m5_reduplicationmetathesis

Hauptseminar The Phonology-Morphology Interface http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka

Reduplication and MetathesisREDUPLICATION: FUNCTIONS

Brief definition: reduplication is a morphological process in which an affix is realized by phonological material borrowed from the base

- reduplication is widespread in the languages of the world, but rather rare in the modern European languages

English: pooh-pooh, goody-goody, sing-song, wishy-washy(may indicate plurality, distribution, repetition, customary activity, added intensity, continuance)

Examples from other languages:

Papago: bana ‘coyote’ ba:bana ‘coyotes’Luganda: babiri ‘two’ babiribabiri ‘every two’Mandarin: ren ‘man’ renren ‘everybody’Malay: anak ‘child’ anakanak ‘various children’

in nouns reduplication most often signals plurality


Reduplication and MetathesisREDUPLICATION: FUNCTIONS

Reduplication in verbs often indicates continuation, frequency or repetition of an event/action:

Tzeltal: pik ‘touch it‘ pipik ‘touch it lightly/repeatedly’Sundanese: gujon ‘to jest’ gugujon ‘to jest repeatedly’Twi: bu ‘bend/break’ bubu ‘bend/break (many things)’

Reduplication can also have augmentative …

Turkish: dolu ‘full’ dopdolu ‘quite full’Thai: di: ‘to be good’ dí:di: ‘to be extremely good’

… or diminutive/attenuative meaning:

Nez Percé xójamac ‘child’ xojamacxójamac ‘small child’Thai kɛ̀: ‘old (people)’ kɛ̀:kɛ̀: ‘elderly’Thai kàw ‘old (things)’ kàwkàw ‘oldish’


Reduplication and MetathesisTOTAL AND PARTIAL REDUPLICATION

Plural Formation in Warlpiri:

kurdu ‘child‘ kurdukurdu ‘children’kamina ‘girl’ kaminakamina ‘girls’mardukuja ‘woman’ mardukujamardukuja ‘women’

total reduplication: copy of the complete word

Example analysis:

Data from Maori (Krupa 1966):

reo ‘voice’ reoreo ‘conversation’ augmentativekimo ‘wink, blink’ kimokimo ‘wink frequently’ augmentative/frequentative

kikimo ‘keep the eyes firmly closed’ augmentative (opposite)ako ‘learn’ akoako ‘consult together’ augmentativewera ‘hot’ werawera ‘rather hot’ attentuativepaŋgo ‘black’ papaŋgo ‘somewhat black/dark’ attenuative

total and partial reduplication


Reduplication and MetathesisREDUPLICATION AS UNDERSPECIFICATION

Borselow and McCarthy (1984):

Reduplication is a special case of ordinary affixational morphology, where the affixesare phonologically underspecified, receiving their full phonetic expression by copyingadjacent segments

reduplication is the affixation of a morpheme template (in the shape of a CV skeleton), which is underspecified(i.e. phonologically defective) – a phonemic melody must be mapped onto the CV-slots of the template

mapping is achieved by copying a portion of or the entire segmental base to which the underspecified morpheme is attached

Underspecification allows developing the most economical grammar possible – otherwise reduplication would force us to make up an infinitely long list of morphemes (e.g. plural in Warlpiri)

Mapping principles in reduplication (Broselow and McCarthy 1983):

(i) introduce an underspecified affix (prefix, suffix, infix)(ii) create an unassociated copy of the phonemic melody of the root, stem or base(iii) associate the copied phonemic melody on to the CV-skeleton one-to-one

In the case of a prefix affixation goes from left to right, for a suffix from right to left(iv) erase all superfluous phonemic material or any CV slots that remain unassociated


Reduplication and MetathesisREDUPLICATION AS PREFIXATION I

Example analysis Agta (Marantz 1982):

takki ‘leg’ taktakki ‘legs’ plural is formed by prefixing CVC (with CVCCVuffu ‘thigh’ ufuffu ‘thighs’ root) or VC (with VCCV root)

C V C C V C V C C V C C V C V C C V C C V

t a k i t a k k i t a k i t a k t a k i

Process:

- reduplication rule copies the entire segmental melody- segments associate in 1-to-1 fashion starting from the beginning of the word- only the first three (two) segments- unassociated segments are deleted (“pruning”)


Reduplication and MetathesisREDUPLICATION AS PREFIXATION II

Example analysis Tagalog (Carrier-Duncan 1984):

kandila ‘candle’ mag-ka-kandila ‘candle vendor’magʔa:ral ‘study’ pag-ʔa-ʔa:ral ‘studying’

- disyllabic roots: initial CV of the stem is copied reduplicated prefix is short regardless of original vowel’s length

tahi:mik ‘quiet‘ tahi:tahi:mik ‘rather quiet’baluktot ‘crooked’ balu:baluktot ‘variously bent’

- trisyllabic roots: CVCVV-prefix addedshort vowels may be lengthened

C V C V V C V C V C C V C C V C V V C V C V C C V C

b a l u k t o t b a l u (k t o t) b a l u k t o t


Reduplication and MetathesisREDUPLICATION AS SUFFIXATION

Data from Saho (Welmers 1973):

lafa ‘bone’ lafof ‘bones’ gaba ‘hand’ gabob ‘hands’illa ‘spring’ illol ‘springs’ rado ‘animal hide’ radod ‘animal hides’af ‘mouth’ afof ‘mouths’ nef ‘face’ nefof ‘faces’

Example derivation:

a. C V C b. C V C V C

n e f n e f o

c. C V C V C d. C V C V C

n e f o nef n e f o n e f

e. C V C V C f.

n e f o n e fOutput: nefof

underlying representation of the root

suffix template with preassociated /o/ and unlinked C-slot

phonemic melody of root after /o/ of VC suffix

right-to-left association in suffixes

unattached segments are deleted


Reduplication and MetathesisINTERNAL REDUPLICATION

Infixing reduplication: part of the base is inserted in the base as an affix

Data from Samoan (Broselow and McCarthy 1983): Plural formation in three-syllable verbs

alofa alolofa ‘love’ maliu maliliu ‘die’ savali savavali ‘walk’

Example derivation:

a. C V C V C V b. C V C V C V C V

s a v a l i s a v a l i

c. C V C V C V C V d. C V C V C V C V

s a (sa) v a (li) v a l i s a (sa) v a (li) v a l i

underlying representation

CV infix

phonemic melody copying

left-to-right association

Output: savavaliHighly marked derivation: left-to-right association starts with the second syllable. The first one is invisible (Inkelas 1989)


Reduplication and MetathesisALTERNATIVE PROSODIC MORPHOLOGY: BYPASSING CV-SLOTS

McCarthy and Prince (1990) propose a somewhat different theory of Prosodic Morphology:- morphological melody maps directly on prosodic phonological templates consisting of genuine

prosodic units such as syllables, feet or phonological words- the argument for this is that in many cases/processes templates can be characterized directly

in terms of such prosodic units

Three principles:(i) The Prosodic Morphology Hypothesis

Templates are stated in terms of units of prosody

(ii) The Template Satisfaction Condition

All elements in a template must be satisfied: no part of the morphological template may remain unassociated with some prosodic unit

(iii) The Prosodic Circumscription of Domains

The domain in which morphological processes take place may be circumscribed not only by morphosyntactic factors, but also by prosodic criteria.


Reduplication and MetathesisREDUPLICATION IN KINANDE I

Mutaka and Hyman (1990) have used Prosodic Morphology according to the three aforementioned principles to describe reduplication in Kinande.

Typical structure in Kinande nouns.

augment- prefix stemo ku gulu ‘leg’a ka ti ‘stick’e ki tembekalɪ̡ ‘tree’

Reduplication is used to create new nouns with an intensified meaning (e.g. ‘a real(ly good) x’)

Nouns with bisyllabic stems Nouns with monosyllabic stems

okugulu ‘leg’ okigulugulu ‘real leg omutwe ‘head’ omutwemutwe ‘real head’akahuka ‘insect’ akahukahuka ‘real insect’ ebilaa ‘bowels’ ebilaabilaa ‘real bowels’okuboko ‘arm’ okubokoboko ‘real arm’ akatɪ ‘stick’ akatɪkatɪ ‘real stick’

for monosyllabic stems stem syllable + prefix are reduplicatedfor disyllabic stems only two syllables of the stem are reduplicated


Reduplication and MetathesisREDUPLICATION IN KINANDE II

Analysis principles proposed for reduplication in Kinande:a. the reduplicative template is a prosodic unit consisting of two syllablesb. the template is suffixedc. copy the melody of the minimal word

(either disyllabic stem or prefix + monosyllabic stem)d. map the melody to the template right-to-left

Example derivation:a. σ σ σ

ku gu lu

b. σ σ σ σ σ

ku gu lu

c. σ σ σ σ σ

ku gu lu ku gu lu

d. σ σ σ σ σ

ku gu lu ku gu lu

a. σ σ

a ka ti

b. σ σ σ σ

a ka ti

c. σ σ σ σ

a ka ti ka ti

d. σ σ σ σ

a ka ti ka ti


Reduplication and MetathesisREDUPLICATION IN KINANDE III

Further analysis – Predict the intensified meaning of the three example words:

augment- prefix stem intensified meaning

e n da: ‘belly’ endandanda: ‘real belly’e m bwa ‘dog’ embwambwambwa ‘real dog’e n dwa ‘wedding’ endwandwandwa ‘real wedding’

a. σ

e ndwa

b. σ σ σ

e ndwa

c. σ σ σ

e ndwa ndwa

d. σ σ σ

e ndwa ndwa ndwa

minimal word (augment excluded)

suffixation of disyllabic prosodic template

first copy of base noun melody with right-to-left mapping

second copy of base noun melody with right-to-left mapping

As the available base is only monosyllabic double reduplication is necessary to provide enough syllables for the prosodic template

Nouns with stems of more than two syllables are not reduplicated at all

Morpheme Integrity Condition on reduplication: the reduplicative process must use up all segments representing the minimal word or none at all

Derivation:


Reduplication and MetathesisMETATHESIS I

Metathesis (segments switching position in a word) is difficult to describe with traditional theories, but can be accounted for naturally by a prosodic template approach.

Example analysis from Hanunoo (Gleason 1955)

1. Prefix ka- to make cardinal number express multiple times

lima ‘five’ kalima ‘five times’pitu ‘seven’ kapitu ‘seven times’

2. When Numeral CVCV-structure with /u/ as first V, then /u/ is deleted

duwa ‘two’ kadwa ‘twice’ tulu ‘three’ katlu ‘three times’

3. If u is deleted and /ʔ/ preceded it, then metathesis occurs involving /ʔ/ and the following consonant

ʔusa ‘one’ ( kaʔsa) kasʔa ‘once’ʔupat ‘four’ ( kaʔpat) kapʔat ‘four times’ʔunum ‘six’ ( kaʔnum) kanʔum ‘six times’


Reduplication and MetathesisMETATHESIS II

Example derivation:

a. C V b.

k a C V C V C V C V C V

ʔ u s a k a ʔ u s a

c. C V C C V d. C V C C V

k a ʔ s a k a s ʔ a

ka- prefixation tier conflation

deletion of /u/ metathesis


Reduplication and MetathesisEXERCISES I

1. Write a rule to account for the reduplication shown by the Latin data below.

Present Perfect

pendo: ‘I hang’ pependi: ‘I have hanged’mordeo: ‘I bite’ momordi: ‘I have bitten’tondeo: ‘I shear’ totondi: ‘I have shorn’

2. Study the following data from Ateso

aɪdʊk ‘to build’ aɪtʊdʊk ‘to cause to build’aɪlɛl ‘to be glad’ aɪtɛlɛl ‘to cause to be glad’aɪnjam ‘to eat’ aɪtanjam ‘to feed’aɪwadɪk ‘to write’ aɪtawadɪk ‘to cause to write’aɪcak ‘to throw’ aɪtacak ‘to cause to throw’

a. Identify the infinitive morphemeb. Write down the root of each verbc. Give a formal statement of the derivation of the causative


Reduplication and MetathesisEXERCISES II

3. Study carefully the patterns of reduplication exemplified by the following Luganda words:

(i) muto: ‘young’ muto:toto: ‘rather young’mubi: ‘bad’ mubi:bibi: ‘rather bad’muti: ‘cowardly’ muti:titi: ‘rather cowardly’

(ii) kibisi ‘wet’ kibisibisi ‘rather wet’mugezi ‘clever’ mugezigezi ‘rather clever’kilebevu ‘slack’ kilebevulebevu ‘rather slack’mugaja:vu ‘lazy’ mugaja:vugaja:vu‘rather lazy’

(mu- and ki- are noun class prefixes)

a. What is the meaning contributed by reduplication?b. Describe the pattern of reduplicationc. Show the derivations of /muto:toto:/, /mubisibisi/ and /mugaja:vugaja:vu/


Reduplication and MetathesisEXERCISES III

4. Write derivations of the diminutive forms in the following data from Agta:

wer ‘creek’ walawer ‘small creek’talobag ‘beetle’ talatalobag ‘lady bird’pirak ‘money’ palapirak ‘a little money’

5. Study the Hanunoo transcription word-game data below

Base Form gloss Word game form

rignuk ‘tame’ nugrikbi:ŋaw ‘nick’ ŋa:biwbalaɪnun ‘domesticated’ nulaɪban

a. Identify the segments moved in the transposition gameb. How is vowel length affected by the transposition process?c. Using templates, show how the game form /ŋabi:w/ is formed

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m5_reduplicationmetathesis