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APPENDIX M – Connections to the Common Core State Standards for Literacy in Science and Technical Subjects1
Literacy skills are critical to building knowledge in science. To ensure the CCSS literacy standards work in tandem with the specific content demands outlined in the NGSS, the NGSS development team worked with the CCSS writing team to identify key literacy connections to the specific content demands outlined in the NGSS. As the CCSS affirms, reading in science requires an appreciation of the norms and conventions of the discipline of science, including understanding the nature of evidence used, an attention to precision and detail, and the capacity to make and assess intricate arguments, synthesize complex information, and follow detailed procedures and accounts of events and concepts. Students also need to be able to gain knowledge from elaborate diagrams and data that convey information and illustrate scientific concepts. Likewise, writing and presenting information orally are key means for students to assert and defend claims in science, demonstrate what they know about a concept, and convey what they have experienced, imagined, thought, and learned. Every effort has been made to ensure consistency between the CCSS and the NGSS. As is the case with the mathematics standards, NGSS should always be interpreted and implemented in such a way that they do not outpace or misalign to the grade-by-grade standards in the CCSS for literacy (this includes the development of NGSS-aligned instructional materials and assessments). Below are the NGSS Science and Engineering Practices and the corresponding CCSS Literacy Anchor Standards and portions of the Standards for Science and Technical Subjects.
Connections to the English/language arts (ELA) CCSS are included across all disciplines and grade bands in the final version of the NGSS. However, Appendix M focuses on connections to the Standards for Literacy in Science and Technical Subjects, which only cover grades 6–12. Therefore this appendix likewise only lists connections for grades 6–12. The K–12 ELA connections that are currently listed in the NGSS connection boxes will also be added to this appendix in the near future. See the Common Core State Standards website for more information about the Literacy standards: http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy.
1 Many thanks to the contributions of Susan Pimentel in the development of this document..
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 2
of 1
6 Sc
ienc
e an
d En
gine
erin
g Pr
actic
e: A
skin
g Q
uest
ions
and
Def
inin
g Pr
oble
ms
Stud
ents
at a
ny g
rade
leve
l sho
uld
be a
ble
to a
sk q
uest
ions
of e
ach
othe
r abo
ut th
e te
xts t
hey
read
, the
feat
ures
of t
he p
heno
men
a th
ey o
bser
ve, a
nd th
e co
nclu
sion
s the
y dr
aw fr
om th
eir m
odel
s or s
cien
tific
inve
stig
atio
ns. F
or e
ngin
eerin
g, th
ey sh
ould
ask
que
stio
ns to
def
ine
the
prob
lem
to b
e so
lved
and
to e
licit
idea
s tha
t lea
d to
the
cons
train
ts a
nd sp
ecifi
catio
ns fo
r its
solu
tion.
(NR
C Framework
2012
, p. 5
6)
Supp
ortin
g C
CSS
Lite
racy
Anc
hor
Stan
dard
s and
Rel
evan
t Por
tions
of t
he C
orre
spon
ding
Sta
ndar
ds fo
r Sc
ienc
e an
d Te
chni
cal S
ubje
cts
Con
nect
ion
to S
cien
ce a
nd E
ngin
eeri
ng
Prac
tice
CC
R R
eadi
ng A
ncho
r #1
: Rea
d cl
osel
y to
det
erm
ine
wha
t the
text
says
exp
licitl
y an
d to
mak
e lo
gica
l inf
eren
ces
from
it; c
ite sp
ecifi
c te
xtua
l evi
denc
e w
hen
writ
ing
or sp
eaki
ng to
supp
ort c
oncl
usio
ns d
raw
n fr
om th
e te
xt.
x R
ST.6
-8.1: “
…supp
ort a
nalysis o
f scien
ce and
tech
nical tex
ts.”
x
RST
.9-1
0.1: “…
supp
ort a
nalysis o
f scien
ce and
tech
nical tex
ts, a
ttend
ing to th
e precise de
tails
of e
xplana
tions or
desc
riptio
ns.”
x
RST
.11-
12.1: “
…supp
ort a
nalysis o
f scien
ce and
tech
nical tex
ts, a
ttend
ing to im
porta
nt distin
ctions th
e au
thor
mak
es and
to any
gap
s or inc
onsisten
cies in
the acco
unt.”
Evid
ence
pla
ys a
crit
ical
role
in th
e ki
nds
of q
uest
ions
ask
ed, i
nfor
mat
ion
gath
ered
, an
d fin
ding
s rep
orte
d in
scie
nce
and
tech
nica
l tex
ts. T
he n
otio
n of
clo
se
read
ing
in R
eadi
ng S
tand
ard
1 em
phas
izes
th
e us
e of
ask
ing
and
refin
ing
ques
tions
in
orde
r to
answ
er th
em w
ith e
vide
nce
that
is
eith
er e
xplic
itly
stat
ed o
r im
plie
d.
CC
R R
eadi
ng A
ncho
r #7
: Int
egra
te a
nd e
valu
ate
cont
ent p
rese
nted
in d
iver
se fo
rmat
s and
med
ia, i
nclu
ding
vi
sual
ly a
nd q
uant
itativ
ely,
as w
ell a
s in
wor
ds.
x R
ST.6
-8.7: “
Integrate qu
antitative or te
chnical information ex
pressed in w
ords in
a te
xt w
ith a version
of tha
t inform
ation ex
pressed visually (e
.g., in a flow
chart, diag
ram, m
odel, g
raph
, or tab
le).”
x
RST
.9-1
0.7: “Tr
anslate qu
antitative or te
chnical information ex
pres
sed
in w
ords
in a
text
into
vis
ual f
orm
(e.g
., a
tabl
e or
cha
rt) a
nd tr
ansl
ate
info
rmat
ion
expr
esse
d vi
sual
ly o
r mat
hem
atic
ally
(e.g
., in
an
equa
tion)
into
wor
ds.
x R
ST.1
1-12
.7: “
…ev
alua
te m
ultip
le so
urces o
f information presen
ted in diverse fo
rmats a
nd m
edia
(e.g
., qu
antitative da
ta, v
ideo
, multim
edia) in orde
r to ad
dress a
que
stion or so
lve a prob
lem.”
Scie
ntis
ts a
nd e
ngin
eers
pre
sent
dat
a in
a
myr
iad
of v
isua
l for
mat
s in
orde
r to
reve
al
mea
ning
ful p
atte
rns a
nd tr
ends
. Rea
ding
St
anda
rd 7
spea
ks d
irect
ly to
the
impo
rtanc
e of
ask
ing
ques
tions
abo
ut a
nd
eval
uatin
g da
ta p
rese
nted
in d
iffer
ent
form
ats.
CC
R R
eadi
ng A
ncho
r #8
: Del
inea
te a
nd e
valu
ate
the
argu
men
t and
spec
ific
clai
ms i
n a
text
, inc
ludi
ng th
e va
lidity
of
the
reas
onin
g as
wel
l as t
he re
leva
nce
and
suff
icie
ncy
of th
e ev
iden
ce.
x R
ST.6
-8.8: “
Distin
guish am
ong facts, reason
ed ju
dgmen
t based
on research
find
ings, a
nd sp
eculation...”
x
RST
.9-1
0.8: “
Ass
ess t
he exten
t to which
the reason
ing an
d ev
iden
ce in
a te
xt su
pport the
autho
r’s c
laim
or a
reco
mmen
datio
n for s
olving
a sc
ientific or te
chnical p
roblem
.”
x R
ST.1
1-12
.8: “
Eval
uate
the
hypo
thes
es, d
ata,
ana
lysi
s, an
d co
nclu
sion
s in
a sc
ienc
e or
tech
nica
l tex
t, ve
rifyi
ng
the da
ta w
hen po
ssible and
corrobo
ratin
g or cha
lleng
ing co
nclusion
s with
other so
urces o
f information.”
Cha
lleng
ing
or c
larif
ying
scie
ntifi
c hy
poth
eses
, arg
umen
ts, e
xper
imen
ts o
r co
nclu
sion
s—an
d th
e ev
iden
ce a
nd
prem
ises
that
supp
ort t
hem—
are
key
to
this
pra
ctic
e. R
eadi
ng S
tand
ard
8 em
phas
izes
eva
luat
ing
the
valid
ity o
f ar
gum
ents
and
whe
ther
the
evid
ence
of
fere
d ba
cks u
p th
e cl
aim
s log
ical
ly.
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 3
of 1
6 C
CR
Wri
ting
Anc
hor
#7: C
ondu
ct sh
ort a
s wel
l as m
ore
sust
aine
d re
sear
ch p
roje
cts b
ased
on
focu
sed
ques
tions
, de
mon
stra
ting
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
subj
ect u
nder
inve
stig
atio
n.
x R
ST.6
-8.7: “
…an
swer
a q
uest
ion
(incl
udin
g a
self-
gene
rated qu
estio
n)…
gene
ratin
g ad
ditio
nal r
elat
ed, f
ocus
ed
questio
ns th
at allo
w fo
r multip
le ave
nues of e
xploratio
n.”
x R
ST.9
-12.
7: “…
narr
ow o
r bro
aden
inqu
iry w
hen
appr
opria
te…
”
Gen
erat
ing
focu
sed
ques
tions
and
wel
l-ho
ned
scie
ntifi
c in
quiri
es a
re k
ey to
co
nduc
ting
inve
stig
atio
ns a
nd d
efin
ing
prob
lem
s. Th
e re
sear
ch p
ract
ices
refle
cted
in
Writ
ing
Stan
dard
7 re
flect
the
skill
s ne
eded
for s
ucce
ssfu
l com
plet
ion
of su
ch
rese
arch
-bas
ed in
quiri
es.
CC
R S
peak
ing
& L
isten
ing
Anc
hor
#1: P
repa
re fo
r and
par
ticip
ate
effe
ctiv
ely
in a
rang
e of
con
vers
atio
ns a
nd
colla
boratio
ns w
ith diverse partners,
build
ing on
others’ id
eas a
nd exp
ressing their o
wn clea
rly and
persuasively.
x SL
.8.1: “
…Po
se…
spec
ific
ques
tions
by
mak
ing
com
men
ts th
at c
ontri
bute
to th
e di
scus
sion
…”
x SL
.9-1
0.1: “
... p
osin
g an
d re
spon
ding
to q
uest
ions
that
rela
te th
e cu
rren
t dis
cuss
ion
to b
road
er th
emes
or l
arge
r idea
s…”
x SL
.11-
12.1: “
…po
sing
and
resp
onding
to que
stions th
at probe
reason
ing an
d ev
iden
ce…
”
The
abili
ty to
pos
e re
leva
nt q
uest
ions
, cl
arify
or e
labo
rate
on
the
idea
s of o
ther
s or
requ
est i
nfor
mat
ion
from
oth
ers
are
cruc
ial t
o le
arni
ng a
nd c
ondu
ctin
g in
vest
igat
ions
in sc
ienc
e cl
ass.
Spe
akin
g an
d Li
sten
ing
Stan
dard
1 sp
eaks
dire
ctly
to
the
impo
rtanc
e of
ask
ing
and
refin
ing
ques
tions
to c
larif
y id
eas t
hat g
ener
ate
solu
tions
and
exp
lana
tions
.
CC
R S
peak
ing
& L
isten
ing
Anc
hor
#3: E
valuate a sp
eake
r’s p
oint of v
iew, rea
soning
, and
use of e
vide
nce an
d rh
etor
ic.
x SL
.8.3: “
…ev
alua
ting
the
soun
dnes
s of t
he re
ason
ing
and
suff
icie
ncy
of th
e ev
iden
ce, a
nd id
entif
ying
whe
n irr
elev
ant e
vide
nce is in
trodu
ced.”
x SL
.9-1
0.3: “…
iden
tifyi
ng fa
llaci
ous r
easo
ning
or e
xagg
erat
ed o
r dis
torte
d ev
iden
ce.”
x
SL.1
1-12
.3: “
…assessing the stan
ce, p
remises, links
amon
g idea
s, word ch
oice
, points
of e
mph
asis.”
Eval
uatin
g the so
undn
ess o
f a sp
eake
r’s
reas
onin
g an
d ev
iden
ce c
once
rnin
g sc
ient
ific
theo
ries a
nd c
once
pts t
hrou
gh a
se
ries o
f inq
uirie
s tea
ches
stud
ents
to b
e di
scrim
inat
ing
thin
kers
. Spe
akin
g an
d Li
sten
ing
Stan
dard
3 d
irect
ly a
sser
ts th
at
stud
ents
mus
t be
able
to c
ritiq
ue a
poi
nt o
f vi
ew fr
om th
e pe
rspe
ctiv
e of
the
evid
ence
pr
ovid
ed a
nd re
ason
ing
adva
nced
.
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 4
of 1
6 Sc
ienc
e an
d En
gine
erin
g Pr
actic
e: P
lann
ing
and
Car
ryin
g O
ut In
vest
igat
ions
St
uden
ts sh
ould
hav
e op
portu
nitie
s to
plan
and
car
ry o
ut se
vera
l diff
eren
t kin
ds o
f inv
estig
atio
ns d
urin
g th
eir K
-12
year
s. A
t all
leve
ls, t
hey
shou
ld e
ngag
e in
in
vest
igat
ions
that
rang
e fr
om th
ose
stru
ctur
ed b
y th
e te
ache
r—in
ord
er to
exp
ose
an is
sue
or q
uest
ion
that
they
wou
ld b
e un
likel
y to
exp
lore
on
thei
r ow
n (e
.g.,
mea
surin
g sp
ecifi
c pr
oper
ties o
f mat
eria
ls)—
to th
ose that emerge
from
stud
ents’ o
wn qu
estio
ns. (NRC Framework,
201
2, p
. 61)
Su
ppor
ting
CC
SS L
itera
cy A
ncho
r St
anda
rds a
nd R
elev
ant P
ortio
ns o
f the
Cor
resp
ondi
ng S
tand
ards
for
Scie
nce
and
Tech
nica
l Sub
ject
s C
onne
ctio
n to
Sci
ence
and
Eng
inee
ring
Pr
actic
e C
CR
Rea
ding
Anc
hor
#3: A
naly
ze h
ow a
nd w
hy in
divi
dual
s, ev
ents
, or i
deas
dev
elop
and
inte
ract
ove
r the
cou
rse
of a
text
. x
RST
.6-8
.3: “
Follo
w p
reci
sely
a m
ultis
tep
proc
edur
e w
hen
carr
ying
out
exp
erim
ents
, tak
ing
mea
sure
men
ts, o
r pe
rforming tech
nical tasks.”
x
RST
.9-1
0.3: “Fo
llow precisely a com
plex
multis
tep proc
edure whe
n carrying
out exp
erim
ents, tak
ing
mea
sure
men
ts, o
r per
form
ing
tech
nica
l tas
ks, a
ttend
ing to sp
ecial c
ases or e
xcep
tions defined
in th
e text.”
x
RST
.11-
12.3: “
Follo
w precisely a com
plex
multis
tep proc
edure whe
n carrying
out exp
erim
ents, tak
ing
mea
sure
men
ts, o
r per
form
ing
tech
nica
l tas
ks; a
naly
ze th
e sp
ecifi
c re
sults
bas
ed o
n ex
plan
ations in
the text.”
Syst
emat
ic in
vest
igat
ions
in th
e fie
ld o
r la
bora
tory
lie
at th
e he
art o
f sci
entif
ic
inqu
iry. R
eadi
ng S
tand
ard
8 em
phas
izes
th
e im
porta
nce
of a
ccur
acy
in c
arry
ing
out s
uch
com
plex
exp
erim
ents
and
pr
oced
ures
, in
follo
win
g a
cour
se o
f ac
tion
that
will
pro
vide
the
best
evi
denc
e to
supp
ort c
oncl
usio
ns.
CC
R W
ritin
g A
ncho
r #7
: Con
duct
shor
t as w
ell a
s mor
e su
stai
ned
rese
arch
pro
ject
s bas
ed o
n fo
cuse
d qu
estio
ns,
dem
onst
ratin
g un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e su
bjec
t und
er in
vest
igat
ion.
Plan
ning
and
car
ryin
g ou
t inv
estig
atio
ns
to te
st h
ypot
hese
s or d
esig
ns is
cen
tral t
o sc
ient
ific
and
engi
neer
ing
activ
ity. T
he
rese
arch
pra
ctic
es re
flect
ed in
Writ
ing
Stan
dard
7 re
flect
the
skill
s nee
ded
for
succ
essf
ul c
ompl
etio
n of
such
rese
arch
-ba
sed
inqu
iries
. C
CR
Wri
ting
Anc
hor
#8: G
athe
r rel
evan
t inf
orm
atio
n fr
om m
ultip
le p
rint a
nd d
igita
l sou
rces
, ass
ess t
he c
redi
bilit
y an
d ac
cura
cy o
f eac
h so
urce
, and
inte
grat
e th
e in
form
atio
n w
hile
avo
idin
g pl
agia
rism
. x
WH
ST.6
-8.8: “
… quo
te or p
arap
hrase the da
ta and
con
clusions of o
thers…
” x
WH
ST.9
-10.
8: “…
assess th
e usefulne
ss of e
ach source in
answering the research
que
stion…
” x
WH
ST.1
1-12
.8: “
…assess th
e streng
ths a
nd limita
tions of e
ach source in
term
s of the
specific task, p
urpo
se, a
nd
audien
ce…
”
Col
lect
ing
rele
vant
dat
a ac
ross
a b
road
sp
ectru
m o
f sou
rces
in a
syst
emat
ic
fash
ion
is a
key
ele
men
t of t
his s
cien
tific
pr
actic
e. W
ritin
g St
anda
rd 8
spel
ls o
ut
the
impo
rtanc
e of
gat
herin
g ap
plic
able
in
form
atio
n fr
om m
ultip
le re
liabl
e so
urce
s to
supp
ort c
laim
s.
CC
R S
peak
ing
& L
isten
ing
Anc
hor
#1: P
repa
re fo
r and
par
ticip
ate
effe
ctiv
ely
in a
rang
e of
con
vers
atio
ns a
nd
colla
boratio
ns w
ith diverse partners, bu
ilding on
others’ id
eas a
nd exp
ressing their o
wn clearly
and
persuasively.
x
SL.8
.1: “
Com
e …
having
read
or researche
d material u
nder stud
y;; exp
licitly draw
on that prepa
ratio
n by
referring to
eviden
ce on the topic, te
xt, o
r issue
to probe
and
refle
ct on ideas u
nder discu
ssion…
defin
e individu
al ro
les a
s
Car
ryin
g ou
t inv
estig
atio
ns in
co
llabo
rativ
e se
tting
s is c
ruci
al to
le
arni
ng in
scie
nce
clas
s and
eng
inee
ring
setti
ngs.
Spea
king
and
Lis
teni
ng
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 5
of 1
6
need
ed.”
x
SL.9
-10.
1: “Com
e…ha
ving
read
and
rese
arch
ed m
ater
ial u
nder
stud
y; e
xplic
itly
draw
on
that
pre
para
tion
by
refe
rrin
g to
evi
denc
e fr
om te
xts a
nd o
ther
rese
arch
on
the
topi
c or
issu
e to
stim
ulat
e a
thou
ghtfu
l, w
ell-r
easo
ned
exch
ange
of ide
as…
mak
e ne
w con
nections in
ligh
t of the
evi
denc
e an
d reason
ing presen
ted.”
x Sl
.11-
12.1: “
…de
term
ine
wha
t add
ition
al in
form
atio
n or
rese
arch
is re
quire
d to
dee
pen
the
inve
stig
atio
n or
com
plet
e the task
.”
Stan
dard
1 sp
eaks
dire
ctly
to th
e im
porta
nce
of e
xcha
ngin
g th
eorie
s and
ev
iden
ce c
oope
rativ
ely
and
colla
bora
tivel
y to
car
ryin
g ou
t in
vest
igat
ions
.
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 6
of 1
6 Sc
ienc
e an
d En
gine
erin
g Pr
actic
e: A
naly
zing
and
Inte
rpre
ting
Dat
a O
nce
colle
cted
, dat
a m
ust b
e pr
esen
ted
in a
form
that
can
reve
al a
ny p
atte
rns a
nd re
latio
nshi
ps a
nd th
at a
llow
s res
ults
to b
e co
mm
unic
ated
to o
ther
s. B
ecau
se ra
w
data
as s
uch
have
littl
e m
eani
ng, a
maj
or p
ract
ice
of sc
ient
ists
is to
org
aniz
e an
d in
terp
ret d
ata
thro
ugh
tabu
latin
g, g
raph
ing,
or s
tatis
tical
ana
lysi
s. Su
ch a
naly
sis
can
brin
g ou
t the
mea
ning
of d
ata—
and
thei
r rel
evan
ce—
so th
at th
ey m
ay b
e us
ed a
s evi
denc
e.
Engi
neer
s, to
o, m
ake
deci
sion
s bas
ed o
n ev
iden
ce th
at a
giv
en d
esig
n w
ill w
ork;
they
rare
ly re
ly o
n tri
al a
nd e
rror
. Eng
inee
rs o
ften
anal
yze
a de
sign
by
crea
ting
a m
odel
or p
roto
type
and
col
lect
ing
exte
nsiv
e da
ta o
n ho
w it
per
form
s, in
clud
ing
unde
r ext
rem
e co
nditi
ons.
Ana
lysi
s of t
his k
ind
of d
ata
not o
nly
info
rms d
esig
n de
cisi
ons a
nd e
nabl
es th
e pr
edic
tion
or a
sses
smen
t of p
erfo
rman
ce b
ut a
lso
help
s def
ine
or c
larif
y pr
oble
ms,
dete
rmin
e ec
onom
ic fe
asib
ility
, eva
luat
e al
tern
ativ
es,
and
inve
stig
ate
failu
res.
(NR
C Framework,
201
2, p
. 61-
62)
Supp
ortin
g C
CSS
Lite
racy
Anc
hor
Stan
dard
s and
Rel
evan
t Por
tions
of t
he C
orre
spon
ding
Sta
ndar
ds fo
r Sc
ienc
e an
d Te
chni
cal S
ubje
cts
Con
nect
ion
to S
cien
ce a
nd E
ngin
eeri
ng
Prac
tice
CC
R R
eadi
ng A
ncho
r #7
: Int
egra
te a
nd e
valu
ate
cont
ent p
rese
nted
in d
iver
se fo
rmat
s and
med
ia, i
nclu
ding
vis
ually
an
d qu
antit
ativ
ely,
as w
ell a
s in
wor
ds.
x R
ST.6
-8.7: “
Integrate
quan
titat
ive
or te
chni
cal i
nfor
mat
ion
expr
esse
d in
wor
ds in
a te
xt w
ith a
ver
sion
of t
hat
info
rmat
ion
expr
esse
d vi
sual
ly (e
.g.,
in a
flow
char
t, di
agra
m, m
odel
, gra
ph, o
r tab
le).”
x
RST
.9-1
0.7:
“Tr
anslate
quan
titat
ive
or te
chni
cal i
nfor
mat
ion
expr
esse
d in
wor
ds in
a te
xt in
to v
isua
l for
m (e
.g.,
a ta
ble
or c
hart)
and
tran
slat
e in
form
atio
n ex
pres
sed
visu
ally
or m
athe
mat
ical
ly (e
.g.,
in a
n eq
uatio
n) in
to w
ords
. x
RST
.11-
12.7: “
…ev
alua
te m
ultip
le so
urces o
f information presen
ted in diverse fo
rmats a
nd m
edia (e
.g.,
quan
titative da
ta, v
ideo
, multim
edia) in orde
r to ad
dress a
que
stion or so
lve a prob
lem.”
Scie
ntis
ts a
nd e
ngin
eers
pre
sent
dat
a in
a
myr
iad
of v
isua
l for
mat
s in
orde
r to
reve
al m
eani
ngfu
l pat
tern
s and
tren
ds.
Rea
ding
Sta
ndar
d 7
spea
ks d
irect
ly to
the
impo
rtanc
e of
und
erst
andi
ng a
nd
pres
entin
g in
form
atio
n th
at h
as b
een
gath
ered
in v
ario
us fo
rmat
s to
reve
al
patte
rns a
nd re
latio
nshi
ps a
nd a
llow
for
deep
er e
xpla
natio
ns a
nd a
naly
ses.
CC
R R
eadi
ng A
ncho
r #9
: Ana
lyze
how
two
or m
ore
text
s add
ress
sim
ilar t
hem
es o
r top
ics i
n or
der t
o bu
ild
know
ledg
e or
to c
ompa
re th
e ap
proa
ches
the
auth
ors t
ake.
x
RST
.6-8
.9: “
Com
pare and
con
trast
the
info
rmat
ion
gain
ed fr
om e
xper
imen
ts, s
imul
atio
ns, v
ideo
, or m
ultim
edia
so
urce
s with
that
gai
ned
from
read
ing
a te
xt o
n th
e sa
me
topi
c.”
x R
ST.9
-10.
9: “Com
pare
and
con
trast
find
ings
pre
sent
ed in
a te
xt to
thos
e fr
om o
ther
sour
ces (
incl
udin
g th
eir o
wn
expe
rimen
ts),
notin
g w
hen
the
findi
ngs s
uppo
rt or
con
tradi
ct p
revi
ous e
xpla
natio
ns o
r acc
ount
s.”
x R
ST.1
1-12
.9: “
Synthe
size
info
rmat
ion
from
a ra
nge
of so
urce
s (e.
g., t
exts
, exp
erim
ents
, sim
ulat
ions
) int
o a
cohe
rent
und
erst
andi
ng o
f a p
roce
ss, p
heno
men
on, o
r con
cept
, res
olvi
ng c
onfli
ctin
g in
form
atio
n w
hen
poss
ible
.”
Scie
ntis
ts a
nd e
ngin
eers
use
tech
nolo
gy
to a
llow
them
to d
raw
on
mul
tiple
so
urce
s of i
nfor
mat
ion
in o
rder
to c
reat
e da
ta se
ts. R
eadi
ng S
tand
ard
9 id
entif
ies
the
impo
rtanc
e of
ana
lyzi
ng m
ultip
le
sour
ces i
n or
der t
o in
form
des
ign
deci
sion
s and
cre
ate
a co
here
nt
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
a p
roce
ss o
r con
cept
.
CC
R S
peak
ing
and
List
enin
g #2
: Int
egra
te a
nd e
valu
ate
info
rmat
ion
pres
ente
d in
div
erse
med
ia a
nd fo
rmat
s, in
clud
ing
visu
ally
, qua
ntita
tivel
y, a
nd o
rally
. x
SL.8
.2: “
Ana
lyze
the
purp
ose
of in
form
atio
n pr
esen
ted
in d
iver
se m
edia
and
form
ats (
e.g.
, vis
ually
, qua
ntita
tivel
y,
orally)…
”
Cen
tral t
o th
e pr
actic
e of
scie
ntis
ts a
nd
engi
neer
s is i
nteg
ratin
g da
ta d
raw
n fr
om
mul
tiple
sour
ces i
n or
der t
o cr
eate
a
cohe
sive
vis
ion
of w
hat t
he d
ata
mea
ns.
Spea
king
and
Lis
teni
ng S
tand
ard
2
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 7
of 1
6 x
SL.9
-10.
2: “In
tegr
ate multip
le so
urce
s of i
nfor
mation pr
esen
ted in diverse
med
ia or f
ormats (
e.g., v
isua
lly,
quan
titat
ivel
y, o
rally
) eva
luating the cred
ibili
ty and
acc
urac
y of
eac
h so
urce
.”
x SL
.11-
12.2
: “…
eval
uatin
g th
e cr
edib
ility
and
acc
urac
y of
eac
h so
urce
and
not
ing
any
disc
repa
ncie
s am
ong
the
data.”
addr
esse
s the
impo
rtanc
e of
such
sy
nthe
sizi
ng a
ctiv
ities
to b
uild
ing
know
ledg
e an
d de
finin
g an
d cl
arify
ing
prob
lem
s. Th
is in
clud
es e
valu
atin
g th
e cr
edib
ility
and
acc
urac
y of
dat
a an
d id
entif
ying
pos
sibl
e so
urce
s of e
rror
. C
CR
Spe
akin
g an
d Li
sten
ing
#5: M
ake
stra
tegi
c us
e of
dig
ital m
edia
and
vis
ual d
ispl
ays o
f dat
a to
exp
ress
in
form
atio
n an
d en
hanc
e un
ders
tand
ing
of p
rese
ntat
ions
. x
SL.8
.5: “
Inte
grat
e m
ultim
edia
and
vis
ual d
ispl
ays i
nto
pres
enta
tions
to c
larif
y in
form
atio
n, st
reng
then
cla
ims a
nd
evid
ence
...”
x SL
.9-1
2.5: “
Mak
e st
rate
gic
use
of d
igita
l med
ia (e
.g.,
text
ual,
grap
hica
l, au
dio,
vis
ual,
and
inte
ract
ive
elem
ents
) in
pres
entatio
ns to
enh
ance
und
erstan
ding
of f
inding
s, reas
oning, and
evide
nce…
”
Pres
entin
g da
ta fo
r the
pur
pose
s of c
ross
-co
mpa
rison
is e
ssen
tial f
or id
entif
ying
th
e be
st d
esig
n so
lutio
n or
scie
ntifi
c ex
plan
atio
n. S
peak
ing
and
List
enin
g St
anda
rd 5
stre
sses
the
impo
rtanc
e of
vi
sual
dis
play
s of d
ata
with
in
pres
enta
tions
in o
rder
to e
nhan
ce
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
rele
vanc
e of
the
evid
ence
. Tha
t way
oth
ers c
an m
ake
criti
cal d
ecis
ions
rega
rdin
g w
hat i
s bei
ng
clai
med
bas
ed o
n th
e da
ta.
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 8
of 1
6 Sc
ienc
e an
d En
gine
erin
g Pr
actic
e: C
onst
ruct
ing
Expl
anat
ions
and
Des
igni
ng S
olut
ions
Ask
ing
stud
ents
to d
emon
stra
te th
eir o
wn
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
impl
icat
ions
of a
scie
ntifi
c id
ea b
y de
velo
ping
thei
r ow
n ex
plan
atio
ns o
f ph
enom
ena,
whe
ther
bas
ed o
n ob
serv
atio
ns th
ey h
ave
mad
e or
mod
els t
hey
have
dev
elop
ed, e
ngag
es th
em in
an
esse
ntia
l par
t of t
he p
roce
ss b
y w
hich
con
cept
ual c
hang
e ca
n oc
cur.
In
eng
inee
ring,
the
goal
is a
des
ign
rath
er th
an a
n ex
plan
atio
n. T
he p
roce
ss o
f dev
elop
ing
a de
sign
is it
erat
ive
and
syst
emat
ic, a
s is t
he p
roce
ss o
f de
velo
ping
an
expl
anat
ion
or a
theo
ry in
scie
nce.
Eng
ineers’ a
ctivities, h
owev
er, h
ave elem
ents th
at are distin
ct fr
om th
ose of sc
ientists. T
hese
elem
ents
incl
ude
spec
ifyin
g co
nstra
ints
and
crit
eria
for d
esire
d qu
aliti
es o
f the
solu
tion,
dev
elop
ing
a de
sign
pla
n, p
rodu
cing
and
test
ing
mod
els
or p
roto
type
s, se
lect
ing
amon
g al
tern
ativ
e de
sign
feat
ures
to o
ptim
ize
the
achi
evem
ent o
f des
ign
crite
ria, a
nd re
finin
g de
sign
idea
s bas
ed o
n th
e pe
rfor
man
ce o
f a p
roto
type
or s
imul
atio
n. (N
RC
Framework,
201
2, p
. 68-
69)
Supp
ortin
g C
CSS
Lite
racy
Anc
hor
Stan
dard
s and
Rel
evan
t Por
tions
of t
he C
orre
spon
ding
Sta
ndar
ds fo
r Sc
ienc
e an
d Te
chni
cal S
ubje
cts
Con
nect
ion
to S
cien
ce a
nd
Engi
neer
ing
Prac
tice
CC
R R
eadi
ng A
ncho
r #1
: Rea
d cl
osel
y to
det
erm
ine
wha
t the
text
says
exp
licitl
y an
d to
mak
e lo
gica
l inf
eren
ces
from
it; c
ite sp
ecifi
c te
xtua
l evi
denc
e w
hen
writ
ing
or sp
eaki
ng to
supp
ort c
oncl
usio
ns d
raw
n fr
om th
e te
xt.
x R
ST.6
-8.1: “
…supp
ort a
nalysis o
f scien
ce and
tech
nical tex
ts.”
x
RST
.9-1
0.1: “…
supp
ort a
nalysis o
f scien
ce and
tech
nical tex
ts, a
ttend
ing to th
e precise de
tails
of e
xplana
tions or
descrip
tions.”
x
RST
.11-
12.1: “
…supp
ort a
nalysis o
f scien
ce and
tech
nical tex
ts, a
ttend
ing to im
porta
nt distin
ctions th
e au
thor
mak
es a
nd to
any
gap
s or inc
onsisten
cies in
the acco
unt.”
Evid
ence
pla
ys a
crit
ical
role
in
dete
rmin
ing
a th
eory
in sc
ienc
e an
d a
desi
gn so
lutio
n in
eng
inee
ring.
The
no
tion
of c
lose
read
ing
in R
eadi
ng
Stan
dard
1 e
mph
asiz
es p
ursi
ng
inve
stig
atio
ns in
to w
ell-s
uppo
rted
theo
ries a
nd d
esig
n so
lutio
ns o
n th
e ba
sis
of e
vide
nce
that
is e
ither
exp
licitl
y st
ated
or
impl
ied.
C
CR
Rea
ding
Anc
hor
#2: D
eter
min
e ce
ntra
l ide
as o
r the
mes
of a
text
and
ana
lyze
thei
r dev
elop
men
t; su
mm
ariz
e th
e ke
y su
ppor
ting
deta
ils a
nd id
eas.
x R
ST.6
-8.2
: “…
prov
ide an
accurate summary of th
e text distin
ct fr
om prio
r kno
wledg
e or opinion
s.”
x R
ST.9
-10.
2: “…
trace th
e text’s exp
lana
tion or dep
ictio
n of a com
plex
process, p
heno
men
on, o
r con
cept…
” x
RST
.11-
12.2
: “…
summarize co
mplex
con
cepts, proc
esses, or
info
rmat
ion
pres
ente
d in
a te
xt b
y pa
raph
rasi
ng th
em
in si
mpler but st
ill accurate term
s.”
Part
of th
e po
wer
of a
scie
ntifi
c th
eory
or
engi
neer
ing
desi
gn is
its a
bilit
y to
be
coge
ntly
exp
lain
ed.
That
abi
lity
to
dete
rmin
e an
d cl
early
stat
e an
idea
lies
at
the
hear
t of R
eadi
ng S
tand
ard
2.
CC
R R
eadi
ng A
ncho
r #8
: Del
inea
te a
nd e
valu
ate
the
argu
men
t and
spec
ific
clai
ms i
n a
text
, inc
ludi
ng th
e va
lidity
of
the
reas
onin
g as
wel
l as t
he re
leva
nce
and
suff
icie
ncy
of th
e ev
iden
ce.
x R
ST.6
-8.8:“Distin
guish am
ong facts, reason
ed ju
dgmen
t based
on research
find
ings, a
nd sp
eculation...”
x
RST
.9-1
0.8:
“Assess t
he exten
t to which
the reason
ing an
d ev
iden
ce in
a te
xt su
pport the
autho
r’s c
laim
or a
reco
mmen
datio
n for s
olving
a sc
ientific or te
chnical p
roblem
.”
x R
ST.1
1-12
.8: “
Evalua
te th
e hy
potheses, d
ata, ana
lysis, an
d co
nclusion
s in a scienc
e or te
chnical tex
t, ve
rifying
the
Con
stru
ctin
g th
eorie
s and
des
igni
ng
solu
tions
bot
h re
quire
ana
lysi
s tha
t is
root
ed in
ratio
nal a
rgum
ent a
nd in
ev
iden
ce st
emm
ing
from
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
wor
ld. R
eadi
ng
Stan
dard
8 e
mph
asiz
es e
valu
atin
g th
e va
lidity
of a
rgum
ents
and
whe
ther
the
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 9
of 1
6
data w
hen po
ssible and
corrobo
ratin
g or cha
lleng
ing co
nclusion
s with
other so
urce
s of information.”
ev
iden
ce o
ffer
ed b
acks
up
the
clai
m
logi
cally
.
CC
R W
ritin
g A
ncho
r #2
: Writ
e in
form
ativ
e/ex
plan
ator
y te
xts t
o ex
amin
e an
d co
nvey
com
plex
idea
s and
in
form
atio
n cl
early
and
acc
urat
ely
thro
ugh
the
effe
ctiv
e se
lect
ion,
org
aniz
atio
n, a
nd a
naly
sis o
f con
tent
. x
WH
ST.6
-8.2: “
…Dev
elop
the topic with
releva
nt, w
ell-c
hose
n fa
cts,
defin
ition
s, co
ncre
te d
etai
ls, q
uota
tions
, or
othe
r information an
d ex
amples…
” x
WH
ST.9
-10.
2: “…
Dev
elop
the
topi
c w
ith w
ell-c
hose
n, re
leva
nt, a
nd su
ffic
ient
fact
s, ex
tend
ed d
efin
ition
s, co
ncrete details, q
uotatio
ns, o
r other in
form
ation an
d ex
amples app
ropriate to
the au
dien
ce’s kno
wledg
e of th
e topic…
” x
WH
ST.1
1-12
.2: “
…Dev
elop
the topic thorou
ghly by selecting the mos
t signific
ant a
nd re
leva
nt fa
cts,
extend
ed
defin
ition
s, co
ncre
te d
etai
ls, q
uotatio
ns, o
r other in
form
ation an
d ex
amples app
ropriate to
the au
dien
ce’s
know
ledg
e of th
e topic…
”
Bui
ldin
g a
theo
ry o
r a m
odel
that
ex
plai
ns th
e na
tura
l wor
ld re
quire
s clo
se
atte
ntio
n to
how
to w
eave
toge
ther
ev
iden
ce fr
om m
ultip
le so
urce
s. W
ith a
fo
cus o
n cl
early
com
mun
icat
ing
com
plex
id
eas a
nd in
form
atio
n by
crit
ical
ly
choo
sing
, arr
angi
ng, a
nd a
naly
zing
in
form
atio
n, W
ritin
g St
anda
rd 2
requ
ires
stud
ents
to d
evel
op th
eorie
s with
the
end
goal
of e
xpla
natio
n in
min
d.
CC
R W
ritin
g A
ncho
r #8
: Gat
her r
elev
ant i
nfor
mat
ion
from
mul
tiple
prin
t and
dig
ital s
ourc
es, a
sses
s the
cre
dibi
lity
and
accu
racy
of e
ach
sour
ce, a
nd in
tegr
ate
the
info
rmat
ion
whi
le a
void
ing
plag
iaris
m.
x W
HST
.6-8
.8: “
… quo
te or p
arap
hrase the da
ta and
con
clusions of o
thers…
” x
WH
ST.9
-10.
8: “…
assess th
e usefulne
ss of e
ach so
urce
in ans
wering the research
que
stion;
inte
grat
e in
form
atio
n in
to th
e te
xt se
lect
ivel
y to
mai
ntai
n th
e flo
w o
f ide
as …
” x
WH
ST.1
1-12
.8: “
…assess th
e streng
ths a
nd limita
tions of e
ach so
urce
in te
rms o
f the
spec
ific task
, pur
pose
, and
au
dien
ce; i
nteg
rate
info
rmat
ion
into
the
text
sele
ctiv
ely
to m
aint
ain
the
flow
of i
deas
…”
Col
lect
ing
rele
vant
dat
a ac
ross
a b
road
sp
ectru
m o
f sou
rces
in a
syst
emat
ic
fash
ion
is a
key
ele
men
t of c
onst
ruct
ing
a th
eory
with
exp
lana
tory
pow
er o
r a
desi
gn th
at m
eets
mul
tiple
con
stra
ints
. W
ritin
g St
anda
rd 8
spel
ls o
ut th
e im
porta
nce
of g
athe
ring
appl
icab
le
info
rmat
ion
from
mul
tiple
relia
ble
sour
ces i
n or
der t
o co
nstru
ct w
ell-h
oned
ex
plan
atio
ns.
CC
R W
ritin
g A
ncho
r #9
: Dra
w e
vide
nce
from
lite
rary
or i
nfor
mat
iona
l tex
ts to
supp
ort a
naly
sis,
refle
ctio
n, a
nd
rese
arch
. x
WH
ST.6
-12.
9: “Draw evide
nce from
inform
ationa
l tex
ts to
supp
ort a
nalysis,
refle
ction, and
research
.”
The
rout
e to
war
ds c
onst
ruct
ing
a rig
orou
s exp
lana
tory
acc
ount
cen
ters
on
garn
erin
g th
e ne
cess
ary
empi
rical
ev
iden
ce to
supp
ort a
theo
ry o
r des
ign.
Th
at sa
me
focu
s on
gene
ratin
g ev
iden
ce
that
can
be
anal
yzed
is a
t the
hea
rt of
W
ritin
g St
anda
rd 9
. C
CR
Spe
akin
g an
d Li
sten
ing
Anc
hor
#4: P
rese
nt in
form
atio
n, fi
ndin
gs, a
nd su
ppor
ting
evid
ence
such
that
lis
tene
rs c
an fo
llow
the
line
of re
ason
ing
and
the
orga
niza
tion,
dev
elop
men
t, an
d st
yle
are
appr
opria
te to
task
, pu
rpos
e, a
nd a
udie
nce.
A th
eory
in sc
ienc
e an
d a
desi
gn in
en
gine
erin
g is
a ra
tiona
l exp
lana
tory
ac
coun
t of h
ow th
e w
orld
wor
ks in
ligh
t
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 1
0 of
16
x SL
.8.4: “
Presen
t claim
s and
find
ings
, emph
asizing salie
nt points
in a
focu
sed,
coh
eren
t man
ner w
ith re
leva
nt
eviden
ce, s
ound
valid re
ason
ing…
” x
SL.9
-10.
4: “Pr
esen
t information, fi
ndings
, and
supp
ortin
g ev
iden
ce clearly, c
oncisely, a
nd lo
gica
lly…
” x
SL.1
1-12
.4: “
Presen
t information, fi
ndings
, and
supp
ortin
g ev
iden
ce, c
onve
ying
a clear and
distin
ct persp
ectiv
e…
alternative or opp
osing pe
rspe
ctives are add
ressed
…”
of th
e ev
iden
ce. S
peak
ing
and
List
enin
g St
anda
rd 4
stre
sses
how
the
pres
enta
tion
of fi
ndin
gs c
ruci
ally
relie
s on
how
the
evid
ence
is u
sed
to il
lum
inat
e th
e lin
e of
re
ason
ing
embe
dded
in th
e ex
plan
atio
n of
fere
d.
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 1
1 of
16
Scie
nce
and
Engi
neer
ing
Prac
tice:
Eng
agin
g in
Arg
umen
t fro
m E
vide
nce
The
stud
y of
scie
nce
and
engi
neer
ing
shou
ld p
rodu
ce a
sens
e of
the
proc
ess o
f arg
umen
t nec
essa
ry fo
r adv
anci
ng a
nd d
efen
ding
a n
ew id
ea o
r an
expl
anat
ion
of
a ph
enom
enon
and
the
norm
s for
con
duct
ing
such
arg
umen
ts. I
n th
at sp
irit,
stud
ents
shou
ld a
rgue
for t
he e
xpla
natio
ns th
ey c
onst
ruct
, def
end
thei
r int
erpr
etat
ions
of
the
asso
ciat
ed d
ata,
and
adv
ocat
e fo
r the
des
igns
they
pro
pose
. (N
RC
Framework,
201
2, p
. 73)
Supp
ortin
g C
CSS
Lite
racy
Anc
hor
Stan
dard
s and
Rel
evan
t Por
tions
of t
he C
orre
spon
ding
Sta
ndar
ds fo
r Sc
ienc
e an
d Te
chni
cal S
ubje
cts
Con
nect
ion
to S
cien
ce a
nd
Engi
neer
ing
Prac
tice
CC
R R
eadi
ng A
ncho
r #6
: Ass
ess h
ow p
oint
of v
iew
or p
urpo
se sh
apes
the
cont
ent a
nd st
yle
of a
text
. x
RST
.6-8
.6: “
Ana
lyze
the au
thor’s purpo
se in
providing
an ex
plan
ation, d
escr
ibin
g a
proc
edur
e, o
r dis
cuss
ing
an
expe
rimen
t in
a te
xt.”
x
RST
.9-1
0.6: “
Ana
lyze
the au
thor’s purpo
se in
providing
an ex
plan
ation, describing a proc
edure, or d
iscu
ssing an
ex
perim
ent i
n a
text
, def
inin
g th
e qu
estio
n th
e au
thor
seek
s to
addr
ess.”
x R
ST.1
1-12
.6: “
Ana
lyze
the au
thor’s purpo
se in
providing
an ex
plan
ation, describing a proc
edure, or d
iscu
ssing an
ex
perim
ent i
n a
text
, ide
ntify
ing
impo
rtant
issu
es th
at re
mai
n un
reso
lved
.”
The
cent
ral m
otiv
atio
n of
scie
ntis
ts a
nd
engi
neer
s is t
o pu
t for
th w
hat t
hey
belie
ve is
the
best
exp
lana
tion
for a
na
tura
l phe
nom
ena
or d
esig
n so
lutio
n,
and
to v
erify
that
repr
esen
tatio
n th
roug
h w
ell w
roug
ht a
rgum
ents
. Und
erst
andi
ng
the
poin
t of v
iew
of s
cien
tists
and
en
gine
ers a
nd h
ow th
at p
oint
of v
iew
sh
apes
the
cont
ent o
f the
exp
lana
tion
is
wha
t Rea
ding
Sta
ndar
d 6
asks
stud
ents
to
attu
ne to
. C
CR
Rea
ding
Anc
hor
#8: D
elin
eate
and
eva
luat
e th
e ar
gum
ent a
nd sp
ecifi
c cl
aim
s in
a te
xt, i
nclu
ding
the
valid
ity
of th
e re
ason
ing
as w
ell a
s the
rele
vanc
e an
d su
ffic
ienc
y of
the
evid
ence
. x
RST
.6-8
.8: “
Dis
tingu
ish
amon
g fa
cts,
reas
oned
judg
men
t bas
ed o
n re
sear
ch fi
ndin
gs, a
nd sp
ecul
atio
n...”
x
RST
.9-1
0.8:
“A
sses
s the
exten
t to which
the reason
ing an
d ev
iden
ce in
a te
xt su
pport the
autho
r’s
clai
m o
r a
reco
mm
enda
tion
for s
olvi
ng a
scie
ntifi
c or
tech
nica
l pro
blem
.”
x R
ST.1
1-12
.8: “
Evalua
te th
e hy
potheses, d
ata, ana
lysis,
and co
nclusion
s in a scienc
e or te
chnica
l tex
t, ve
rifying
the
data
whe
n po
ssib
le a
nd c
orro
bora
ting
or c
halle
ngin
g co
nclu
sion
s with
other so
urce
s of information.”
Form
ulat
ing
the
best
exp
lana
tion
or
solu
tion
to a
pro
blem
or p
heno
men
on
stem
s fro
m a
dvan
cing
an
argu
men
t w
hose
pre
mis
es a
re ra
tiona
l and
su
ppor
ted
with
evi
denc
e. R
eadi
ng
Stan
dard
8 e
mph
asiz
es e
valu
atin
g th
e va
lidity
of a
rgum
ents
and
whe
ther
the
evid
ence
off
ered
bac
ks u
p th
e cl
aim
lo
gica
lly.
C
CR
Rea
ding
Anc
hor
#9: A
naly
ze h
ow tw
o or
mor
e te
xts a
ddre
ss si
mila
r the
mes
or t
opic
s in
orde
r to
build
kn
owle
dge
or to
com
pare
the
appr
oach
es th
e au
thor
s tak
e.
x R
ST.6
-8.9: “
Com
pare and
con
trast
the
info
rmat
ion
gain
ed fr
om e
xper
imen
ts, s
imul
atio
ns, v
ideo
, or m
ultim
edia
so
urce
s with
that
gai
ned
from
read
ing
a te
xt o
n th
e sa
me
topi
c.”
x R
ST.9
-10.
9: “
Com
pare
and
con
trast
find
ings
pre
sent
ed in
a te
xt to
thos
e fr
om o
ther
sour
ces (
incl
udin
g th
eir o
wn
expe
rimen
ts),
notin
g w
hen
the
findi
ngs s
uppo
rt or
con
tradi
ct p
revi
ous e
xpla
natio
ns o
r acc
ount
s.”
Impl
icit
in th
e pr
actic
e of
iden
tifyi
ng th
e be
st e
xpla
natio
n or
des
ign
solu
tion
is
com
parin
g an
d co
ntra
stin
g co
mpe
ting
prop
osal
s. R
eadi
ng S
tand
ard
9 id
entif
ies
the
impo
rtanc
e of
com
parin
g di
ffere
nt
sour
ces i
n th
e pr
oces
s of c
reat
ing
a
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 1
2 of
16
x R
ST.1
1-12
.9: “
Synthe
size
info
rmat
ion
from
a ra
nge
of so
urce
s (e.
g., t
exts
, exp
erim
ents
, sim
ulat
ions
) int
o a
cohe
rent
und
erst
andi
ng o
f a p
roce
ss, p
heno
men
on, o
r con
cept
, res
olvi
ng c
onfli
ctin
g in
form
atio
n w
hen
poss
ible
.”
cohe
rent
und
erst
andi
ng o
f a
phen
omen
on, c
once
pt, o
r des
ign
solu
tion.
C
CR
Wri
ting
Anc
hor
#1: W
rite
argu
men
ts to
supp
ort c
laim
s in
an a
naly
sis o
f sub
stan
tive
topi
cs o
r tex
ts u
sing
val
id
reas
onin
g an
d re
leva
nt a
nd su
ffic
ient
evi
denc
e.
x W
HST
.6-8
.1: “
…Su
ppor
t cla
im(s
) with
logi
cal r
easo
ning
and
rele
vant
, acc
urat
e da
ta a
nd e
vide
nce
that
de
mon
strate an un
derstand
ing of th
e topic or te
xt, u
sing
credible so
urce
s…”
x W
HST
.9-1
0.1: “…
Dev
elop
claim
(s) a
nd cou
nterclaims f
airly
, sup
plying
data an
d ev
iden
ce fo
r eac
h while pointing
out t
he st
reng
ths a
nd li
mita
tions
of b
oth
clai
m(s
) and
cou
nter
clai
ms i
n a
disc
iplin
e-ap
prop
riate
form
and
in a
man
ner tha
t anticipates th
e au
dien
ce’s kno
wledg
e leve
l and
con
cerns…
” x
WH
ST.1
1-12
.1: “
…Dev
elop
claim
(s) a
nd cou
nterclaims f
airly
and
thorou
ghly, s
upplying
the mos
t relev
ant d
ata
and
evid
ence
for e
ach
whi
le p
oint
ing
out t
he st
reng
ths a
nd li
mita
tions
of b
oth
clai
m(s
) and
cou
nter
clai
ms i
n a
disc
iplin
e-ap
prop
riate fo
rm th
at anticipates th
e au
dien
ce’s kno
wledg
e leve
l, co
ncerns
, value
s, an
d po
ssible
biases…
”
Cen
tral t
o th
e pr
oces
s of e
ngag
ing
in
scie
ntifi
c th
ough
t or e
ngin
eerin
g pr
actic
es is
the
notio
n th
at w
hat w
ill
emer
ge is
bac
ked
up b
y rig
orou
s ar
gum
ent.
Writ
ing
Stan
dard
1 p
lace
s ar
gum
enta
tion
at th
e he
art o
f the
CC
SS
for s
cien
ce a
nd te
chno
logy
subj
ects
, st
ress
ing
the
impo
rtanc
e of
logi
cal
reas
onin
g, re
leva
nt e
vide
nce,
and
cr
edib
le so
urce
s.
CC
R S
peak
ing
& L
isten
ing
Anc
hor
#1: P
repa
re fo
r and
par
ticip
ate
effe
ctiv
ely
in a
rang
e of
con
vers
atio
ns a
nd
colla
boratio
ns w
ith diverse partners,
build
ing on
others’ id
eas a
nd exp
ressing thei
r ow
n cl
early
and
per
suas
ivel
y.
x SL
.8.1: “
… Pos
e qu
estio
ns th
at con
nect th
e idea
s of s
everal sp
eake
rs and
resp
ond to others’ que
stions and
co
mm
ents
with
rele
vant
evi
denc
e, o
bser
vatio
ns, a
nd id
eas.
Ack
now
ledg
e ne
w in
form
atio
n ex
pres
sed
by o
ther
s, an
d,
whe
n w
arra
nted
, qua
lify
or ju
stify
thei
r ow
n vi
ews i
n lig
ht o
f the
evide
nce presen
ted.”
x SL
.9-1
0.1: “…
activ
ely inco
rporate othe
rs in
to th
e discus
sion
;; and
clarif
y, verify
, or c
halle
nge idea
s and
co
nclu
sion
s. R
espo
nd th
ough
tfully
to d
iver
se p
ersp
ectiv
es, s
umm
ariz
e po
ints
of a
gree
men
t and
dis
agre
emen
t, an
d,
whe
n w
arra
nted
, qua
lify
or ju
stify
thei
r ow
n vi
ews a
nd u
nder
stan
ding
and
mak
e ne
w c
onne
ctio
ns in
ligh
t of t
he
evid
ence
and
reas
onin
g pr
esen
ted.”
x Sl
.11-
12.1: “
…R
espo
nd th
ough
tfully
to d
iver
se p
ersp
ectiv
es; s
ynth
esiz
e co
mm
ents
, cla
ims,
and
evid
ence
mad
e on
al
l sid
es o
f an
issu
e; re
solv
e co
ntra
dict
ions
whe
n po
ssib
le; a
nd d
eter
min
e w
hat a
dditi
onal
info
rmat
ion
or re
sear
ch is
re
quire
d to deepe
n the inve
stigation or com
plete the task
.”
Rea
soni
ng a
nd a
rgum
ent r
equi
re c
ritic
al
liste
ning
and
col
labo
ratio
n sk
ills i
n or
der
to id
entif
y th
e be
st e
xpla
natio
n fo
r a
natu
ral p
heno
men
on o
r the
bes
t sol
utio
n to
a d
esig
n pr
oble
m.
Spea
king
and
Li
sten
ing
Stan
dard
1 sp
eaks
dire
ctly
to
the
impo
rtanc
e of
com
parin
g an
d ev
alua
ting
com
petin
g id
eas t
hrou
gh
argu
men
t to
coop
erat
ivel
y an
d co
llabo
rativ
ely
iden
tify
the
best
ex
plan
atio
n or
solu
tion.
CC
R S
peak
ing
& L
isten
ing
Anc
hor
#3: E
valuate a sp
eake
r’s p
oint of v
iew, rea
soning
, and
use of e
vide
nce an
d rh
etor
ic.
x SL
.8.3: “
…ev
alua
ting the so
undn
ess o
f the
reason
ing an
d su
fficienc
y of th
e ev
iden
ce, a
nd id
entif
ying
whe
n irr
elev
ant e
vide
nce is in
trodu
ced.”
x SL
.9-1
0.3: “…
iden
tifying
falla
ciou
s rea
soning
or e
xagg
erated
or d
istorte
d ev
iden
ce.”
x
SL.1
1-12
.3: “
…assessing the stan
ce, p
remises, links
amon
g idea
s, word ch
oice
, points o
f emph
asis.”
Eval
uatin
g th
e re
ason
ing
in a
n ar
gum
ent
base
d on
the
evid
ence
pre
sent
is c
ruci
al
for i
dent
ifyin
g th
e be
st d
esig
n or
sc
ient
ific
expl
anat
ion.
Spe
akin
g an
d Li
sten
ing
Stan
dard
3 d
irect
ly a
sser
ts th
at
stud
ents
mus
t be
able
to c
ritiq
ue th
e po
int o
f vie
w w
ithin
an
argu
men
t pr
esen
ted
oral
ly fr
om th
e pe
rspe
ctiv
e of
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 1
3 of
16
the
evid
ence
pro
vide
d an
d re
ason
ing
adva
nced
by
othe
rs.
C
CR
Spe
akin
g an
d Li
sten
ing
Anc
hor
#4: P
rese
nt in
form
atio
n, fi
ndin
gs, a
nd su
ppor
ting
evid
ence
suc
h th
at
liste
ners
can
follo
w th
e lin
e of
reas
onin
g an
d th
e or
gani
zatio
n, d
evel
opm
ent,
and
styl
e ar
e ap
prop
riate
to ta
sk,
purp
ose,
and
aud
ienc
e.
x SL
.8.4: “
Presen
t claim
s and
find
ings
, emph
asizing salie
nt points
in a
focu
sed,
coh
eren
t man
ner w
ith re
leva
nt
eviden
ce, s
ound
valid re
ason
ing…
” x
SL.9
-10.
4: “Pr
esen
t information, fi
ndings
, and
supp
ortin
g ev
iden
ce clearly, c
oncisely, a
nd lo
gica
lly…
” x
SL.1
1-12
.4: “
Presen
t information, fi
ndings
, and
supp
ortin
g ev
iden
ce, c
onve
ying
a clear and
distin
ct persp
ectiv
e…
alternative or opp
osing pe
rspe
ctives are add
ressed
…”
The
prac
tice
of e
ngag
ing
in a
rgum
ent
from
evi
denc
e is
a k
ey in
gred
ient
in
dete
rmin
ing
the
best
exp
lana
tion
for a
na
tura
l phe
nom
enon
or t
he b
est s
olut
ion
to a
des
ign
prob
lem
. Spe
akin
g an
d Li
sten
ing
Stan
dard
4 st
ress
es h
ow th
e pr
esen
tatio
n of
find
ings
cru
cial
ly re
lies
on h
ow th
e ev
iden
ce is
use
d to
ill
umin
ate
the
line
of re
ason
ing
embe
dded
in th
e ex
plan
atio
n of
fere
d.
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 1
4 of
16
Scie
nce
and
Engi
neer
ing
Prac
tice:
Obt
aini
ng, E
valu
atin
g, a
nd C
omm
unic
atin
g In
form
atio
n Any
edu
catio
n in sc
ienc
e an
d en
gine
ering ne
eds t
o de
velop stud
ents’ a
bility to re
ad and
produ
ce dom
ain-
spec
ific
text
. As s
uch,
eve
ry sc
ienc
e or
eng
inee
ring
less
on is
in p
art a
lang
uage
less
on, p
artic
ular
ly re
adin
g an
d pr
oduc
ing
the
genr
es o
f tex
ts th
at a
re in
trins
ic to
scie
nce
and
engi
neer
ing.
(NR
C Framework,
201
2, p
. 76
) Su
ppor
ting
CC
SS L
itera
cy A
ncho
r St
anda
rds a
nd R
elev
ant P
ortio
ns o
f the
Cor
resp
ondi
ng S
tand
ards
for
Scie
nce
and
Tech
nica
l Sub
ject
s C
onne
ctio
n to
Sci
ence
and
En
gine
erin
g Pr
actic
e C
CR
Rea
ding
Anc
hor
#2: D
eter
min
e ce
ntra
l ide
as o
r the
mes
of a
text
and
ana
lyze
thei
r dev
elop
men
t; su
mm
ariz
e th
e ke
y su
ppor
ting
deta
ils a
nd id
eas.
x R
ST.6
-8.2
: “…
prov
ide an
accurate summary of th
e text distin
ct fr
om prio
r kno
wledg
e or opinion
s.”
x R
ST.9
-10.
2: “…
trace th
e text’s exp
lana
tion or dep
ictio
n of a com
plex
process, p
heno
men
on, o
r con
cept…
” x
RST
.11-
12.2
: “…
summarize co
mplex
con
cepts, proc
esses,
or in
form
ation presen
ted in a te
xt by pa
raph
rasing
them
in si
mpler but st
ill accurate term
s.”
Part
of th
e po
wer
of a
scie
ntifi
c th
eory
or
engi
neer
ing
desi
gn is
its a
bilit
y to
be
coge
ntly
exp
lain
ed. T
hat a
bilit
y to
de
term
ine
and
clea
rly st
ate
or su
mm
ariz
e a
salie
nt sc
ient
ific
conc
ept o
r phe
nom
ena
lies a
t the
hea
rt of
Rea
ding
Sta
ndar
d 2.
C
CR
Rea
ding
Anc
hor
#7: I
nteg
rate
and
eva
luat
e co
nten
t pre
sent
ed in
div
erse
form
ats a
nd m
edia
, inc
ludi
ng v
isua
lly
and
quan
titat
ivel
y, a
s wel
l as i
n w
ords
. x
RST
.6-8
.7: “
Integrate qu
antitative or te
chnical information ex
pressed in w
ords in
a te
xt w
ith a version
of tha
t inform
ation ex
pressed visually (e
.g., in a flow
chart, diag
ram, m
odel, g
raph
, or tab
le).”
x
RST
.9-1
0.7: “Tr
anslate qu
antitative or te
chnical information ex
pres
sed
in w
ords
in a
text
into
vis
ual f
orm
(e.g
., a
tabl
e or
cha
rt) a
nd tr
ansl
ate
info
rmat
ion
expr
esse
d vi
sual
ly o
r mat
hem
atic
ally
(e.g
., in
an
equa
tion)
into
wor
ds.
x R
ST.1
1-12
.7: “
…ev
alua
te m
ultip
le so
urces o
f information presen
ted in diverse fo
rmats a
nd m
edia
(e.g
., qu
antitative da
ta, v
ideo
, multim
edia) in orde
r to ad
dress a
que
stion or so
lve a prob
lem.”
A k
ey p
ract
ice
with
in sc
ient
ific
and
engi
neer
ing
com
mun
ities
is
com
mun
icat
ing
abou
t dat
a th
roug
h th
e us
e of
tabl
es, d
iagr
ams,
grap
hs a
nd
mod
els.
Rea
ding
Sta
ndar
d 7
spea
ks
dire
ctly
to th
e im
porta
nce
of
unde
rsta
ndin
g in
form
atio
n th
at h
as b
een
gath
ered
by
inve
stig
ator
s in
visu
al
form
ats t
hat r
evea
l dee
per e
xpla
natio
ns
and
anal
yses
. C
CR
Rea
ding
Anc
hor
#9: A
naly
ze h
ow tw
o or
mor
e te
xts a
ddre
ss si
mila
r the
mes
or t
opic
s in
orde
r to
build
kn
owle
dge
or to
com
pare
the
appr
oach
es th
e au
thor
s tak
e.
x R
ST.6
-8.9: “
Com
pare and
con
trast th
e inform
ation ga
ined
from
exp
erim
ents, s
imulations, v
ideo
, or m
ultim
edia
sour
ces w
ith th
at g
aine
d fr
om re
adin
g a
text
on
the
sam
e to
pic.”
x R
ST.9
-10.
9: “Com
pare and
con
trast find
ings presented
in a te
xt to
those from
other so
urces (
includ
ing their o
wn
expe
rimen
ts), no
ting whe
n the fin
ding
s sup
port or con
tradict previou
s exp
lana
tions or a
ccou
nts.”
x
RST
.11-
12.9: “
Synthe
size in
form
ation from
a ra
nge
of so
urce
s (e.
g., t
exts
, exp
erim
ents
, sim
ulat
ions
) int
o a
cohe
rent und
erstan
ding
of a
process, p
heno
men
on, o
r con
cept, resolving
con
flicting inform
ation whe
n po
ssible.”
The
end
goal
of t
hese
sci
entif
ic a
nd
engi
neer
ing
prac
tices
is to
pos
ition
sc
ient
ists
and
eng
inee
rs to
be
able
to
eval
uate
the
mer
it an
d va
lidity
of c
laim
s, m
etho
ds, a
nd d
esig
ns.
Rea
ding
Sta
ndar
d 9
iden
tifie
s the
impo
rtanc
e of
sy
nthe
sizi
ng in
form
atio
n fr
om a
rang
e of
so
urce
s to
the
proc
ess o
f cre
atin
g a
cohe
rent
und
erst
andi
ng o
f a p
heno
men
on
or c
once
pt.
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 1
5 of
16
CC
R R
eadi
ng A
ncho
r #1
0: R
ead
and
com
preh
end
com
plex
lite
rary
and
info
rmat
iona
l tex
ts in
depe
nden
tly a
nd
prof
icie
ntly
. x
RST
.6-8
.10:
“By
the
end
of g
rade
8, r
ead
and
com
preh
end
scie
nce/
tech
nica
l tex
ts in
the
grad
es 6–8
text
co
mpl
exity
ban
d in
depe
nden
tly a
nd p
rofic
ient
ly.”
x
RST
.9-1
0.10
: “B
y th
e en
d of
gra
de 1
0, re
ad a
nd c
ompr
ehen
d sc
ienc
e/te
chni
cal t
exts
in th
e gr
ades
9–1
0 te
xt
complex
ity ban
d inde
pend
ently
and
profic
iently.”
x
RST
.11-
12.1
0: “
By
the
end
of g
rade
12,
read
and
com
preh
end
scie
nce/
tech
nica
l tex
ts in
the
grad
es 1
1-C
CR
text
co
mplex
ity ban
d inde
pend
ently
and
profic
iently.”
Whe
n re
adin
g sc
ient
ific
and
tech
nica
l te
xts,
stud
ents
nee
d to
be
able
to g
ain
know
ledg
e fr
om c
halle
ngin
g te
xts t
hat
ofte
n m
ake
exte
nsiv
e us
e of
ela
bora
te
diag
ram
s and
dat
a to
con
vey
info
rmat
ion
and
illus
trate
con
cept
s. R
eadi
ng
Stan
dard
10
asks
stud
ents
to re
ad
com
plex
info
rmat
iona
l tex
ts in
thes
e fie
lds w
ith in
depe
nden
ce a
nd
conf
iden
ce.
CC
R W
ritin
g A
ncho
r #2
: Writ
e in
form
ativ
e/ex
plan
ator
y te
xts t
o ex
amin
e an
d co
nvey
com
plex
idea
s and
in
form
atio
n cl
early
and
acc
urat
ely
thro
ugh
the
effe
ctiv
e se
lect
ion,
org
aniz
atio
n, a
nd a
naly
sis o
f con
tent
. x
WH
ST.6
-8.2: “
…in
clud
e fo
rmat
ting
(e.g
., he
adin
gs),
grap
hics
(e.g
., ch
arts
, tab
les)
, and
mul
timed
ia w
hen
usef
ul to
ai
ding
com
preh
ensi
on…
Dev
elop
the
topi
c w
ith re
leva
nt, w
ell-c
hose
n fa
cts,
defin
ition
s, co
ncre
te d
etai
ls,
quotations, o
r other in
form
ation an
d ex
amples…
” x
WH
ST.9
-10.
2: “…
incl
ude
form
attin
g (e
.g.,
head
ings
), gr
aphi
cs (e
.g.,
figur
es, t
able
s), a
nd m
ultim
edia
whe
n us
eful
to
aid
ing
com
preh
ensi
on…
Dev
elop
the
topi
c w
ith w
ell-c
hose
n, re
leva
nt, a
nd su
ffic
ient
fact
s, ex
tend
ed d
efin
ition
s, co
ncrete details, q
uotatio
ns, o
r other in
form
ation an
d ex
amples app
ropriate to
the au
dien
ce’s kno
wle
dge
of th
e topic…
” x
WH
ST.1
1-12
.2: “
…in
clud
e fo
rmat
ting
(e.g
., he
adin
gs),
grap
hics
(e.g
., fig
ures
, tab
les)
, and
mul
timed
ia w
hen
useful to
aiding co
mpreh
ension
…D
evel
op th
e to
pic
thor
ough
ly b
y se
lect
ing
the
mos
t sig
nific
ant a
nd re
leva
nt fa
cts,
exte
nded
def
inition
s, co
ncrete details, q
uotatio
ns, o
r other in
form
ation an
d ex
amples app
ropriate to
the au
dien
ce’s
know
ledg
e of th
e topic…
”
The
dem
and
for p
reci
sion
in e
xpre
ssio
n is
an
esse
ntia
l req
uire
men
t of s
cien
tists
an
d en
gine
ers,
and
usin
g th
e m
ultip
le
mea
ns a
vaila
ble
to th
em is
a c
ruci
al p
art
of th
at e
xpec
tatio
n. W
ith a
focu
s on
clea
rly c
omm
unic
atin
g co
mpl
ex id
eas
and
info
rmat
ion
by c
ritic
ally
cho
osin
g,
arra
ngin
g, a
nd a
naly
zing
info
rmat
ion—
parti
cula
rly th
roug
h th
e us
e of
vis
ual
mea
ns—
Writ
ing
Stan
dard
2 re
quire
s st
uden
ts to
dev
elop
thei
r cla
ims w
ith th
e en
d go
al o
f exp
lana
tion
in m
ind.
CC
R W
ritin
g A
ncho
r #8
: Gat
her r
elev
ant i
nfor
mat
ion
from
mul
tiple
prin
t and
dig
ital s
ourc
es, a
sses
s the
cre
dibi
lity
and
accu
racy
of e
ach
sour
ce, a
nd in
tegr
ate
the
info
rmat
ion
whi
le a
void
ing
plag
iaris
m.
x W
HST
.6-8
.8: “
…using search
term
s effe
ctively…
quote or parap
hrase the da
ta and
con
clusions of o
thers…
” x
WH
ST.9
-10.
8: “…
using ad
vanc
ed se
arch
es effectiv
ely;; assess t
he usefulness o
f each source
in ans
wering the
research
que
stion;; in
tegrate inform
ation into th
e text se
lectively to m
aintain the flo
w of ide
as …
” x
WH
ST.1
1-12
.8: “
…using
adva
nced
sear
ches
eff
ectiv
ely;
ass
ess t
he st
reng
ths a
nd li
mita
tions
of e
ach
sour
ce in
te
rms o
f the
spec
ific
task
, pur
pose
, and
aud
ienc
e; in
tegr
ate
info
rmat
ion
into
the
text
sele
ctiv
ely
to m
aint
ain
the
flow of ide
as …
”
Col
lect
ing
rele
vant
dat
a ac
ross
a b
road
sp
ectru
m o
f sou
rces
in a
syst
emat
ic
fash
ion
is a
key
ele
men
t of a
sses
sing
the
valid
ity o
f cla
ims,
met
hods
, and
des
igns
. W
ritin
g St
anda
rd 8
spel
ls o
ut th
e im
porta
nce
of g
athe
ring
appl
icab
le
info
rmat
ion
from
mul
tiple
relia
ble
sour
ces s
o th
at in
form
atio
n ca
n be
co
mm
unic
ated
acc
urat
ely.
C
CR
Spe
akin
g &
List
enin
g A
ncho
r #1
: Pre
pare
for a
nd p
artic
ipat
e ef
fect
ivel
y in
a ra
nge
of c
onve
rsat
ions
and
co
llabo
ratio
ns w
ith diverse partners, bu
ilding on
others’ id
eas a
nd exp
ressing their o
wn clearly
and
persuasively.
R
easo
ning
and
arg
umen
t req
uire
crit
ical
lis
teni
ng a
nd c
olla
bora
tion
skill
s in
orde
r
May
201
3 N
GSS
Rel
ease
Pa
ge 1
6 of
16
x SL
.8.1: “
… Pos
e qu
estio
ns th
at con
nect th
e idea
s of s
everal sp
eake
rs and
resp
ond to others’ que
stions
and
co
mm
ents
with
rele
vant
evi
denc
e, o
bser
vatio
ns, a
nd id
eas.
Ack
now
ledg
e ne
w in
form
atio
n ex
pres
sed
by o
ther
s, an
d,
whe
n w
arra
nted
, qua
lify
or ju
stify
thei
r ow
n vi
ews i
n lig
ht o
f the
evide
nce presen
ted.”
x SL
.9-1
0.1: “…
activ
ely inco
rporate othe
rs in
to th
e discus
sion
;; and
clarif
y, verify
, or c
halle
nge idea
s and
co
nclu
sion
s. R
espo
nd th
ough
tfully
to d
iver
se p
ersp
ectiv
es, s
umm
ariz
e po
ints
of a
gree
men
t and
dis
agre
emen
t, an
d,
whe
n w
arra
nted
, qua
lify
or ju
stify
thei
r ow
n vi
ews a
nd u
nder
stan
ding
and
mak
e ne
w c
onne
ctio
ns in
ligh
t of t
he
evid
ence
and
reas
onin
g pr
esen
ted.”
x Sl
.11-
12.1: “
…Respo
nd th
ough
tfully
to diverse persp
ectiv
es;; s
ynthesize co
mmen
ts, c
laim
s, an
d ev
iden
ce m
ade
on
all s
ides
of a
n is
sue;
reso
lve
cont
radi
ctio
ns w
hen
poss
ible
; and
det
erm
ine
wha
t add
ition
al in
form
atio
n or
rese
arch
is
requ
ired to dee
pen the inve
stigation or com
plete the task
.”
to e
valu
ate
the
mer
it an
d va
lidity
cla
ims,
met
hods
, and
des
igns
. Spe
akin
g an
d Li
sten
ing
Stan
dard
1 sp
eaks
dire
ctly
to
the
impo
rtanc
e of
com
parin
g an
d as
sess
ing
com
petin
g id
eas t
hrou
gh
exte
nded
dis
cuss
ions
gro
unde
d in
ev
iden
ce.
CC
R S
peak
ing
and
List
enin
g A
ncho
r #4
: Pre
sent
info
rmat
ion,
find
ings
, and
supp
ortin
g ev
iden
ce s
uch
that
lis
tene
rs c
an fo
llow
the
line
of re
ason
ing
and
the
orga
niza
tion,
dev
elop
men
t, an
d st
yle
are
appr
opria
te to
task
, pu
rpos
e, a
nd a
udie
nce.
x
SL.8
.4: “
Presen
t claim
s and
find
ings
, emph
asizing salie
nt points
in a
focu
sed,
coh
eren
t man
ner w
ith re
leva
nt
eviden
ce, s
ound
valid re
ason
ing…
” x
SL.9
-10.
4: “Pr
esen
t information, fi
ndings
, and
supp
ortin
g ev
iden
ce clearly, c
oncisely, a
nd lo
gica
lly…
” x
SL.1
1-12
.4: “
Pres
ent i
nfor
mat
ion,
find
ings
, and
supp
ortin
g ev
iden
ce, c
onve
ying
a clear and
distin
ct persp
ectiv
e…
alternative or opp
osing pe
rspe
ctives are add
ressed
…”
Cen
tral t
o th
e pr
ofes
sion
al a
ctiv
ity o
f sc
ient
ists
and
eng
inee
rs a
like
is
com
mun
icat
ing
thei
r fin
ding
s cle
arly
and
pe
rsua
sive
ly. S
peak
ing
and
List
enin
g St
anda
rd 4
stre
sses
how
the
pres
enta
tion
of fi
ndin
gs c
ruci
ally
relie
s on
how
the
evid
ence
is u
sed
to il
lum
inat
e th
e lin
e of
re
ason
ing
embe
dded
in th
e ex
plan
atio
n of
fere
d.
CC
R S
peak
ing
and
List
enin
g #5
: Mak
e st
rate
gic
use
of d
igita
l med
ia a
nd v
isua
l dis
play
s of d
ata
to e
xpre
ss
info
rmat
ion
and
enha
nce
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
pre
sent
atio
ns.
x SL
.8.5: “
Inte
grat
e m
ultim
edia
and
vis
ual d
ispl
ays i
nto
pres
enta
tions
to c
larif
y in
form
atio
n, st
reng
then
cla
ims a
nd
eviden
ce...”
x SL
.9-1
2.5: “
Mak
e st
rate
gic
use
of d
igita
l med
ia (e
.g.,
text
ual,
grap
hica
l, au
dio,
vis
ual,
and
inte
ract
ive
elem
ents
) in
pres
enta
tions
to e
nhan
ce u
nder
stan
ding
of f
indi
ngs,
reas
onin
g, a
nd evide
nce…
”
Pres
entin
g da
ta fo
r the
pur
pose
s of
com
mun
icat
ion
is e
ssen
tial f
or
eval
uatin
g th
e m
erit
and
valid
ity o
f cl
aim
s, m
etho
ds, a
nd d
esig
ns.
Spea
king
an
d Li
sten
ing
Stan
dard
5 st
ress
es th
e im
porta
nce
of v
isua
l or d
igita
l dis
play
s of
dat
a w
ithin
pre
sent
atio
ns in
ord
er to
en
hanc
e un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e ev
iden
ce.
That
way
oth
ers c
an m
ake
criti
cal
deci
sion
s reg
ardi
ng w
hat i
s bei
ng
clai
med
bas
ed o
n th
e da
ta.
