Lymph… _____ that leaks out of __________ into “interstitial spaces” due to __________ ____________.

What is lymph anyway?

____ of fluid returns _______, remaining lymph then gathers in lymph vessels, ___________________________

____________ _____________ opposes this flow

BI OL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology IIBI OL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

Take 5!!!Edema results from an interruption of the aforementioned processes

On the basis of what you know about fluid movement, explain the following:a) edema due to < plasma protein [ ]b) edema due to > capillary permeability to the point plasma proteins leak outc) edema due to > b.p.

3 main functions of Lymphatic System1) _______________ 30l leaks out/day… How many liters not reabsorbed back into blood directly?2) _______________ Part of villi found in intestines3) _______________ We will focus on this aspect

Why do we have a Lymphatic (Immune ) System?

1) _____________ _______________ (no basement membrane and only loosely associated epithelia)

2)

3)

How does lymph get back into the blood?

4) _________ ___________ push lymph towards heart

5) Major lymph vessels segregated into 2 routes, each entering…

How does lymph get back into the blood?

• •

“MALT”• Diffuse L.T.• • Tonsils

• • Lymph nodes• •

• Cellular components (ex. WBCs)

What comprises the lymphatic system?

• ___________________: located below mucosa, around nodules and within nodes and spleen

• _________________: small clumps of dense lymphatic tissue (many lymphocytes, some macrophages, reticular cells etc.)

♪Born and raised in the Peyer’s patch♫ ?

U. Mich. Med. School

• ______________: collections of lymph nodules associated with the distal small intestine and appendix

• _________ are patches of dense lymphatic tissue

• They surround…

• Can become…

• Diminish in adults

What are tonsils and do we really need them?

Tonsilectomy

__________ are small structures in-line with lymph vessels

They…

Superficial clusters in: CA Metastasis!!!

What is a lymph node…and do I have any?

Lymph nodesWhat is a lymph node…and do I have any?

SizeLocationFunctions:• Detects and

responds to…

•

• Harbors…

What’s so special about a spleen?

• Aids in…

•

•

What is so fasthinating thymuses?

Positive & Negative selection

SizeLocationFunctions:

Immunity is…

2 Types…

1) _______________Generic response to “invaders”

=

= 2) _______________Specific response to specific “invaders”

What does it mean to be “immune”?

Four basic aspects of Innate Immunity...

1)

2)

3)

4)

Why is innate immunity a general response?

• Mostly covered with ______

• Natural openings

• Protected via:eyes = ears = nose = throat = others =

What are the mechanisms of innate immunity?

1) _____________________

Pathogens need an entrance to the body!

Many of the former substances have chemical properties that also inhibit pathogens

Examples:Tears and saliva = Others (see table 22.1)

2) ____________________What are the mechanisms of innate immunity?

Leukocytes originate where?

Leukocytes reside in various places such as?

They are effective where?

In order to arrive where they need to… = to move or “arrange” in response to chemical signals

Chemical signals include:complement, _____________, kinins, _________

3) ____________________What are the mechanisms of innate immunity?

Important cellular function is _____________

Which Leukocytes are phagocytic?

= small, 1st to arrive, “kamakazies”, release lysosomal enzymes, die easily

= big cells w/ many lysosomes, can devour many particles, clean-up (including dead neutrophils)

also: secrete chemicals interferon, complement etc.

3) Cellular Components (cont.)What are the mechanisms of innate immunity?

Other cell types involved: and =

=

=(______________)

Motile (mast cells non-motile)Activated via innate OR adaptive immunityRelease histamine, leukotrienes

Motile, release enzymes breaking down basophil/mast cell products

Recognize tumor cells, cells with viruses in them…not specific immunity!

3) Cellular Components (cont.)What are the mechanisms of innate immunity?

Fig. 22.8

• Complex reaction involving previously mentioned ___________________.

• _________________ red, hot, swollen, pain, loss of function

• _________________all of the above PLUSa)

b) c)

What are the mechanismsof innate immunity?4) ________________

Now what was adaptive immunity again?

Adaptive immunity has…________ and _____________

Divided into 2 approaches for 2 different types of pathogens

Extracellular (bacteria etc.)

Intracellular (viruses, CA etc.)

=

=

Depends on antigens and their receptors

_________ = substance that can cause an immune response (usually foreign can be self)

__________ = polypeptide chains that can bind to specific antigenic determinants. On cell membranes and antibodies

How is adaptive immunity specific and how does it remember?

How is adaptive immunity specific and how does it remember?Also utilize Major histo-compatibility molecules (_____ _______________)

_______________ = “kill me”

_______________ = “kill these guys”

Jenner’s Story… From milkbarn to history books

What are antibodies?

… ________ ________ formed by B-cells (Plasma cells).

Antibodies aid in __________ __________ in various ways...

How do vaccines work?

3-14 days <3 days

How do vaccines work?

What are the mechanismsof innate immunity?

• What is the antigen in this scenario

• Is it an innate response adaptive or both? How can you tell?

• Is this a primary or secondary exposure?

• Refer to Table 22.5 and determine what specific type of immunoglobulin is involved AND what type of cells?

• Where did the puffiness come from (what caused it) AND what effect would this have on his blood pressure?

Hitch!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erGR662mcQE

B cells:How do vaccines work?

T cells: Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells Memory T cells

Helper T cells can activate B cells or T cells

Costimulation – molecular signals from presenting cell necessary to activate

How does cell-mediated immunity work?

B cells:How do vaccines work?

T cells:

_____________ cells bind to target cells and cause lysis. Also release cytokines

_____________ persist & stay in circulation

How does cell-mediated immunity work?

T cells:How does cell-mediated immunity work?

Narcolepsy and orexin (aka hypocretin)

___________ is a ________________ associated with _________________ (Where in brain?)

3 conditions necessary1) Immune system …

(25% “normal” people 98% “narcoleptic”)

2) Encounter a pathogen with _____________(H1N1)3) Immune system destroys cells that make _______

(T cells attacked orexin in “narcoleptic” twins… not “normal” twins)

What does Narcolepsy have to do with the Immune system?

__________

__________

What are the different types of acquired immunity?