this form end in -lit A or in diph%thongs /which ta e 'Ill' A '' their substituteG. In the Atm. these"erbs ta e the second form.


144/243

.,'

OON $ATION. @7

*lf !A, to go. l-arumai : a.I. FFa!Aaisham -W ITf' a!bisb"a-W;,f\illa! sishma.4. ' *I'*lit8g!Ast C,ufnC, a!Aaiahtam .c r(I a!AsishtaK0 F, -!Astt >3tf='l'l*6 a!Asishtlm F !Asish.h

*'1*Irih I-@ -Dl.5@-364). The roots which ta e this form must end in a sibi%

lant or l h, preceded by an! "owel but. a or. A. Their radicalC(owelremains unchanged. The terminations are those of theimperf. of the first con


145/243

=lhubhamP far -c hubhi.6. F dih, to anoint .F ac hibham P ...&Df>r=lhibhi.n

@' :ON $ATION.

K. Flih,tosmear 9ar ... f:P#ti C,'.li shamP Atm.Fati %shi, .F ali shath orF aIld=h/ 7)G, .fcnrPr li sbataor F ,ltdhaP >fL s ali sbadb"am or F altd "am.

0 duh, to mil F

#econd Aorin.I-irat l-o D.

5 /K5KG.This form is li e an imperfect of the si+th class, theterminations of the mst con


146/243

OoD0B$!TIYD. 1

#econc I-O D.5K /K5'G. The imperfect terminations of the second con


147/243

@ :OW $ATION.

c. Where, as in roots beginning with double consona.nts, the"owel of the reduplicati"e s!llable is necessaril! long b! position,

it is not changed to the long "owel /a ui!utat, not - d !utatG.

. In other wO=s, the eduplicated base, with the augment, iseither " % " or" " %. In roots beginning and ending with twoconsonants, this metrical rh!thm is necessaril! bro en '. as andat.

#pecial * I . of *ec aplication.

55 /K76G. .. a, F i, S u, .... ri are represented in the re%duplicati"e s!llable b!

.. a or F i, F i, .. u, F i, which are all lengthenedif ueceesar!,

I. "% ".

**'6 gan, to beget .. ftF agtganatP F mu , to release.F tlmtunu atP F "ridh, to grow -II ftF bl"ridhat Pl0*I*fglap%a!a, cans, of tIT #lA, to now .FifY3 , agigilapat.

4. " "%.

F dip, to abine .. nt, -/ adidtpat.Irreg".larit7

57 /K7)G. The causal aorist of F athA, to stand, is slightl!irregular mF atishthipat /for atishtlapatG.

#imple &uture.

5' /K' G. The future is formed b! adding to the base F '!a,or, with intermedia.te F i, F ish!a, to which are attached theterminations of the present of the first con


148/243


149/243


150/243

OONl $A.-lION. '

Note 4. The ' *I a!a of the tenth class and of deri"ati"e "erbs

is dropped in the &ar. F or!laam, but Atm ... -I/f iifti TF F

....,,F.

1#8

N ote% The ablati"e is commonl! used in this sense with abstract

nouns in iIf t"a, especiall! in commentaries .F,CsF If-%Fpar"atosgnimA il dhfunat"At, the mountain has fire in it, be%cause of there being smo e.

b. With "erba of feariag and pnteotiDg F FstenAd bibheti, he Fears the thief T C ft iii ftF p him tranara% At, protect me from hell.

c. With words meaning clift&erentfrom /...... an!a, ft 9a,F VtaraG rishnAd o!o go"indal,. 1rish8'is di rerent from $o"inda.

d. With oomparati"es or words ha"ing a comparati"e senseF -t&fr f rI r-tgo"indad Fmo "id"attarah, 8Ama is morelearned than $o"indaP *I'*ltrftlIlCICfdfY ..it arm llo gfi nam ati%ri !ate, nowledge is superior to action.

e. With words denoting points of the compass I&I Cl-C-0IIc..-gFmAt pnr"o giri , the mountain is to the east of the "illage.

f. Time >ithin or- after which an!thing is dFne F-'aptF.hlt, within se"en da!sP F F bahor drishtam WAt,seen after a long time.

$eniti"e.4KK. The primar! meaning of the gen. is ;uasi%Fd


188/243

u.rfi8

F(T? D' O& #BNTAF. )

II. With ac


189/243

-C F

1$ O T?INE# O9 #nrrA lF

I. It e+presses the following collateral meanings %

a, ThF recipient 'finIt.iir*0 8'F**' "itarati guruh prlgne"id!lm, a teacher imparts nowledge to an intelligent pupil.

b. FTowards - F F l*fir l 8 prAnisbu da!Am- : r&"anti sAdha"aA, tbe good show compassion towards animate beings,

. c. The effect of a cause F *OIri ir > t:lT g-V dai%!am e"a hi nrinlm "riddhau sha!e Araaam, 9ate Is the causeof the decline or prosperit! of men.

d. *! reason of, with. regard to f lbC tf*rkki$dreshu satrum hanti, he sla!s the enem! by reason of his .wea

pointsP -

e. Amongst, of, with superlati"es umI&f fa&*Ii#f8 sar"eshu putreshu ramo mama pri!atamah, of all the sons

*Arna is dearest to me.

NoteM The geniti"e is also used in this sense.f. After, of time /li e abl.G .rF F ( )

F asmin dine bhu t"F!am tr!ahe./tr!a=dG bho t , ha"ing

dined to%da! he will dine again after /the inter"al ofG three da!s.ll. The loc, is also used with%

a, Words meaning engaged in, intent on /-IIIWWiasa ta,F tatparaG, or s ilfal /CF risala, FtI nipuna, *ifn

panditaG -OIi sF FtI r-mo sba%d!O.te nipunah, *Ama iss ilful in pla!ing at dice.

b. Words meaning attach..ant0to /Fanu%smh, F,anu%raflg, F abhi%lashQ,con '.dence in /fF "i%s"asG,fit&nes. for /F !ugG if ; ;-8-m ri FF na halu#a untalAP if5 A- Wna me t"a!i "is"Asa , I ha"e no faithsa untalA!Am-mamubhHAsha , m! lo"e is indeed D>t towards

i*Iin !ouP FFf; F F trailo !as!upi pra%


190/243

bhut"am tasmin !ug!ate, e"en the so"ereignt! of the three worldsis fitting for him.


191/243

O T?INE# -.O9- #BNTALP 1$1

c. WFth "erbs of t8bro>i ? ( as, fir( ship, F mu G &aB0T=Ii6 f>r3f> arau bbln FbFpati he darts arrows at his enem!.

d. With "erbs of ta0; ? /-If ri, F alG, sei%i ? ( grabG,or atri:i ?8 "rt cpn /F8rG salgl"a am s (!e

panau rit"l /gnnlt"AG, ta ing #allg "a a b! the left haud P F

C F eseshu grihit"A, sei2ing b! the hair.

Note%, $ri, FT d , and F grah ma! ta e the instr. also,

r.ocatiFF and $e liti"e Absolute.4K6. The loco and gen ..absolute are used in much the same wa!

as the English nom., the $ree gen., and the ?atin able absolute.

The loco is the usual absolute ease, the gen. being comparati"el!seldom used in this sense.

E+.0F F ga hatsu dineshu, as the da!s went bPF F ' 8 goshu dugdhasu sa gFa , the cows ha"ing been

mil ed, be departedP .. F C /dIHFG;/CF ad!a dasamo

masas tAtas!upa%ratas!a, to%da! is the tenth -month since m!father died.

Note I. The pres. part. of F as, to be, rna,. be used in agree%. ment with other absolute participles % -iI- I,>.m tathA rite

Fati, this being done.

Note 4. !n indeclinable word /Fe"am, F itth'm, 'F*ITt-thA, F hiG is sometimes used in agreement with the absolute

participle C mt e"am gate, this being the case /lit. it ha"inggone thusG.

Note K. The particle C e",C and arr%.mA.tra /at the end of acompoundG ma! be used after an absolute part. to e+press- no

sooner%than,- -scarcel!%when - . &t0nnF F aprabhA.%ta!Am e"a ragan!im, scarcel! had it dawned when %P 0(fer

,n pra"ishta ..mAtra e a tatrabha"ati, no sooner hadhis

.honour entered than 0K


192/243

Q64 - O T?DfE# O9 #BNTALF

e ... lataaoe.4K5. a. The ace. is used to e+press a- tioD, of time and

distance in space /44', 4G.

b. The i ..t`. e+presses the time or space >ithin which an!%thing is done /4K@, I, 5G.

c. The able e+presses time withiD. or after which an!thiIigis done /4K4, f).

d. The len. e+presses the time in which an action is npeatedF d"ir ahnal, twice a da! /4KK, I(. cG .

5. The @@.e+presses the time /IG at which .i IIi6 asmin dine, on this da!0P /aG afI a which, li e able /4K , I. f).

&articipl ...

4K7. The present participle is used with F As,0tosit, andJIIr sthA, to stand, to e+press continuous action Ff i-ii- bha%

sha!ann late, he eeps eating P Vf l f ... / i-/ JIInriti "i ara!snsthita , he stood thus thin ing.

&ast &articiple

4K'. The passi"e participle and its aeti"e form in CC "at /butnot the perf. O


193/243

O T?llO# O& #TNTALF 6K

4 ....The construction is the same as in the case of the put pals. part. ft ..... F ma!a tatra ganta"!am, I must go there.

,a. #ometimes this part. e+presses certaint! of the future n%F F . tatas tenlt,api .. bdaA arta"!u, then he alaowill surel! ma e a noise .. b. #ometimes it is used for the future simpl! F ;ii< liAiiI8Tf; F `C-IIf V!u"a!ol pa sha%balena ma!Fpi su henaganta"!am, I too sball go at ease b! the strength of !our wings.

-c. F bha"i "!am and F bhA"!am from F bhft, to

be, are used impenonall! to e+press necessit! or high probabilit!.The ad


194/243


195/243

YB'rttDES 0O9-#BNTAL,

Fnf*- F*.-#*#.-lIre.ent. .

4 . The use of this tense is much the same a,s in English,-*ut the following differences should be noted %

I. a. In narration the historical present is more commonl! usedthan in English flFci F lpIl F Fftr himn!a o bhoganam rit"A bile s"apiti, Hiran!a a t ha"ing ta en his food,

used to sleep- in his holeP F , I.fir F damana o pri ati atham etat, Damana a as ed, - How was itX-

h. The present is sometimes used to e+press the immediate past . -. 'iiI fit a!am )a mi, I ha"e


196/243

.'(eII

1$%

b. The Oe`f'eot is generall! used in narrating e"ents of the. remote pastP it ne"er refers to e"ents of the current da!.

c. The aorin refers to past time generall!, without reference

to an! particular time, and to actions of the current da!. It isDot a narrati"e tense, but is appropriate in dialogues. It is thus

e;ui"alent to the English perfect presentl. It also e+preaaes con%tinuous a:tion /li e the imperfect in ?atinG F adat, he wasgi"ingP Fadad t, he ga"e.

Note%This tense ae;uiees an impeFti"e sense after the prohi%

biti"e particles lITmA.and II tII m!sma, when it loses the augmentfT F mA bhaishtl, do not fear /cp. K)G.

#imple ld &eriphrutio ruF 4 5. The .imple future is used of l! futm e actionP while

the periphrutio, which is much less fre;uentl! emplo!ed, refersto. ;e8fl i* eorCF future time, but not to actions to ta e

place in the course of the current da!.

Imperati"e.4 7. #pecial uses of the imperati"e are the following %a. With interrogati"es it has the force of -should - *iI3in

8 I II im adhunA. ara"lma, what should we do nowX

h. The #t and ard pers. are translated b! -let - 3 aham ga Ani

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Mac Do Nell Grammar