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LYDIA HENDERSON
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The Nightingale of Modern Nursing Modern-Da Mother of Nursing!
"The #$th %entur &loren%e Nightingale!" 'orn in (ansas )it *
Missouri* in +, .! Di/lo0a in Nursing fro0 the Ar0 S%hool of
Nursing at
1alter Reed Hos/ital* 1ashington* D!)! in + #+! 1or2ed at the
Henr Street 3isiting Nurse Ser4i%e for #
ears after graduation!
In + #5* started tea%hing nursing at the Norfol26rotestant
Hos/ital in 3irginia In + # * entered Tea%hers )ollege at )olu07ia
8ni4ersit
for 'a%helor:s Degree in + 5#* Master:s Degree in + 5;!
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Mar%h + * + ?! In + 5 * she re4ised> Har0er:s %lassi%
te@t7oo2 of nursing for
its ;th edition* and later rote the =thB edition*
in%or/oratingher /ersonal deCnition of nursing Henderson*+ +
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Theory Background She %alled her deCnition of nursing her
%on%e/t
Henderson+ + She e0/hasiFed the i0/ortan%e of in%reasing the
/atient:s
inde/enden%e so that /rogress after hos/italiFation ould not
7edela ed Henderson*+ +
"assisting indi4iduals to gain inde/enden%e in relation to
the/erfor0an%e of a%ti4ities %ontri7uting to health or itsre%o4er "
Henderson* + ?? !
She %ategoriFed nursing a%ti4ities into +; %o0/onents* 7ased
onhu0an needs!
She des%ri7ed the nurseGs role as su7stituti4e doing for
the/erson * su//le0entar hel/ing the /erson * %o0/le0entaror2ing
ith the /erson * ith the goal of hel/ing the /erson
7e%o0e as inde/endent as /ossi7le! Her deCnition of nursing
as>
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The uni ue fun%tion of the nurse is toassist the indi4idual*
si%2 or ell* inthe /erfor0an%e of those a%ti4ities%ontri7uting to
health or its re%o4eror to /ea%eful death that he ould/erfor0
unaided if he had the
ne%essar strength* ill or2no ledge! And to do this in su%h aa as
to hel/ hi0 gain
inde/enden%e as ra/idl as /ossi7le"
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The 14 components 'reathe nor0all! Eat and drin2 ade uatel !
Eli0inate 7od astes! Mo4e and 0aintain desira7le /ostures!
Slee/ and rest! Sele%t suita7le %lothes-dress and undress!
Maintain 7od te0/erature ithin nor0al range 7
ad usting %lothing and 0odif ing en4iron0ent
(ee/ the 7od %lean and ell groo0ed and /rote%tthe integu0ent
A4oid dangers in the en4iron0ent and a4oid
in uring others!
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)o00uni%ate ith others in e@/ressinge0otions* needs* fears* or
o/inions!
1orshi/ a%%ording to one:s faith! 1or2 in su%h a a that there is
a sense of
a%%o0/lish0ent! 6la or /arti%i/ate in 4arious for0s of
re%reation! Learn* dis%o4er* or satisf the %uriosit that
leads to nor0al de4elo/0ent and healthand use the a4aila7le
health fa%ilities!
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The Crst %o0/onents are/h siologi%al! The tenth andfourteenth
are /s %hologi%al as/e%tsof %o00uni%ating and learning Theele4enth
%o0/onent is s/iritual and0oral The t elfth and thirteenth
%o0/onents are so%iologi%alloriented to o%%u/ation
andre%reation
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Assumption The 0a or assu0/tions of the theor are> "Nurses
%are for /atients until /atient %an %are
for the0sel4es on%e again! 6atients desire toreturn to health*
7ut this assu0/tion is note@/li%itl stated!
Nurses are illing to ser4e and that nurses ill
de4ote the0sel4es to the /atient da andnight A Cnal assu0/tion
is that nurses should7e edu%ated at the uni4ersit le4el in 7oth
artsand s%ien%es!
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Hendersons theory and the four majorconcepts
1. Individual Ha4e 7asi% needs that are %o0/onent of health! Re
uiring assistan%e to a%hie4e health and
inde/enden%e or a /ea%eful death! Mind and 7od are inse/ara7le
and interrelated!
)onsiders the 7iologi%al* /s %hologi%al*so%iologi%al* and
s/iritual %o0/onents! The theor /resents the /atient as a su0 of
/arts
ith 7io/s %hoso%ial needs!
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nvironment Settings in hi%h an indi4idual learns uni ue
/attern for li4ing!
All e@ternal %onditions and inJuen%es that aKe%tlife and
de4elo/0ent! Indi4iduals in relation to fa0ilies Mini0all dis%usses
the i0/a%t of the %o00unit
on the indi4idual and fa0il ! 'asi% nursing %are in4ol4es
/ro4iding %onditions
under hi%h the /atient %an /erfor0 the +;a%ti4ities unaided
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Health DeCnition 7ased on indi4idual:s a7ilit to
fun%tion inde/endentl as outlined in the +;
%o0/onents! Nurses need to stress /ro0otion of health
and/re4ention and %ure of disease!
ood health is a %hallenge -aKe%ted 7 age*
%ultural 7a%2ground* /h si%al* and intelle%tual%a/a%ities* and
e0otional 7alan%e Is theindi4idual:s a7ilit to 0eet these
needsinde/endentl !
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"ursing Te0/oraril assisting an indi4idual ho la%2s the
ne%essar strength* ill and 2no ledge to satisf + or
0ore of +; 7asi% needs! Assists and su//orts the indi4idual in
life a%ti4ities and the
attain0ent of inde/enden%e! Nurse ser4es to 0a2e /atient
%o0/lete hole"* or
"inde/endent!" The nurse is e@/e%ted to %arr out /h si%ian:s
thera/euti%
/lan Indi4idualiFed %are is the result of the nurse:s%reati4it
in /lanning for %are!
Nurse should ha4e 2no ledge to /ra%ti%e indi4idualiFedand hu0an
%are and should 7e a s%ientiC% /ro7le0sol4er!
In the Nature of Nursing Nurse role is* to get inside
the/atient:s s2in and su//le0ent his strength ill or2no ledge
a%%ording to his needs!
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Hendersons and "ursing #rocess
$%ummari&ation of the stages of the nursing process as
applied to Hendersonsde'nition of nursing and to the 14 components
of (asic nursing care.
Nursing 6ro%ess > Henderson:s +; %o0/onents and deCnition of
nursing Nursing Assess0ent>
Henderson:s +; %o0/onents Nursing Diagnosis> Anal sis>
)o0/are data to 2no ledge 7ase of health and disease! Nursing /lanB
Identif indi4idual:s a7ilit to 0eet o n needs ith or ithout
assistan%e* ta2ing into %onsideration
strength* ill or 2no ledge! Nursing i0/le0entation> Do%u0ent
ho the nurse %an assist the indi4idual* si%2 or ell! Nursing
i0/le0entation Assist the si%2 or ell indi4idual in to /erfor0an%e
of a%ti4ities in 0eeting hu0an needs to
0aintain health* re%o4er fro0 illness* or to aid in /ea%eful
death! Nursing /ro%ess I0/le0entation 7ased on the /h siologi%al
/rin%i/les* age* %ultural 7a%2ground* e0otional
7alan%e* and /h si%al and intelle%tual %a/a%ities! )arr out
treat0ent /res%ri7ed 7 the /h si%ian! Nursing e4aluation
Henderson:s +; %o0/onents and deCnition of nursing 8se the
a%%e/ta7le deCnition of Bnursing and a//ro/riate la s related to
the /ra%ti%e of nursing! The ualit of %are is drasti%all aKe%ted 7
the /re/aration and nati4e a7ilit of the nursing
/ersonnel rather that the a0ount of hours of %are!
Su%%essful out%o0es of nursing %are are 7ased on the s/eed ith
hi%h or degree to hi%h the/atient /erfor0s inde/endentl the
a%ti4ities of dail li4ing
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Maslo Gs Henderson6h siologi%al needs'reathenor0all
Eat and drin2 ade uatel Eli0inate 7 all a4enues of
eli0ination Mo4e and 0aintain desira7le /osture Slee/and rest
Sele%t suita7le %lothing Maintain 7odte0/erature (ee/ 7od %lean and
ell groo0ed and/rote%t the integu0ent
Safet NeedsA4oid en4iron0ental dangers and a4oid
in uring other 'elongingness and lo4e needs)o00uni%ate ith
others orshi/ a%%ording to oneGs faith Estee0 needs1or2 at
so0ething /ro4iding a sense of
a%%o0/lish0ent 6la or /arti%i/ate in 4arious for0s of re%reation
Learn* dis%o4er* or satisf %uriosit
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)haracteristic of Hendersons theory There is interrelation of
%on%e/ts! )on%e/ts of funda0ental hu0an needs* 7io/h siolog *
%ulture* and
intera%tion* %o00uni%ation are 7orro ed fro0 other
dis%i/line!Eg!!Maslo :s theor!
Her deCnition and %o0/onents are logi%al and the +;
%o0/onentsare a guide for the indi4idual and nurse in rea%hing the
%hosen goal!
Relati4el si0/le et generaliFa7le! A//li%a7le to the health of
indi4iduals of all ages! %an 7e the 7ases for h /otheses that %an
7e tested! assist in in%reasing the general 7od of 2no ledge ithin
the
dis%i/line! Her ideas of nursing /ra%ti%e are ell a%%e/ted! %an
7e utiliFed 7 /ra%titioners to guide and i0/ro4e their
/ra%ti%e!
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*imitations La%2 of %on%e/tual lin2age 7et een /h siologi%al and
other
hu0an %hara%teristi%s! No %on%e/t of the holisti% nature of
hu0an 7eing! If the assu0/tion is 0ade that the +; %o0/onents
/rioritiFed* the relationshi/ a0ong the %o0/onents
isun%lear!
La%2s inter-relate of fa%tors and the inJuen%e of
nursing%are!
Assisting the indi4idual in the d ing /ro%ess she %ontendsthat
the nurse hel/s* 7ut there is little e@/lanation of hatthe nurse
does!
6ea%eful death is %urious and signiC%ant nursing role!
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)onclusion Henderson /ro4ides the essen%e of hat she
7elie4es is a deCnition of nursing!
Her e0/hasis on 7asi% hu0an needs as the%entral fo%us of nursing
/ra%ti%e has led tofurther theor de4elo/0ent regarding the needsof
the /erson and ho nursing %an assist in0eeting those needs!
Her deCnition of nursing and the +; %o0/onentsof 7asi% nursing
%are are un%o0/li%ated andself-e@/lanator !
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