Nanotechnology

Biomedical applications: part I

M.A.Ahmed Prof.D.Sc. of nanotechnology and materials science

2

Materials Science Lab.(1), Phys.Dept.,

Faculty of Science, Cairo University,

Giza, Egypt.

Tel-Fax: 002 02 35676742

http://www.nanoferrite.net/material_science.htm

moala47@hotmail.com

Materials Science Lab.(1)

http://www.nanoferrite.net/material_science.htmmailto:moala47@hotmail.commailto:moala47@hotmail.commailto:moala47@hotmail.com

Outlines

Nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Different methods of preparation of nanomaterials.

Characterization techniques of nanomaterials after

preparation.

Applications of nanomaterials

Biomedical uses of nanomaterials

Antibacterial effect of nanomaterials

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

The nanostructures on the footpads of Geckos:

When the footpads of these incredible creatures are viewed at the nano-scale, you find the finest hairs called setae which allow them to, not only mechanically grip onto imperfections in the surface too small for the human eye to see, but also electronically bond to the surface too!

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

Nanotechnology is the creation of

materials and devices by controlling the

size of matter at the levels of atoms and

molecules. (Roco et al., 1999).

In other words, it is the use of very small

particles of materials to create new large

scale materials (Mann, 2006).

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

affecting on the FactorsWhat are the

particle size of Nano-materials?

1-Method of preparation.

2-pH value in case of chemical or wet method.

3-Annealing Temperature and Time.

4-Type and amount of surfactant.

5-Type and amount of fuel.

11-5-2011 Materials Science Lab.(1) 8

grinding

pressing

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

I- Standard ceramic method

or double sintering

1TAHA.avi2TAHA.avi

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

11-5-2011 Materials Science Lab.(1) 12

Materials Science Lab.( 1)

How to Characterize the prepared nano

Materials?

1-FTIR

2-XRD and ICDD cards

3-HRTEM

4-SEM

5-EDX

6-Zeta Sizer Potential

7-BET

Materials Science Lab.( 1)

Materials Science Lab.( 1)

NZF/BTO

nanocomposite

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

11-5-2011 Materials Science Lab.(1) 22

9 10 11 12 13

0

5

10

15

20

Data: Data1_C

Model: Gauss

Equation: y=y0 + (A/(w*sqrt(PI/2)))*exp(-2*((x-xc)/w)^2)

Weighting:

y No weighting

Chi^2/DoF = 4.5366

R^2 = 0.94914

y0 2.0301 ±1.88236

xc 11.39588 ±0.17646

w 1.13924 ±0.885

A 17.89685 ±7.72257nu

mb

er

of p

art

icle

s

L(nm)

x=0.15

(c) x=0.15

No agglomeration or clusters appear in any part of the sample. The crystallite size for the sample

with x=0.15 is around 11 nm with quantum dot size and the distribution of crystallites is fitted

with a Gaussian function. Well dispersed crystallites are seen also for x=0.35 with high

homogeneity, distributed and fitted with a Gaussian function around 9.5 nm. These nanoparticles

of BLFO consisting of magnetic spheres of quantum dot size of uniform shape could be of

special interest for spintronic applications in spin valves as a

pining layer due to their enormous coercivity.

11-5-2011 Materials Science Lab.(1) 23

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0

5

10

15

20

L(nm)

nu

mb

er

of p

art

icle

s

Data: Data1_B

Model: Gauss

Equation: y=y0 + (A/(w*sqrt(PI/2)))*exp(-2*((x-xc)/w)^2)

Weighting:

y No weighting

Chi^2/DoF = --

R^2 = 0.99532

y0 2.49952 ±--

xc 9.40337 ±--

w 1.49854 ±--

A 27.13849 ±--

x=0.35

(d) x=0.35

Fig. (1:c, d) TEM micrographs and the corresponding distribution of the samples.

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

Different Applications of Nanomaterials 1-Nano-Medicine 2-Drug delivery 3-Environment 4-Energy 6- Building and Construction 7-Increasing the efficiency of energy production 8-Information and communication 9-Memory storage devices (magnetic nano materials with high saturation magnetization Ms) 10- Novel semiconductor devices (spintronics) 11-Nanoparticles and steel 12-Nanoparticles in glass 13-Nanoparticles in coatings 14-Nanoparticles in fire protection and detection

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

Medicine-Nano-1

The nano-materials are used as contrast agents (MRI) for cell imaging and therapeutics for treating cancer. Nano-materials can be useful for both in vivo and in vitro biomedical research and applications

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

2-Drug delivery

This highly selective approach reduces costs and human suffering. Nano-particles could hold small drug molecules transporting them to the desired location. Some important applications include cancer treatment with iron nano-particles eg. Ferro-fluid or gold shells, where the core is magnetite Fe3O4.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_molecule

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

Fascinating properties of ferrofluid

Super paramagnetic materials

• Superparamagnetism is a phenomenon by which magnetic

materials may exhibit a behavior similar to paramagnetism

even when at temperatures below the Curie or the Néel

temperature. This is a small length-scale phenomena,

where the energy required to change the direction of the

magnetic moment of a particle is comparable to the

ambient thermal energy. At this point, the rate at which

the particles will randomly reverse direction becomes

significant.

http://www.answers.com/topic/magnetism-1http://www.answers.com/topic/paramagnetismhttp://www.answers.com/topic/curie-pointhttp://www.answers.com/topic/n-el-temperature-2http://www.answers.com/topic/n-el-temperature-2http://www.answers.com/topic/n-el-temperature-2http://www.answers.com/topic/energyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-momenthttp://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-momenthttp://www.answers.com/topic/magnetic-momenthttp://www.answers.com/topic/thermal-energyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/thermal-energyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/thermal-energy

Applications of Superparamagnetism

Biomedical Applications

• Ferrofluid : Tunable Viscosity

• Sensors : High sensitivity (Bio-Medical Applications) • Detection : Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Separation : Cell-, DNA-, protein- separation.

• Treatment : Drug delivery, hyperthermia,

Nanorobots will be injected into the bloodstream and administer a drug directly to an infected cell. This nanorobot has a carbon nanotube body, a biomolecular motor that propels it and peptide limbs to orient itself. Because it is composed of biological elements such as DNA and proteins, it will be easily removed from the body.

Killer Nanorobot Infection

The head of a pin is around a millimetre across.

This nanorobot is an injector. It has been

designed to carry the red liquid seen here, and

inject it using a needle (not seen). It moves around

on legs, like those of a spider.

Changes in the electrical charge

can create vibration energy

(actuations) within the PZT

Using the unique properties of

PZT fibers to extract energy

from sources such as vibration,

thermal and radiation;

The use of PZT technology to

monitor and diagnose cancer

like never before, and with

dramatically reduced costs to

the patient;

Enlistment of ITO nanofibers to

act as Nano Gas and Bio

Sensors;

Thermoelectric nanostructures

which enable improvements in

power generation systems

Tail consists of

Piezoelectric

Nanorobot injecting

nutrients in the

organ inlet.

Nanorobot turns back to

capture more molecules

to be assembled.

A "Stinger" engages in a delicate surgical

operation to remove a cancer tumor. The

Stinger nanorobot can inject a toxin or

medicine of choice, either autonomously, or

through teleoperation.

Tested on a variety of living cells

including red cells, white cells, and

fungi, while a technician monitors their

progress in a microscopic viewing

chamber.

Materials Science Lab.( 1)

tattoo on nanosensor Graphene"

teeth monitors bacteria in your

mouth "

http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=24767.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=24767.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=24767.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=24767.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=24767.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=24767.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=24767.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=24767.php

Hyperthermia in ac magnetic field

for a selected time post injection

twice monthly

Table (1) Some liver function parameters and tumor

markers beside iron level in blood pre and post IV

injection of magnetic ferrofluid.

ALT

(u/l)

AST

(u/l) AFP Iron (ppm)

-ve Control group 33.2 ±

3.51 a

29.3±

2.54 a

4.3 ±

1.91 a

0.052 ±

0.009 a

+ve control

126.67±

1.23 c

85.00±

5.13 c

24.67±

1.05 c

0.047±

0.003 a

Before treatment

After treatment

103.80

5.07 b

58.40

3.70 b

15.64

1.67 b

0.193

0.020 b

F-calculated 14.541# 16.541# 20.541# 43.564#

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

Preparation of gold nanoparticles (GNJPs)

using laser ablation

Energy

(mJ)

Average

size

(nm)

20 14

30 13

40 12

50 12

100 8

150 11

200 12

250 14

0

8

16

0 100 200 300

par

ticl

e si

ze (

nm

)

energy (mJ)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

10

20

30

Ethanol concenteration

Av

era

ge

siz

e (

nm

)

Average

size (nm)

Ethanol

concentration

12 0%

14 20%

17 40%

17 60%

18 80%

27 100%

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

no

of p

art

icle

s

average size (nm)

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

no

of p

art

icle

s

average size (nm)

50 nm

GNPs prepared

at 30 mJ

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240

10

20

30

40

no

of part

icle

s

average size (nm)

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240

10

20

30

40

no

of part

icle

s

average size (nm)

GNPs

prepared at

50 mJ

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

Core

shell

surfactant

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

Core

shell

Mag./Non mag

Core

shell

Both mag of diff.

Hardness

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

51

*Apollo diamonds are grown using a highly

modified derivation of the process scientists

know as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD).

Our technology enables us to grow real

diamonds without putting additional stress on

the environment.

Materials Science Lab.( 1)

http://9.mshcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/main-.jpg

Materials Science Lab.( 1)

http://9.mshcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/gloves-main.jpg

Materials Science Lab.( 1)

Different applications of nano-materials

Bluetooth

glove 3 in 1

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

5-Energy

Flexible Solar Cells

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

Thin-film flexible photovoltaics are paving the

way to low-cost electricity. Organic, inorganic

and organic–inorganic solar cells are deposited

over flexible substrates by high-throughput

(often roll-to-roll printing) technologies to afford

lightweight, economic solar modules that can be

integrated into, not installed on, various

surfaces.

Current conversion efficiencies under standard

conditions are in the 3–15% range, but in real

applications the overall productivity is high.

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

These rolls are

commercial-grade

solar

photovolatics

printed by

inkjet printer

Prof.Dr.D.Sc.

M.A.Ahmed

A plastic solar

cell

production

, where line

solar cells are

printed

roll as -to-roll

newspapers

•purple when stained

•Thick cell wall Gram+

•pink when stained

•Thin cell wall Gram -

Types of Bacteria

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

Why Nano materials to kill microorganisms

• Average bacteria 0.5 - 2.0 um in

diam.

–RBC is 7.5 um in diam.

• Surface Area ~12 um^2

• Volume is ~4 um

• Surface Area to Volume is 3:1

Antibacterial Effect of Fe0 nanoparticles

on E.coli

Disruption of the cell membranes

was observed in E. coli exposed to nano-Fe0 .

The bactericidal effect of nano-Fe0 was a unique property which was not observed in other types of iron-based compounds. Due to corrosion and surface oxidation of zerovalent Fe , E.Coli Needs large dose of nano-Fe0 . The ratio of Fe0/Fe3O4 plays a significant role in kiling the E.Coli.

the adsorption material for capturing bacteria

the release-active antibacterial agent

the visible sensitive and release-active antibacterial agent

UV sensitive antibacterial material and substrate

Ag Br

Ag

TiO2

Apatite

Antibacterial nano-fibrous membranes fabricated by electro-spinning

of these nanoparticles, such toxic effect The , has been ZnO-of nanoas those comprised

nteraction of the found to occur due to an iand to surface with water, nanoparticle

increase with a decrease in particle size

ZnO-Antifungal Activity of nano

Selected area Same Selected area after treating with of E .Coli before treating with nano ZnO nano Zn O

Water proof, magnetic paper ,

Coated fibers by antibacterial and

antimicrobial

Antibacterial paper Fluorescent paper fibers.

it doesn’t create a surface over the paper, it creates a soft 3D shell around each fiber of the paper.

http://blogs-images.forbes.com/jenniferhicks/files/2012/04/nanofiber.jpg

Antimicrobial Applications of Electroactive

(polyvinyl N-carbazole (PVK) (97 wt %), and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) (3

wt %) Nano-composites

Team work

Materials Science Lab.( 1)