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LISTENING ANDSPEAKING SKILLS

DAD 10502

AFFAH BINTI MOHD APANDI

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L ISTENING SKI LL S

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HEAR VS LISTEN

The verb to hear means to be aware of soundsin your ears. Hearing is something thathappens without any intentional effort. You

can hear something even when you don't wantto hear it and don't try to hear it.The verb to listen (to) means to payattention to somebody/something that you can

hear. Listening describes an intentionalactivity. When you are listening, you areactively trying to hear something.

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THE SENTENCES BELOW CONTAIN BOTH LISTEN AND HEAR AND SHOW THE CONTRAST :

I listened outside the door, but Icouldn't hear what they were saying

inside. [Note that even if you listen, you don't always hear what you aretrying to hear. ]His story was so long and boringthat I stopped listening, untilsuddenly I heard my name. [Notethat even if you are not listening, you

might hear something.]

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R eal listening is an active process that has three b asic steps.

1 . Hearing

2. Understanding

3. Judging

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H EARING

Hearing just means listening enoughto catch what the speaker is saying.

For example, say you were listening toa report on zebras, and the speakermentioned that no two are alike. If you can repeat the fact, then you haveheard what has been said.

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U NDERSTANDING

The next part of listening happenswhen you take what you have heard

and understand it in your own way.Let's go back to that report on zebras.When you hear that no two are alike,think about what that might mean.

You might think, "Maybe this meansthat the pattern of stripes is differentfor each zebra.

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J UDGING

After you are sure you understand whatthe speaker has said, think aboutwhether it makes sense. Do you believewhat you have heard? You might think,"How could the stripes to be differentfor every zebra? But then again, thefingerprints are different for everyperson. I think this seems believable.

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T YPES OF LISTENING

The purposes for listening relate to "types" of listening:

Are you listening to receive information?

Are you listening to follow instructions? Are you listening to evaluate information? Are you listening for pleasure? Are you listening to empathize?

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L ISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS

Conversations:- What are they talking about?- What is the conversation about?- What is the purpose of the conversation?

Lectures:- What is the topic of this lecture?- What is the purpose of this lecture?- What are the students and lecturer discussing?

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L ISTENING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

Listening for specific information meansnarrowing down the passage to get certaindetails.

For example, listen to something to get dates, orreasons for a certain event, or maybe even nounsin a passage.It's really a beginning of note taking exercise.

Will have to disregard some information in orderto get what youve been asked for.

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N OTE TAKING

W hat is note taking? Note taking involves recording ideas and facts that

you heard to help you remember and use themlater. The five Rs of note taking are as follows:Record, Reduce, Recite, Reflect, and Review.

W hy is note taking important? You become an active part of the listening and

learning process. You create a history of your course content. You have a written record to view or study later. You reinforce what is communicated verbally.

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P ARAPHRASING

To paraphrase is to say the same thing in anotherway, u sing yo u r own words .

We can successfully paraphrase by u sing a com b ination of techniq u es.

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1 . Change from a Clause to a Phrase (orvice versa)

2. Change from Quoted Speech toIndirect Speech (or vice versa)3. Change from Active Voice to Passive

Voice (or vice versa)4. Change to Synonyms5. Change Word Forms

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o A fter he st u died , John took a nap.o A fter st u dying , John took a nap.

o

The house across the street is new.o T he ho u se that is across the street is new .

CHANGE FORM A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE

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I am readyI am readyfor lunch.for lunch.

Mr. Lee said, I am ready for lu nch.Mr. Lee said he was ready for lu nch .

CHANGE FROM QUOTED S PEECH TOINDIRECT S PEECH

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A hotel employee will carry your bags. Y

ou

r b ags will b e carried b y a hotel employee.

CHANGE FROM A CTIVE V OICE TO P ASSIVE V OICE

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AND REPLACE WORDS WITHSYNONYMS .

A hotel employee will carry your bags. Y o u r b ags will b e carried b y a hotel employee.

Your lu ggage will be picked up by a b ell b oy.

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Replace the original words with words that meanthe same.

The stallion was content with the mare.The stallion was happy with the mare.

CHANGE TO S YNONYMS

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Replace the original word with a definition.

The stallion was content with the mare .The male horse was happy with the female horse .

WHEN Y OU CAN T FIND A S YNONYM

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CHANGE WORD F ORMS

Use an adver b instead of an adjectiveUse a ver b to replace a no u n.

G R OG is an acc u rate typist .G R OG types acc u rately .

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COMBINE TECHNIQUESCHANGE TO A PHRASE & ADD SYNONYMSOR DEFINITIONS

After he ate lu nch , M ike took a nap . After eating lu nch , Mike slept a little .

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The house that is across the street is old .The house across the street is old.The house on the other side of the street is old.The dwelling on the other side of the road is ancient.

CHANGE TO A PHRASE & ADD SYNONYMS ORDEFINITIONS

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INTERPRET MEANING .I DENTIFY THEUNDERLYING MEANING OF A STATEMENT

The wolf said, I am ready for lu nch . T he sheep looked very worried. T he wolf complained a b o u t b eing h u ngry

which made the sheep extremely anxiou

s.

I am ready for Lunch

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A ltho u gh it was raining, B o b walked to work .It was raining, b u t Bob walked to work.It was raining; however , Bob walked to work.

CHANGE TRANSITIONS

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AND CHANGE WORD FORMS A ltho u gh it was raining, Bob walked to work.It was raining, b u t Bob walked to work.It was raining; however , Bob walked to work.D espite the rain, B o b went to work on foot .

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Y OUR TURNP ARAPHRASE THE FOLLOWING :

Today, people are worried about internet security.

Advocates of internet tracking believe that it helpsmarketers to understand what people want.

People who oppose internet tracking believe that it isan invasion of privacy.

This information age will cause more and morepeople to become concerned with the level of personaldetail that can be found from the internet.

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SUMMARISING

A summary is a condensed or shortened but preciseversion of something you have heard or read, stated inyour own words. The main aim of a summary is toexpress the important ideas of another person infewer words of your own.Firstly, a condensed but precise version means thatthe listener must not only be brief in a summary butmust also maintain the integrity of the original

version. It is important to remember that althoughone should be brief, one should not distort or changethe ideas, views, and attitudes of the original text.

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S UMMARISING (CONT )

Secondly, a summary is something you tell in yourown words. A summary requires one toparaphrase. To paraphrase is to recast the original

passages using different words and to change thesentence structure, without changing the sense ormeaning.

From the explanation, it is clear that to take outphrases and sentences here and there and stringthem together will never make a good summary.

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To be able to produce a good summary, one musthave the following skills:-

Ability to identify the main ideas;

Ability to shorten the way of expressing these ideas;and

Ability to put these ideas together in a completemanner, in ones own words.

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INFERENCING

Inference is the technique of finding answers from cluesand from prior knowledge rather than directly.Making an inference involves using what you know to

make a guess about what you dont know.That is, in the case of listening comprehension, aninference is an interpretation or a conclusion based onthe information that we hear.Making inferences is a critical skill because not allimportant information is clearly or explicitly stated;therefore, even if we understand all the words in alistening segment, we still may not have completecomprehension.

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Examples:

1 . The baby was asleep upstairs in his bed. Suddenly, Iheard a loud, "THUMP!" and he began cryinghysterically. I ran upstairs because I inferred that he fellout of bed.

2. In third grade, you cannot be promoted to fourth gradeunless you pass the final exam. My classmate said shewas going back to third grade again. I know she's got o.k.

grades, so inferred that she failed her final exam.

3. Just because the famous actor was seen in a jewelrystore, all the tabloids inferred he's going to ask his singergirlfriend to marry him.

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PREDICTING

When someone speaks to you, your brainautomatically goes through a series of predictions. What will this person say? Who ishe/she? Why might they be talking to me? Basedon this information, your brain lays out a limitednumber of choices and then narrows the field asnew information comes in.

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For example: You are climbing out of a broken school window, at ten

oclock at night, carrying a computer. A nearbypoliceman shouts something at you, but because he iseating a donut, you cant quite understand what he issaying. So, your brain lays out a multiple choice samplelike this.

A. He is asking you something about the effects of anti-oxidants on the body.B. He is curious why bad things happen to good people.C. He is confronting you about stealing a computer.

You dont need him to repeat himself in order to knowwhat he wants or at least what subject he is speaking

about.

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P REDICT THE ANSWER

1 . What year did Henry VIII die? A . 19 45 B . Last Wednesday C . 1547

2. When was Abraham Lincoln killed? A . Blue B . Russel Crow C . 186 5

3. Who was the commander of Sky-Lab 2? A . New York City B . Charles Conrad, Jr C . 1437

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DRAWING CONCLUSIONS

CONC LU SIONS ABO U T W HO , W HAT AND W HE R EIt is common for you to be asked to draw one of thefollowing conclusion in Listening:

W HO is probably talking? W HAT will she/he probably do next? W HE R E does the conversation probably take place?

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Example: on the recording, you hear:(woman) :Can you tell me what assignments I missedwhen I was absent from your class?(man) :You missed one homework assignment anda quiz.(Narrator) :Who is the man?

(A) A newspaper editor(B) A police officer(C) A teacher(D) A student

A nalysis: T he clues are ho mew ork and quiz . It tellsthat the man is probably a teacher. Therefore thecorrect answer is (A).

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Example: on the recording, you hear:(woman) : Have you deposited your paycheck yet?

(man) : No, but that's next on my list of errands.(narrator) : What will the man probably do?

(A) Earn his paycheck

(B) Write a check for a deposit on an apartment(C) Go to a bank(D) Make a list of errands to run

Analysis: The clues are paycheck and errands. It tellsyou that the man will probably go to a bank next. So,the best answer is (C).

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Example: On the recording, you hear:(woman) :Are you going into the water, or are you just

going to lie down on the sand?(man) :I think I need to put on some suntan lotion(woman) :Where down this conversation probably take

place?

(A) At a beauty salon(B) At the beach(C) In a sandbox(D) At an outdoor restaurant

Analysis: From the conversation, the clues are water,sand and suntan lotion. It tells you that the conversationprobably takes place at the beach. Therefore the correctanswer is (B).

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LISTENING CRITICALLY

Critical listening is listening in order to evaluateand judge, forming opinion about what is beingsaid. Judgment includes assessing strengths andweaknesses, agreement and approval.This form of listening requires significant real-time cognitive effort as the listener analyzeswhat is being said, relating it to existingknowledge and rules, whilst simultaneously

listening to the ongoing words from the speaker.

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SPEAKINGSKILLS

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RU LES FO R SENTENCE ST R ESS IN

ENGLISH

The basic rules of sentence stress are:content words are stressed

str u ct u re words are u nstressed

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The following tables can help you decide whichwords are content words and which words arestr u ct u re words :

C ontent words - stressed

W ords carrying the meaning E xample

MAIN VERBS SE LL, GIVE , EMP L O Y

NOUNS CA R , M U SIC , MA RY

ADJECTIVES R ED , BIG , INTE R ESTING

ADVERBS Q U ICK L Y , L O U D L Y , NEVE R

NEGATIVE AUXILIARIES DON'T , A R EN'T , CAN'T

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W ords for correct grammar E xample

PRONOUNS HE , W E , THE Y

PREPOSITIONS ON , AT , INTO

ARTICLES A , AN , THE

CONJUNCTIONS AND , B U T , BECA U SE

AUXILIARY VERBS DO , BE , HAVE , CAN , M U ST

C ontent words - stressed

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TIPS

P ractise where yo u can, when yo u can . Any practice is good whether you speak to someone who is a native English speaker or not.

I t 's important to b u ild yo u r confidence . If possible, use simpleEnglish sentence structure that you know is correct, so that you canconcentrate on getting your message across.

T ry to experiment with the E nglish yo u know . Use words andphrases you know in new situations. Native English speakers are morelikely to correct you if you use the wrong word than if you use the wronggrammar . Experimenting with vocabulary is a really good way of gettingfeedback.

T ry to respond to what people say to you

. You can often get clues towhat people think by looking at their body language. Respond to them in anatural way.

T ry NOT to translate into and from your own language. This takes toomuch time and will make you more hesitant.

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I f yo u forget a word , do what native English speakers do all the time,

and say things that 'fill' the conversation. This is better than keepingcompletely silent. Try using u m , or er , if you forget the word.D on 't speak too fast! It's important to use a natural rhythm whenspeaking English, but if you speak too fast it will be difficult for people tounderstand you.T ry to relax when you speak you'll find your mouth does most of the

pronunciation work for you. When you speak English at normal speed,you'll discover that many of the pronunciation skills, such as linkingbetween words, will happen automatically.

R emem b er, when speaking E nglishTry to become less hesitant and more confident.

Don't be shy to speak the more you do it, the more confident you'llbecome.Remember to be polite use " please " and " thank yo u " if you asksomeone to do something for you.

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J U ST R EMEMBE R!!

The first rule of speaking English is to learn to speakclearly and concisely and remember you won't just be

speaking to native speakers

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THE END