Luciano Bani , Dario Massimino, L uciana Bottoni and Renato Massa

Luciano BaniLuciano Bani,, Dario Massimino,Dario Massimino,LLuciana Bottoni anduciana Bottoni and Renato MassaRenato MassaLuciano BaniLuciano Bani,, Dario Massimino,Dario Massimino,LLuciana Bottoni anduciana Bottoni and Renato MassaRenato Massa

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION UNITBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION UNITDEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESDEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESUNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA – MILANO, ITALYUNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA – MILANO, ITALY

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION UNITBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION UNITDEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESDEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESUNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA – MILANO, ITALYUNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA – MILANO, ITALY

66thth International Association for International Association for Landscape EcologyLandscape Ecology World CongressWorld Congress

Darwin Darwin (NT, Australia) (NT, Australia) 13th - 17th July 200313th - 17th July 2003

66thth International Association for International Association for Landscape EcologyLandscape Ecology World CongressWorld Congress

Darwin Darwin (NT, Australia) (NT, Australia) 13th - 17th July 200313th - 17th July 2003

FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOFOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CCOMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY OMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY

ANDAND HABITAT STRUCTUREHABITAT STRUCTURE

FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOFOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CCOMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY OMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY

ANDAND HABITAT STRUCTUREHABITAT STRUCTURE

Diffuse corridorCorearea

Corearea

Corearea

Buffer zone

Stepping stone

Landscape m atrix

Linearcorridor

Diffuse corridorCorearea

Corearea

Corearea

Buffer zone

Stepping stone

Landscape m atrix

Linearcorridor

ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL NETWORKNETWORK

BaniBani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa, Massimino, Bottoni and MassaFOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOFOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTUREHABITAT STRUCTURE

OBJECTIVE and EFFECTIVEOBJECTIVE and EFFECTIVEECOLOGICAL NETWORK PLANNINGECOLOGICAL NETWORK PLANNING

IDENTIFICATION OF:IDENTIFICATION OF: Core Core AAreasreas with their with their Buffer Buffer ZZonesones Linear Linear CCorridorsorridors Diffuse Diffuse CCorridorsorridors Stepping Stepping SStonestones


BASIC KNOWLEDGE:BASIC KNOWLEDGE:

1)1) Minimum area requirementsMinimum area requirements

2)2) Disruption of lDisruption of landscape connectivityandscape connectivity• Patch connectivity Patch connectivity species gap-crossing abilities species gap-crossing abilities• Patterns of habitat destruction Patterns of habitat destruction connectivity maintained connectivity maintained

across multiple scales (from coarse to fine)across multiple scales (from coarse to fine)

3)3) Species-specific landscape connectivitySpecies-specific landscape connectivity• Functional connectionFunctional connection

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDUREECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE


FOCAL SPECIESFOCAL SPECIES identification identificationFOCAL SPECIESFOCAL SPECIES identification identification

Land useLand use Geomorphology Geomorphology GeologyGeology Idrology Idrology ClimateClimate ……


MODELMODELMODELMODEL

Focal speciesFocal speciesPotential SuitabilityPotential Suitability

(Expected abundance)(Expected abundance)mapmap



Census DataCensus DataCensus DataCensus Data

Focal speciesFocal speciesObserved AbundanceObserved Abundance

mapmap


mapmap

Landscape Connectivity:Landscape Connectivity:Focal species DiffusionFocal species Diffusion

ResistanceResistancemapmap



EffectiveEffectiveCORE AREASCORE AREAS

andandBUFFER ZONESBUFFER ZONES



CORRIDORSCORRIDORSCORRIDORSCORRIDORS





CORINE Land Cover CORINE Land Cover levellevel 3 3

EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATAEXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA(used for the (used for the MMultiple-scale ultiple-scale MModel of the odel of the PPotential otential SSuitability uitability MMap)ap)

Digital Elevation ModelDigital Elevation Model







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Orange dots:Focal species (974)

Small grey dots:point counts (5.000+)

BIRDBIRDCENSUS DATACENSUS DATA


AlpsAlps

PrealpsPrealps

ApenninesApennines

LowlandLowland

Orobie mountains divideOrobie mountains divideContinental valleyContinental valley



FOCAL SPECIES identificationFOCAL SPECIES identificationFOCAL SPECIES identificationFOCAL SPECIES identification





MARSH TITMARSH TITParus palustrisParus palustris

SHORT-TOED TREECREPERSHORT-TOED TREECREPERCerthia brachydactylaCerthia brachydactyla

NUTHATCHNUTHATCHSitta europaeaSitta europaea

BROAD-LEAVED FOREST FOCAL SPECIESBROAD-LEAVED FOREST FOCAL SPECIES(selection based on environmental selectivity and rarity;(selection based on environmental selectivity and rarity;

see Bani see Bani et alet al. 2002). 2002)












FOCAL SPECIES FOCAL SPECIES POTENTIAL SUITABILITY MAPPOTENTIAL SUITABILITY MAPobtained byobtained by

Multiple-Scale Multivariate Linear ModelMultiple-Scale Multivariate Linear Model

1.1. Selection of useful data to perform the model Selection of useful data to perform the model (see Bani (see Bani et alet al. 2002). 2002)

2.2. Measuring of environmental variables on Measuring of environmental variables on

different scales different scales (500 m, 1000 m, 2500 m, 5000 m radius (500 m, 1000 m, 2500 m, 5000 m radius

plot centered in each point count)plot centered in each point count)

3.3. Development of Multiple Linear Regression Development of Multiple Linear Regression

model with stepwise variable selectionmodel with stepwise variable selection

4.4. Model validation by Model validation by leave-more-outleave-more-out technique technique


> 1> 10.75-10.75-10.50-0.750.50-0.750.25-0.500.25-0.50<0.25<0.25

POTENTIAL SUITABILITYPOTENTIAL SUITABILITY(Expected abundance)(Expected abundance)

birds/point countbirds/point count














mapmap


mapmap


OBSERVEDOBSERVEDABUNDANCE MAPABUNDANCE MAP

birds/point countbirds/point count(Kernel interpolation,(Kernel interpolation,

R=2500 m)R=2500 m)

> 1> 10.75-10.75-10.50-0.750.50-0.750.25-0.500.25-0.50<0.25<0.25

BaniBani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa, Massimino, Bottoni and MassaFOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTUREFOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE

POTENTIAL SUITABILITYPOTENTIAL SUITABILITY

(Expected abundance)(Expected abundance)

Birds/point countsBirds/point counts

OBSERVED ABUNDANCE MAPOBSERVED ABUNDANCE MAP

birds/point countbirds/point count

COMPARISON BETWEEN POTENTIAL AND OBSERVED COMPARISON BETWEEN POTENTIAL AND OBSERVED ABUNDANCE MAPSABUNDANCE MAPS

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK EVALUATIONECOLOGICAL NETWORK EVALUATION


1)1) Why the Focal species Potential suitability (Expected Why the Focal species Potential suitability (Expected

abundance) map may differ from the Focal species Observed abundance) map may differ from the Focal species Observed

abundance one?abundance one?

In other words: why focal species don’t inhabit all the In other words: why focal species don’t inhabit all the

potential suitable areas?potential suitable areas?

yyoung stageoung stage old growthold growth stage stage

I’m a Short-toed I’m a Short-toed Treecreeper and Treecreeper and I prefer I prefer old and creviceold and crevicedd trees trees

I’m a Short-toed I’m a Short-toed Treecreeper and Treecreeper and I prefer I prefer old and creviceold and crevicedd trees trees

HABITAT STRUCTUREHABITAT STRUCTURE


Mirror relascopeMirror relascopefor Basal areafor Basal areameasurementmeasurement

Mirror relascopeMirror relascopefor Basal areafor Basal areameasurementmeasurement

Tree trunk sizeTree trunk size (DBH) (DBH) measurementmeasurement

Tree trunk sizeTree trunk size (DBH) (DBH) measurementmeasurement

HABITAT STRUCTUREHABITAT STRUCTUREFOR OLD-GROWTH FOREST SPECIESFOR OLD-GROWTH FOREST SPECIESHABITAT STRUCTUREHABITAT STRUCTUREFOR OLD-GROWTH FOREST SPECIESFOR OLD-GROWTH FOREST SPECIES


Basal areameasurement point

Trunk sectionsTrunk sections

STRUCTURAL STRUCTURAL FORESTFOREST VARIABLES VARIABLES

a)a) Effect of “Tree trunk size composition”: Effect of “Tree trunk size composition”:

evaluated by means of the diameter of each evaluated by means of the diameter of each

1010thth percentile of 100 sample tree series percentile of 100 sample tree series

b)b) Effect of “Basal area”:Effect of “Basal area”: evaluated by means of evaluated by means of

the surface occupied by trunks per hectare of the surface occupied by trunks per hectare of

woodlandwoodland

(Necessary to evaluate the surface occupied by the above (Necessary to evaluate the surface occupied by the above

series)series)


15 SAMPLE AREAS15 SAMPLE AREASFOR FORESTFOR FORESTSTRUCTURE SURVEYSTRUCTURE SURVEY


1111 2222 3333

4444 55556666

7777

8888 9999

1010101011111111

12121212

13131313

14141414

15151515

N° Sample area

1 Northern Como Lake

2 Valtellina-Aprica

3 Valcamonica

4 Western Como Lake

5 Eastern Como Lake

6 Valbrembana

7 Triangolo Lariano

8 Spina Verde

9 Crestoso Mount

10 Valvestino

11 Valtrompia

12 Franciacorta

13 Ticino Valley

14 Lower Apennines

15 Higher Apennines

EXAMPLES OF EXAMPLES OF

STATISTICSSTATISTICS


Basal area

0

0,25

0,5

0,75

1

1,25

<=20 21-24 25-32 >=33

m2/ha

Foca

l sp

eci

es

abundance

Focal speciesaverage abundance

P=0.031

P=0.072

70th percentile

0

0,25

0,5

0,75

1

1,25

<=11 12-16 17-22 >=23

Trunk diameter (cm)

Foca

l sp

eci

es

abundance


P=0.007

P=0.073

100th percentile

0

0,25

0,5

0,75

1

1,25

<=26 27-44 45-58 >=59

Trunk diameter (cm)

Foca

l sp

eci

es

abundance


P=0.019

P=0.072P=0.067

STRUCTURAL WOODLAND VARIABLES:STRUCTURAL WOODLAND VARIABLES:trunk diameterstrunk diameters


y = 4,563e0,0228x

R2 = 0,995P<0.001

y = 2,293e0,0235x

R2 = 0,984P<0.001

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

PROGRESSIVE GROWING SERIES OF 100 TREES

TR

UN

K D

IAM

ET

ER

Minimum optimal diameters series (Minimum optimal diameters series (greengreen)) Minimum acceptable diameters series (redMinimum acceptable diameters series (red))

Min. optimalMin. optimal # trees# trees

<=5<=5 7676

6-106-10 266266

11-1511-15 162162

16-2016-20 114114

21-2521-25 9595

26-3026-30 7676

31-3531-35 5757

36-4036-40 5757

>40>40 5757

Total #Total # 951951

Basal areaBasal area 3333

Min. acceptableMin. acceptable

# trees# trees

<=5<=5 755755

6-106-10 408408

11-1511-15 347347

16-2016-20 245245

>20>20 143143

Total #Total # 20412041

Basal areaBasal area 2020


ECOLOGICAL NETWORK EVALUATIONECOLOGICAL NETWORK EVALUATION

2)2) Does the fragment dimension affect the effectiveness of Does the fragment dimension affect the effectiveness of

Core areas?Core areas?



abundance) map may differ from the Focal species Observed abundance) map may differ from the Focal species Observed

abundance one?abundance one?



CORE AREAS IDENTIFICATIONCORE AREAS IDENTIFICATION












mapmap


mapmap






Effective Effective core areascore areas in study area in study areaPotential Potential core areascore areas outside study area outside study area













mapmap


mapmap









CORRIDORSCORRIDORSCORRIDORSCORRIDORS


RESISTANCERESISTANCE=1/(suitability+0.001)=1/(suitability+0.001)-1-1

0-10-11-1.51-1.51.5-21.5-22-32-33-103-10


Effective Effective core areascore areas in study area in study areaPotential Potential core areascore areas outside study area outside study area

NetworkNetwork

> 1 (Potential suitability)> 1 (Potential suitability)0.75-10.75-10.50-0.750.50-0.750.25-0.500.25-0.50<0.25<0.25


N° SAMPLE AREAFRAGMENT SIZE (km2)

MINIMUM RESISTANCE

1 Northern Como Lake 2368 15,748

2 Valtellina-Aprica 1914 0

3 Valcamonica 2767 25,457

4 Western Como Lake 2368 0

5 Eastern Como Lake 1914 0

6 Valbrembana 1914 9,355

7 Triangolo Lariano 322 13,939

8 Spina Verde 2368 10,242

9 Crestoso Mount 2768 55,011

10 Valvestino 2768 96,586

11 Valtrompia 2768 76,820

12 Franciacorta 10 58,681

13 Ticino Valley 16 42,996

14 Lower Apennines 1807 0

15 Higher Apennines 1807 2,619

Fragment sizeFragment sizevsvs

Landscape connectivity (or Resistance)Landscape connectivity (or Resistance)vsvs

Forest structureForest structure


Fragment sizeFragment size&&

Landscape connectivity (or Resistance)Landscape connectivity (or Resistance)&&

Forest structureForest structure

Focal species Focal species abundanceabundance Controlled by:Controlled by:

Structural scoreStructural score R=0.328; P<0.001R=0.328; P<0.001ResistanceResistance

Fragment sizeFragment size

ResistanceResistance R=-0.237; P=0.008R=-0.237; P=0.008Structural ScoreStructural Score

Fragment sizeFragment size

Fragment sizeFragment size R=-0.082; P=0.403R=-0.082; P=0.403Structural ScoreStructural Score

ResistanceResistance

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

2)2) Does the fragment dimension affect the effectiveness of Does the fragment dimension affect the effectiveness of

Core areas?Core areas?

• NoNo……if fragments are well connected!if fragments are well connected!



abundance) map may differ from the Focal species abundance) map may differ from the Focal species

Observed abundance one?Observed abundance one?



• Because the habitatBecause the habitatss may differ in their organization may differ in their organization

(structure) and/or in floristic composition.(structure) and/or in floristic composition.

Documents

Luciano Bani , Dario Massimino, L uciana Bottoni and Renato Massa