THЕ AI{ATOMYAIND ACTIOI.{

oF THЕ HORSЕ

Lowеs D. Luard

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DOVЕR PUBLICAТIOI.{S, INC.Minеola, Nеw York

Bibliogrаphicаl Notе

сation oГtЬeVеrmont, inin Ьlaсk andepaгate fuli-

Library of Сongrеss Catalюging-in-Publiсation DаtaLuaгd, Lowеs DalЬiaс.

Thе anatomy aтrd aсtion of the horse / I.owes D. Luard.P.сm.

originally puЬlishеd: Woodstoсk, Vt. : Countryтnan Pгess, 1936.Inсludes Ьibliographiсal rеfеrenсes аnd index.IsBN 0-486.42980_6 (pЬk.)1. Horsеs. 2. Hoтsеs-Aлatomy. 3. Aтratomy, Aгtistiс' 4. Horses in art. 5

Aсtion in аrt. I. Tit]е.

sF279.L7 2003636' l'0B91-dс21 2003046196

Manufaсtuтed in thе Unitеd Statеs of AmeriсaDover Publiсations, Inс., 31 Еast 2nd Stтeеt' Мinеola. N.Y. t1501

PrеfaсeShou]d an artist learn anatomy? is a question sti]'l unсleсided.

The Greek sсulptors, we are told, aсquired their knowleсlgeof the сonstruсtion of the botly merely through the daily ob-

servation of naketl athletes; whereas Leonardo сla Vinоi andDiirer, artists with a strong sсientifiо bent, stufieil anatomy.

But anatomiсal study is sсientifiс, and sсienсe, in the opinionof a сertain sсhool of thought, has nothing to tlo with art.

Diffiсult questions these, for artists get results aсknowledgedby real judges as true аrt, bУ method's strangф opposite. Doesnot the least sсientifiс of artists or poets transmute and em.boсly in his art or poetry a mass of praсtiсal knowledge aс-

quired in ilaily living? Cannot thеn knowledgе deliberatelyaсquired Ьe similaф transmuted?

While it is for you, reader, to deсide if anatomy will hеlpor hurt you as an artist, I offer you this refleсtion that, where-as any ignoranсe may be repaired by well-direсted study, thereis no proсess, I know of, Ьy whiсh partiсular knowledge оan beсlisсarilеd at will.

The plates in this Ьook are based uPon drawings made inthe сlisseсting thеatre and thе musеum of the Frеnсh Govern-ment Veterinary Sсhool at Alfort, near Paris, where I чras

given evеry faсility for stuсly.In London, I have Ьeen а]loweсl Ьy the сourtesy of Siг

Freileriсk Hobilay to сome for hф and adyiсe to the RoyalYeterinary College; anсl I have partiсulaф to thank Mr. C.W. ottaway for his kinсlness. IIe not only put his knowleсlgeat my сlisposal, but fountl time to read тn.y proofs and' savе me

vn

viii Prefaсefrom those errors whiоh a layman is so сеrtain of сom-mitting.

My thanks are a]so due to the Royal Сollegе of VetеrinarySurgeons for allowing me to make a liberа] use of the booksin their librarv.

I.

II.III.rv.v.

vr.VII.

VIII.IX.

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ContentsPRЕFAсЕTHЕ FRAMЕAсTION AND MЕсIIANIсSTIIЕ SкЕLЕToNTtIЕ MUsсLЕsPROPORTIONSMovЕMЕNTARTGLOSSARYNoTEs oN TIIE TЕxTBIBLIOGRAPIIYINDЕx

lх

IllustrationsColoured Plаtеso

1. Bones anсl Musсles of the Heaсl and Neсk L22. Lowet Layer of the Musсles of the Body 225. Uppеr Layer of the Musсles of the Body 504. Bones and Musсles of the Shoulder Blaсle and Arm 4.0

5. Musсular Attaсhment of the Shoulder to the Bоilу 586. Bones anсl Мuscles of the Fore Leg 697. Bones and Мusсles of the Thigh: outside views 708. Bones and Musсles of thе Thigh: insiсle and baсkvierмs 769. Bonеs and Musсles of the Hind Les 82

10. Musсles оf the Chest anсl Neсk 9811. Diagram of the Musсles of the Fore and Hind Limbs 108

oNotе: Thе platеs have beеn reproduсed in blaсk and whitе in their original

loсations, and in a full-сolor insеrt Ьеtween Pagеs 42 and 4З'

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Thе SkelеtonFor сlearness' sake the Skeleton is shown with orrly one

forе leg and. onе hind leg' Distributесl through thе book are

illustrations of bones and ioints drawn from various pointsof viеw, тrhiсh the reader shoulсl сomPare with this Plate.

The Neсk pаgе6 The Ulna and Radius pаge58

Axis and Atlas Ьones 7 Tlne Tibia and FiЬula 59

The Skull 7 Tlne Hip and Shoulder Joints 4'5

The Pasterns 21 Lеft Hoсk: inside view ++

Thе Thoтax 27 Left Kлee: outside view +4.

The Right Hoсk: front view 28 Х-r-аy Plrotogгaphs of a Foal's

The LumЬaг Vеrtebrе and Kйee 46

the Pelvis fгom aЬove 55 The Foте arrd Hind Legs

Tlrе Skull: fгont view б5 Plаte |7,p. 108

/I

Сhapter I. The FramеAs the only purpose of an artistiс anatomy is to help theartist in the oЬservation of form, it сan negleсt the intriсaсiesof nerves, veins, arteries and many other organs to оonсern

itself a]most exсlusively чrith the Ьonеs and musсles-onemight say the superfiсial musсlеs, if it were not that oссasion-

ally musсles that arе сompletely hidсten shoulсl be stuсlieсl,

beсause an und'erstanding of their aсtion leaсls to the better

understaniling of the aсtion of the musсles that shorм.

Thus limited, the study of what we may сall the meсhani-

сal anatomy of the horse is сomparatively simple, the more

so that a horse сan do so few things. outсry from some read.er

at this aspersion on a noble animal!The horse ехсels inсleetl in trotting, galloping, jumping,

puШng weights anil сarфng load.s; a true title to nobility, forsuсh powers serve the сonvenienсe and pleasure of man. Itsstrength and enduranсe are prodigious. It сan lift itself withthe aсlсletl weight of a riiler over a jo-P and reсover safely on

lanсling, and even .when mountеd сan gallop сlown a frее

running d.eer.

But to aсhievе suсh amazing feats it needs to Ьe made

rаther rigid. Сonsequently though it goes forward so bril-liantly it goes baсkwards moсlеrately, lies down anil gets uparrkwaтdly, and generally has to make several сlumsy effortsbefore it сan roll over on its baоk. And this neсеssary rigiilityof its backbone and other parts limits the variety of its pos-

sible attitudes, and reduсes its sсoPe as a subjесt for thetlraughtsman. Think of the Ьentling antl twisting powers ofa сat.

1

2 Thе FramеTht. Bones Let us begin our study by looking at the bones, and tтy to see

what is required of the musсles to make them aоt. Bones andmusс]es are, of сourse' inter-depenilеnt, the Ьones deсiсling

.Yf .t as it.were the points of attaсh.сr!.ъ l:ii.j' ment of the musс].es and the

direсtions in whiсh they are to

fu. . Pull; being mouldeil й their'*';l .,;вtщd turn by the requirements of'##t4," the musсles, *ith twists and

^ъ^-.^1^ ^_.] l-.. ^L. дl.. - 'l

Support ofthe Body

сhannels anil knoЬs, that themusсles may get their required purсhase and Ьe ablе to dotheir.work rмithout interfeЁng with eaсh otheг.

Look first at that essentiat prinфle in the сonstruсtion ofаIl quatlrupetls, the differenсe in the way in whiсh thе botlv issupрorted by the fore and hind legs.

gs is thтough thef the femur beingin front the bodv

is slung, being supporteсlfrom thе underside ofthe shoulder Ьlade bуmusсles and tendons at.taсheil to the ribs (seeskelеton, Frontispieсe,and Pl. 5, p. 58).

Suсh differenсes inсonstruсtion are aсlaptedto the speсial duties ofthe forе antl hind quar-ters. Thus the foгсe of the hind lеgs, the сhief engines ofpropulsion, is transmitted T'rithout loss through the direсtthrust of bone on bone, and the fore lеgs are aЬle to take upwithorrt shoсk the momеntum of horse and rider alighting

The Framе 5

Another notable сliffеrеnсe of struсture is in the feet. Theforе legs have hoofs тпrhiсh are larger anсl rounder than those

of the hinсl feet, being ilesigned. to сarry moreweight, for they have to supРort the тмeight ofthe Ьeaсl and neсk in aсlilition to their share ofthe weight of the boily; and. the hinil feеt are

narrower and more pointеil, thе Ьеtter to gripthe ground when galloping and iumping' Thefront feet too have a чrider stanсe.l

Despite the сliffеrences, there is a сorre-

spondenсe betweеn thе fore antl hinil lеgs bothin сonstruоtion anсl in aсtion (see skelеton,Frontispieсe, and. Pl. 11, p. 108). The shouldеrblaсle, rмhiсh transmits the propulsion of thеfore limb to the Ьody, slopes forwards and

sсend similaф to the pastern anсl hoof, the hintl lеg direсф,the forе legs и.ith

^Ir .dd."d joint, the .knee'.2 But the knee

rSee Chap. ГХ' p. 104.

lPropeф the сarpus=wтist. The familiar tеrm .knee' is not fortunаte, as the

ioint really сorresponds to thе humаn wтist.

Support ofthe Boф

Thе Feеt

Corrеspond-еnce of Foreand HindLimbs

PiаЬ| FooI

Corrеspond-encе oJ Fore

аnd HindLimbs

,:lсtion of]VIusclеs

4, Thе Framеmakes no differenсе in ordinary paсes Ъet.ween the propulsiveaсtion of the fore leg and that of the hind leg, as it is mаintainеdunЪent; it is in thе advanсement of the fore leg that the usе of theknee сomes in, to lift the foot сlear of the ground to preventtripping, and to raise it well out of thе way as when jumping.

In a quiet paсe suсh as the иralk, the fore and hind legs be-have very similaф, serving muсh like the spokе of a wheel. Itis only in violent moYements suсh as galloping antl jumpingthat their diffеrenсes of aсtion really сome out and the pur.pose of their diffеrenсes of struсture beсomes сlеar.

often in books of artistiс anatomy little or no attempt ismade to stuсly the effeсt of the aсtion and interplay of the fif-ferent Parts' the musсles being merф mappесl as {lexors andeхtensors, that is, musсles that сlose a joint or pull it opеn.Suсh сlassifiсations, neсessary as thеy are, should be supplе-mentеd тrrith some eхplanation of the moYements rеsultingfrom the aсtion of musсles when working in сombination.Anil this сan best be donе, I think, by trying to work out howsomе partiсular aсtion is еffeсted.

Lеt us think then not of how a horse shoots his foot baсk-wards as in kiсlting, but of how from the resistanсe of the

Ьetter .feel' of the forсes and |, / / .(..l

stressеs whiсh сreate thе se- '/ /чuenсe of shapes and rhythm' .. /that the artist еnjoys. Let us approach the study of the musсlesas an inventor's problem of how best to operate the givenlevers, the bones, so as to supply the rеquired momеntum to the

Thе Framе 5

boily. Stuсly the skelеton and bеforе you look at the diagrams

of tЬe musсles ask yourself what musсles you woulсl сlesign,

and you T',ill' I am sure, und.erstand. Ьetter nature's solution of

the proЬlem.But before stuсlying the musсles, whiсh are reserveil for

another сhapter, let us сontinue our genеral survey of the

skeleton (seе the Frontispieсe).Look at the vertеbral сolumn and for the moment that

part of it from the hips to the сhest whiсh forms the baсk. Thevertebrа] сolumn, whiсhruns from the heaсlto thetip of the tail, is сomposedof a sеries of Ьones сon-

neсted by joints, чrhiсhYary enormouф in theirсonstruсtion and theirfleхibility, the neck bones

bеing сteeply emЬeilсletlone in the other, withbа]l - and - soсket joints,

whеreas the tail bonеs are really not soсk-

eted into еaсh other at all. This gives suсh

fleЁbility to the tail that a horse сan s.w.ish

it up and down, sideways or round' and

round чrith absolute frеedom; and the сleep

Аction ofMusclеs

Thе|/еrtеbrаIColumn

ball anсl soсketing of the neсk bones a]lows for the puШ of

strong musсlеs wiihout any danger of сlisloсation. In the Ьaсk-

bone the vertebre arе firmly сonneсted' without muсh play,

so that it may Ье a firm though not riфil сolumn.The horsЁ's power of сarrying wеight ilepentls upon this

firm knitti,,g o} the bones of the Ьaсk, to whiсh the slight

aгоhing of i1 сontributes. The baсkbone runs up to the

pelvis Ъo. a point in the mitltШe of the сhest where the

.,eсk p.opeф Ьeфns. Anсl the height of the withеrs, so

ThеvertebrаlColumn

6 Thе Framесhaгaсteristic of the shape of a horse, is, we sеe' not directlуdue to the baсkЬone, but to the long proсesses whiсh stand upfrom it.

The variation in the proсesses on the сliffеrent verteЬre isvery striking. They are, of сourse, modified to suit theirduties. The long Proсesses that form the withers serve tosupport thе neсk and head, and are raked baсkwards thebetteг to resist this pu-l.l. on the loins the upright Proсessеs are

shorter and-Ьlunter (it is the only сomfortable plaсe to sit on abare-Ъaсkel.do-'k:y, with its knife-edged baсkbone), and атeinсlinеd slightly forward: and the tr-ansversе Proсеsses arevery strongly developedl into broad flat Ьlades, for the attaсh-ment of strong musоles (seе i-llustгation, P. 33).Where йpelvis is attaсhed, a seсtion of thе ЬaсkЬorie is aсtually Ёsd,for the vеrtebrе are we]ded into a solid mass, сalled thе sac-rum' and the saсrum, making a unit with the pelйs, transmits

to the borly.ty flexible in all direсtions. It movesгds to a сertain height, but not very

intothesoсketotit,.,"iffi ;::T."J''"ч:#;"'":tH:lТ:?their transverse Proсesses сheсk the laterJ movement. Thetwo points of its gгeatest flexibiЁty are neаr the сhest antl justbehind the head. There the skir is supported by the

^t1..Ьone on rмhiсh it has an up-and-doчrn ilovement onJy, the

Thе Framе 7

atlas Ьeing able to rotate uPon the axis bone through aЬout Thе Ncchthree-quarters of a сirсle. The flangеs on the atlas, necessarily

strongly сlevelopeil for thе attaсhment of the strong musсles

that support the hеaс[, are verynotiсeaЬle in the living animal,being inсleeсl the only bone theforms of whiсh show on the sur-faсе Ьetween the heatl anсl theсhest.

In the skull itself a strikingсharactеristiс is the enormousсlepth of the jaw anсl maxillato give the molar teeth .leеPseсure soсkets, anсl the markеd'ridges of Ьone on the siсle ofthe faсe for the attaсhment ofthe strong Massеtеr musсles that

АtIas -.-

work it. In a с[eaсl horse, or one that is ly''g dou.n, the heaсl

looks a].most too large and too heavy to Ьe lifteсl. It is, however,

lighter than it looks, for the skuШ оontains immense hollowсhamЬeгs. the sinusеs. rпhiсh оommuniсate тrith the nasal

сavlty.The horse has eighteеn ribs

strongest are at the сhest where

of the big Serratus mus-сle (59b) upon whiсh theweight of the boily isсarriеd from the shoulderblaсle. Towards tlre quar.

ters the ribs are inсlineсl baсkwards and are thinner and moremoЬile, allowing play to the lungs and other interna] organs.

# Cе,vica|VеrteЬra

Аtlаs turned аs fаr аs possibleonthе аzis; seen;from und.еrnеаth

on eaсh siсle, of whiсh thethey are attaсheсl firmly to

the breast Ьone, the firsteight riЪs reсeiving theinsertions of the brar{сhes

Thе Skull

The Ribs

ThеShoulder

BIлdеs

8 Thе FrameA horsе has no сoПar bones, as we have, lreсause they would

not serve him. our shou]der blaсles arе on our flat baсk andour сollar bones keep our arms aPart that we may the betteruse them. A horse is flattened laterally and his shoulderblaсles, whiсh lie along his сhest, move freely forwards andbaсkwards at every stride. If you will look at his skeletonfrom in front (see illustration, p. 27), you will see that hisсhеst is boat-shaped, so that his shoulder blatle in moving for-ward. сomes nearer to and brings his foot nearer to thе сentralline of his motion.

There are nrany сonstruсtions and adaptations of shape inthe bones, on whiсh I have not touсhed, to whiсh referenсewi]l Ьe made later rпrhen treating of the musсles and thеiraсtion.

And now lеt us turn from thе skеlеton to the musсles thatrмоrk it.

Chaptеr II. Aсtion and MесhaniсsI suggested that the best п'ay for the read.er to und'erstanil thenrusсles and. their aсtion rмould Ъe to study the bones, and tryto invent some of thе required musсles for himself. A iliffiсulttask, for a horse, like any living thing, is of an intriсaсy be-

yond the most ingenious maсhine evеr inventeil by man.

Мan indeеd has only surpasseil the anima]s in speeсl and

Power by limiting eaсh maсhine to somе spеоial pur-

/pose, and he has been antiфated in aП his inven-tions Ьy nature-at least it is diffiсult to think ofanything that hе has done the prirrсiplе of whiсhis not emboсlied in some сrеature. There isthe eel that stuns тлrith an eleсtriсa] disсharge:сreatures in the darkness of the dеep sea

that light theiг way чrith headlamps like a сar: the little Indiarr

-:=fish that сan shoot at a distanсe ;J-

F,

of siх feet the inseсts that flut- 7oI 51х Iеet тne lnseсТS ТIraT rluт- z :teг overheatl rvith a jet of water, ?o, k^, 1,- 7 tt

as the naturа]ist shoots hum- \nring Ьirds: there is a fish toothat has a rod and line withhooks, with whiсh he grapplеs and stroke-hauls llis prey:in the eye thеre is a musсlе that сhanges the direсtion ofits pull by working through a ring as its pulley: the Ьird'swirrg is bоth plane and propeller; anсl the aеroplane thatdoes not lift its wheels and сarriage wears .trousers', tobreak thе air resistanсe, as the eagle wears feathers on hislegs: and thе horse's leg, when on the ground, works like

9

АutomаticSupport

10 Aсtion and Mесhaniсsthe spoke qf 3 Trrhgg]-]мhiсh brings us baсk to our sub.jеоt.

In our study of the musсles ]et us bеgin with the legs, as weditl in stuсlying the Ьones. When a horse is standing still, asin stable, he remains planted firmly on both his fore legs fora long time without altering his position, Ьut is сontinuаIly

shifting thе weight of his quarters from one hinсl lеg to theother. The rеason for this is that his forehanсlis entirф.'P-ported by inelastiс' tissues, whereas his quarters are supportedpartly by musсular forсe, so that he is сompelleсl frequently toсhange his position to rest his musсles. If a horse d'oes notstand planteil equally on both fоre feet, but еases one of them,it is a sure sign that he has sоme soreness or inflammation inthe limb.

The weight of the fore part of the boсly is supported fromthе undersidе of the shoulсler blaсle by the great Serratus

r.rnelastiс'. The woтd must not Ьe tаken liteтаlly, аs it is appliесl for сonvеnienсe ofeхplаnation to tissues that, though not truly iлelastiс, геaсh a poi.nt at whiсh they атеnot furthет extensiЬle.

Aсtion and Mесhaniсs 1.t

Thoraсis musсle (59b), the eight branсhеs of чrhiсh are at. Аutornаtictaсhеd to thе first eight ribs (seе Pls. 2, 5 and 11). Support

The miilille branсhеs ofthe musс]e arе intеrspersed.rvith inеlastiс fiЬres whiсh,w.hen the musсleis relaxed,support the body withoutany fatiguе to the horse.The weight of thebody puП-ing on the shouldeг blaсletеnds to flex, to сlose, thеjoint at A (Pl. 11, P. 108), so hеre a]so thеre is an arrangementof inelastiс tissue to keep the joint from сlosing. The BiсepsBraсhii musсle (47), whiсh is attaсhed to the shouliler blaсle atone еnd. and, passing ovеr the humerus, is attaсhed to theradius at the other, сould do this work and often does, for it isthe extensor of the joint, but it would beсome eхhausteсl if ithad to support the horse all the time, and so it is relieved. ofthis tluty by the inеlastiс tissue whiсh forms part of it.

The only possibility no.w of the horse сollapsing is if hisknee, C, were to buоk]e forward, so another inelastiс stringis inserted at a Point on the сannon bonе belorм the knee. Astrong tend,inous band, found in the Ехternal Radia] Еxtensor(55), it is attaсhed at its upper end to the Biсeps musсle (47),so that it is draтrn thе tighter, the more the ]atter tightеns.

In Pl. 11 the сonstruсtion is ilepiоted diagrammaticаlly rмithсoloured lines, the Biсeps greеn, the Ехtеrna] Raсlia] Еxten.sor mauYe, whiсh make it сlear, I think, that the сord tobeloчr the knee is not only usefu] for the PurPose rмhiсh hasbeen desсriЬeсl, Ьut is ind.ispensable in violent movementssuсh as lanсling over a j'.P. For then the greater the pull ofthe boсly uPon the shouldеr blaсle the greater the tension ofthis сoгd anсl the more firmly the knеe is сlosеd against anypossibiШty of buсkling over.

Plаtе 1. Bonеs and Musсles of thе Head and Neсk|The пumbers printеd феr the nаmеs oif muscles аre the numbers oif the other plаtеs in u-,fuch thе musсlеs аppеа|. .

T,he plаtеs t.n tрhiсh the mtlsclеs аre best shouln аre numberеd in hеаulеr tуpе.l

Numbersand Colours

of thе xfusсlеs

1' Blue Оrbiculаr musclе of the mouth,2. Red Leuаtor of thе uppеr lip аnd nostril.5. Мauve Leuаtor o1f the uppеr lip.4' Green Zуgomаtiсtts'5. Red Deprеssor oif thе loшer lip'6. Мauve Buсcinаtor.7. Yellow Mаsseter.8. Yellow Lаtеrаl dtlаtor o1f the nose'9' Green Superior Dilаtor o.;f the nosе.

10. Yellow Trаnsuеrse Dilаtor o1f the nose.

11. Buff Ceruicаl Ligаment'P|' 2.19. Yellow Stеrno-cephаlicus. Р|' 2, 5, L0.15' Blue Longus сolli (1first to seuenth cеruiсаl

u еr t еbr е) аtt аchmеnt s'14. Green IntertrаruuersаIes colli (secondto

s eue nth c e ruiс а I uеrt ebrr) .

NшnbersandColours

of thz Musсles

lбD. Мauve17. Yellow

18с. Blue19. Yеllow21. Red25. lVlauve24. Gгeen5,1. Red

59a. Мauve

92а' B\le920. Blue

Оmohyoideus, P|' 2, 5, 10'Reсtus саpitis.P|,2.T,rаpеzitls, cеruiсаl pаrt, P|.5,4, б,

Splеnfus. Pl. б' 10'Complerus.Pl.2.Postеrtor Оbliquе of thе heаd.Pl,.2.Аnterior Оbliquе of thе heаd.Mаstoido-Humerаlts. P|, 5, +, 5, 10,Sеrrаtus Ceruicis. P|' 2, б ) \ 5,

Аbdrctor of thе eаr.ЕrternаI Аdduсtor oif thе eаr'Common mtвcle o1f thе eаr.Dеprеssor oif thе eаr'Leuаtor o1Гthe eаr'Fаciаl uеin.Jugulаr uеtn, P|. 2, 5' 70'

Сo r rugo to rof thе F-уеЬrow

СomЙon mIsсlеoГ the Еor 90

Ехt. АddUсtoror thе Еor 90

LеvoLor or Еor 90

Оrno'hуoiс1 !5b

Pos tеrio г

|or af the Еor 90

Аnterior oblЩLle of Lhe Неod 24 сеr|iсot тroDezius l80

NlosIorda.н001elo|1s з1

lugulor Vеin 92 b

9rcrna-Сеphal|сЦ5 l ].

In|e||ronsvеrsolcs сol]1 l 4

]V-Vl| СervlсoI Vсrtсbгое

S/ror; Jе.-etr.r;n

Lеvotor of U|'Der Llp з

т.aо5|еrsе DiloLcr or the Nosе / 0

irtеrol Dilo1or 8

Lеvotor oГ UppеrLip ond Nostпl 2

\Upеrior DiloLa| 9

Zуgomoriсus 4

|trossetеr 7

|осiol уeio 92 o

Hоtnеrolis }4

Dерrеssoг o( thе Еor 90

j Splеnils l9l l//. lV. y сеrу VcrI

\\tng of Аllos

ob/фue 23

Postеriar ОЬltque oГ t||е rlеod

8uссtno|or 6

^4osr сon\pleхus 2lDеDrеssor of tlle Lower trр 5

CervtсolLlgomеnt

/лсlsоr тeeth

7/. -:

,'8аrs..of |'io)o,'

(h€ /!ou|]

Аnt. ОbllquеoГ |l|e неod ?4

Сoltiле rесt/l Rеcfus сopi|is l7

Sсrro (os

t Lottgtts Сollt iJ l.-|.Vll Сеrviсol yе|lеbro.

Aсtion and Meсhaniсs t5The automatiс support of the hoгse's weight is сompleteсl Аutomntic

at the fetloсk, D, by the Suspensory Ligament (69) and at the SupportPastern joints, Е anсl F, by the tendons of the Perforans (61)and Peгforatus (60) muscles т,ith their сheсk ligaments.

The Suspensory Ligament (69) ъ a broad elastiс сord at-taсhed at the baсk of the knee and сannon bone, very visibletowards the lorмer end of thе сannon Ьone; it divides justabove the fetloсk into two branсhes rмhiсh are inserted on thesesamoid bones, a Ъand passing forтrard on eaсh side of thеjoint to the front of thе first phalanx, to join the tendon ofthe Common Digital Ехtensor (54): see Pl. 6' P.62.

This arrangement serves two purPoses. It suppоrts the fetloсkautomatiсally, and by its prolongаtion to the front Prevents thePasterns from knuсkling over forward's, muсh as the tiе stringbelow the knee prevents the knee fгom buсkling forward.

To test the prinсiple of the automatiс suPPort of the horseЬy his fore legs, I made a rough model with bits of rмood andstring like this, and found that a weight, W,rePresenting thе down-ward pull of the boсly,attaсhed as depiсted, was supported by *ygimсraсk сonstruсtion. So thе musсular effortdemanded of thе front legs when at rest isapparently no grеater than the smа]l musсularadjustments \мe oursеlves make, whеn standing,to keеp the jointed сolumn of our legs uprightund.er our Ьody.

The hinсl leg, as п'е notiсed in Chaptеr I, сor-respond.s very closely to the fore leg in the generаlсharaсter and relation of the Ьones; anсl theсorrespondenсе is сlose, for it is proйdеil with aninelastiс string, the Peron@us Tertius (82), whiсhсonneсts the femur with the сannon bone, muсhas the Biсeps Braсhii сonneсts the shoulder blaсle with theRadius. Yet the hinсl quarters are not automatiсallу supported

АutomаticSupport

Аction ofFore Lеg

L4. Aсtiоn and Mесhaniсsтr-ithout effort on thе part of the muscles, sinсe the artiсulationof the femur чгith the pеlvis fa.lls too far forward in relationto the foot.

Perhaps this is a usefu]. provision for safety, for it keеps thehorse .on his toes', like a gooс1 gamesplayer. A horse plantedon a].l four feet rvould be very slow at getting offthе mark.

Turn now to the leg's aсtion.l At eaсh striсlе the leg is madeЬy musсular сontraсtion into a rigiil spoke, whiсh rotates

about a point on theshoulder blade as itsaхlе, and as a rigidspoke it aсts until thеbod'y has ad.vanсed. sofar that the 1еg haspassed' the vertiсalposition. Then, as itсan no longer serYе as

a support, the horsеuses it for propulsion

by eхtenсling the joints. Anil in this aсtion of the legs theine1astiс tissues play a vеry important Part.

Let us fol].ow in more сletail the aсtion of the fore leg.At eaсh stride the leg is put forward тrith the joints ex.

tended, and touоhes thе ground first with the elastiс frog atthe baсk of the foot. As the weight sеttles on to the leg,the pasterns yiеlil elastiсally, anсl the Biсeps (4.7) and theTriсeps (б1), that extend'ed the leg, relax, letting the jointsat A anсl B (Pl. 11, P. 108) сlose quietly until the boily issuppoгteсl by the inеlastiс tissues whiсh rмe have Ьeen disсuss-ing. \Мhen the horse is stanсling at ease anсl thе pull of hisweight is merеly direсtly d'ownward.s, thе inelastiс tissues sup-port him unhelped; but when he is in aсtion, the leg nеed's tobе braсed, so the long heail of the Triсeps musсle (51a) that

rSеe ChaP. ГХ.' p. 104.

Spohе-likе аction of the forе lеgs

Aсtion and Месhaniсs 75joins the und.er edge of thе shoulсleг blaсle to the point of the Аction ofelbow.(olecranon) сontraсts, pulling against the inelastiс tie Forе Leg

Bonеs of the lф fore leg tn аctton

of the Biсеps (4.7), thus making the trianglе ABS aЬsolutelyrigiсl, while, belorпr, the Ехtensoгs straighten thе knеe andpastern joints. Formed thusinto a rigitl spokefrom shoulсlerblaсle to foot, for, as eхplained,the knee is indireсtly Ьгaсetl,the leg is rotated about a pointon the upper half of the shoul-

,"r,rr"'.dеr Ьlade by thе foПowingmusсles: the Rhomboid (39),the Serratus Cerviоis (59а),theAnterior and Posterior DeepPeсtora]s (37 ar,rd 58), and theLatissimus Dorsi (35). Depiсteddiagrammatiсally, the aсtionof these musсles is seen to betangentiаl (see аlso Pl. б, P. 5s).

The pгinсiplе of automatiс suPport is applieil а]so in theсarriage of thе shoulder. Strands of the Dоrso-sсapular

Support ofthe Forе

Limb

Sliding ofthе Shouldеr

16 Aсtion and Mесhaniсsligament arising on thе withers are inserteil on the undersidеof thе shoulсler blaсle; and on its оutside the tenсlinous miсlсllеpart of the Trapezius (18) is attaсhed to the spine of theshoulder blaсle. Together they сan support thе whole forelimb тrhen thе foot is off thе ground, thus rеlieving themusсles.

Thе Dorso-sсapular ligamеnts mingle at their insertionund'er the shoulder blade with the Serratus Thoraсis (З9b),,

and the .pivot point' of the shoulder blaсle oссurs near theirjunсtion.

.Point', .pivot', .rotate' must not bе takеn litеrally; theyare figures of speeсh, usеful for disсussion and illustration.The .point' upon the shoulder blade, on whiсh the leg ispivoteсl, is not fiхeil upon the boсly, for thе whole shoulderсan sliсle slightly baсkwards and forwards. Drawn forwardчrhen thе foot takes the ground, thе shoulсler blaсle has movedbaсk by thе enсl of the stridе. Thus the boily has not only beenadvanсed Ьy the spoke-like aсtion of thе leg anсl the exten-sion of the leg and shouldеr joints, but has сrept forwarсl inrelation to thе shoulder blaсle during the stride, whiсh rеsultsin an adtlitiona] advanсe of the Ьotly in relation to the foot andthe ground over чrhiсh the horse is travelling.

After the stride, as thе sPent leg is сoming foгward, theshoulder blailе is d'ra.wn forward. again along the сhest. Thusboсly anil leg a-lternately сreep forward. on eaсh other, addinglength to the stride, and inсreasing the horse,s spеed.'

When the botly of the horse has ad'vanсed so far that thelеg has passed thе vertiсa.l, and the .pivot point, on the shoul-der blaile is in front of the foot, the leg is no longеr of use forsupPort. Immеdiatеly, the joints at A and B are extenсleсl b1'

the eхtensor musсlеs and the body propellесl forrмards. Tоeffесt tlris the Long heatl of the Triсeps (51с) is relaxed. Thisfrеes thе shoulсlеr blade, whiсh is thеn eхtended on thе

rSee Chap. IХ.' p. 110.

Aсtiоn and Mесhaniсs L7humеrus by the Biсeps Braсhii musсle (47), and а]so frees the Еttension ofelbow joint, rпrhiсh is then extended by the сontraсtion of thе the Forе LegExternal and Intеrna] heaсls of the Triсеps (51b anсl 51с) antlthe Anсoneus (59). The Long head of the Triсeps сannot dothis work, for if used to eхtend the elborпr it woulсl neсessarilypull thе shou]iler blade Ьaсk and Prevent the desired exten-sion оf the shoulder joint Ьy thе Biсеps; -wherеas the Еxternal

TricеpsIonx Hеod

6tа.cL

and Internal heads of the Triсeps, and the Anсoneus, beingattaсhed to the humеrus only, extentl the е]borпr joint atB, without interfering with the freedom of the shouldеrb]adе.

on the liйng horse thе Long head of the Triсeps (51a) is zhсtion ofvery notiсeable as a soft bag-like mass, that hangs over the Triсеpselbow joint, when the leg is at rest. When the horse is movingit tightens and is Seen as a firm smooth surfaсe. The workingof this musсle may easily bе rмatсhed at a quiet walking paсe,and thеn it тriП be nоtiсеil that the musсle slaсkens and be-сomes soft and Ьag-like again bеfore the leg is liftесl, as soon-'that is, as it has passеd the vеrtiсal; whiсh is a сonfirmation ofthe anatomiсal ехplanation of its aсtion given above. I had

,\

I

/l

\':'''-

Еrtensioп ofthе Fore Leg

Lction ofHind Leg

18 Aоtion and Mесhaniсsoften observed its moment of relaxation, and was puzded onthe point until I knerм the reason.

Suсh сlesсriptions of musсles anil their aсtion are neсessarilyrathеr summary. For in the simplest movement innumeraЪlemusсles сome into play. But onсe thе general prinсiple of themotion of a lirnb is gтaspeсl, the aсtion and effeсt of many ofthe less dominant musсles should' be suffiсiently сlear fromthe plates.

At the end of a stride, ,when the leg has attaineсl its full ex-tension, the foot is lifteil, thе kneе elborм anil shoulсler jointsare flexed anсl the leg anсl shoulсlеr are brought forward to.gether for the neхt stride, the musсle that d.oes most of this.work being the Мastoido-Humеralis (54.) whiсh is attaсhed tothe humerus and' the fasсia whiсh сoYer the shoultler Ьladeand arm.

As thе limb aсlvanсes the shouliler and elbow joints are ex.tended, anсl the knee and fеtloсk joints straighteneсl, projeоt-ing the foot forrмards,l ready to take the grounil again and toеxeсute the neхt striсle.

The aсtion of the hinсl lеg resembles that of the fore leg inthat it beфns Ьy serving as a riфсl spoke and ends by the ex.tension of the joints.

As the foot touсhes the ground the elastiсity of the hoofanсl thе play of the pasterns relieve the limЬ of shoсk, andmusсles suсh as the Vasti (79) on the tоp of the femur фve.way gradually, aПowing the weight of the Ьody to sеttlegently on to the support of the leg.

The braсing of the hintt leg is very similar to that of thefore leg. Thе fore leg, you rеmеmbеr, is loсked into a rigidspoke by the сontraсtion of the Triсeps, Ьetween the shoulderblaсle and elbow, pulling against the inelastiс tissues of the

rMaгey and Pagёs фve сliщгams of severаl positions of the legs Ьoth in suPPortaпd suspension in the diffeгent paсes, plotting the сouгse thгough тr'hiсh thе diffегentjoints tтavel. Маny of these diagгams aге reproduсed in Goubeau and Barгiеr'sЕxteriлг of the Horse'

Aсtion and Mесhaniсs 19Biсeps Braсhii (see p. 1б). In the hinil. leg the rigiсl mass isformed of the femur, tiЬia anсl metatarsus, the triangle ABII(Pl. 11' p. 108),by the сontraоtion of the Vasti on the stiflejoint, and the Gastroсnemii (80a) Ьet.ween the fеmur and'hoсk, .which puШ against the inelastiс string of the PeronreusTertius (82).

Thus loсked into a riфtl spoke, the hinil leg is turned. uPonthe knoЬ of the femur by the action of the Мidille Glutдus(68) antl the mass of musоles that form the rump.

As soon as the leg is past the point of support, the hip,stifle anсl hoсk joints at H, A antl B are еxtended and thehorse thrown forward Ьy their thrust. Most of the musсles onthe quarters help in this eхtеnsion (see Pls. 8 antl 9). on thefront of the leg the Rеоtus Femoris (79а), the Еxterna] anilInternаl Vasti (79D, 79с) extend the femur on the tiЬia

-not the tibia on the femur, Ьeсause the foot is thе fixed point

from rмhiсh a]l the Ьones get theiг rеsistanсe for propeШng thebotly. They are Powerful muscles чrhiсh сorrespond to thestrong musсles on the top of your o.wn thigh. Behind the leg,the musоles which form the rumP help to extend this anсl theother joints by pulling thе leg baсk with tremend.ous Power:the Biсeps Fеmoris (70)' thе SemimemЬranosus (72), tЬeSеmitendinosus (71), the Adduсtor (76), and the Glutrusmusсles (68 anсl 69). How gтeat the mass of these musсles ismay be seеn Ьy looking at a horsе from behind, as rп.еll asfrom the side.'The sketсh overleaf is from a.Trait du Nord'сlraught horse, a сrossЬred Frenсh antl Belфan stallion.

Simultaneouф with the extension of hip anil stifle joints,the hoсk joint is eхtended Ьy the Gastroсnemii (80с), whiсhpuП on the Tenilo AсhiШs (80b). But thе Gastroсnemii, theсalf musсles, whiсh arе relatively muсh less developed than inman' are not strong enough to do the .work of eхtending thehoсk by themselves' or to take up the strain often thrown

tSеe Chap. IХ., p. 110.

Аction ofHind Leg

Аction ofHind Lеg

20 Aсtion and МесhaniсsuPon them, and. so they arе helpeсl by an ingenious сontriv-anсe of parаIlel tendons, the Peroneus Tertius (89) anсl theSuperfiсial Diфtar Flexor (86), тrhiсh сompel the powerapplieсl to the one joint to aсt uPon the othеr.

In Pl. 11 (p. 1O8)these tendons are rePresenteсl diagrammati.сa]ly. They join the hoсk to the femur on the uPPеr side of thеtiЪia, and the сannon bone (Metatarsus) to thе fеmur on itsunder side. Bеing inextensible and working in parallel thеyсompel these two joints, stifle antl hoсk, A and B, to open and

сlose together, and the musсu]ar forсe of thе quarters, exertedсlireсф on thе stiflе, is indireсф eхerted equally on the hoсk.Thus thе powеrful еxtension of the stifle by the Vasti musсles

(a

Aсtiоn and Mесhaniсs 2Iехtеnds thе hoсk through the pull of the femur оn the TentloAсhillis (80D)' anсl the extension of the hoсk by thе сontraс-tion of the Gastroсnеmii (80a) сontributes to the extension ofthe stiflie by thе puJ'l оf the tibia on the Peronаeus Tertius (89).It is this simultaneous eхtension of both joints that makes theaсtion of thе quarters so effeсtiyе.r

Beloчr the knее antl hoсk the legs arе рraсtiсally only bonesand strings.

on the front of the legs the meсhanisrn is vеry simple, thetendons of the Сommon (54, 84.) and Lateral (55, 85) Еxtensors

Аction ofHind Lеg

FetlochaпdPаstеrns

puПing thе pasterns forward's into theposition in whiсh the foot is at the rightinсlination to take the ground.

At thе baсk of the legs the meсhanismis тnore intriсate and morе interеsting,мrith the three strings whiсh suPPort thеweight of the Ьoсly and hеlp in its pro-pulsion. They are thе Suspensory Liga-mеnt (69, 89) and thе Perforatus (60,86) anсlPerforans (61, 87) tеndons.

The fеtloсk joint differs frоm the other joints in that it is Оuer..ovеrextend.ed.' whеn supporting the weight of the horse, the ettеnsionpasterns inсlining forwards in front of the lirre of the сannonbone' Anil the rnorе impоrtant duties of the Perforatus andPеrforans tend.ons are to support the fetloсk joint and pasterns,and to straighten them in thе aсt of galloрing anсl jumping.Their true flexing aсtion of lifting the foot oссurs only whenthe foot is offthe ground.

Genorally spеaking, thе Suspensory Ligament, Perforatus Bаchаnd Perforans suPPort the first, seсond and thirсl phalanges, Tendonsrеspесtivеly.

Let us first сonsider the aсtion of thе tendons as suPPorts tothе fetloсk and pastеrns.

lSeе Chap. IХ.' p. 111.

Plаte 2. Lowеr Laver of thе Musсlеs of the Bоdv|The nurnbеrs printed фer the nаmes o1f muscles аre thе numbers oif thе other pl.ates in tahich thе musclеs аppear.

Thе plаtеs in шhich the muscles аrе bеst shou'п аre numbered in heаuier typ".fNumbers

aлd,Coloursof Йе Musсhs11. Buff CеrvicаI Ligаmert.Pl, 7.

19. Yellow Sterno-Cephаliсus. Pl. 1' б' 10.15D' Мauve omo-hуoidл.ш. Pl. t, \ 5, t0.17. Yеllow Rеcttts Cаpitis'P|. |'90. Blue Lonфsimus Cаpitis.20. Yellow Longissimus Аtlаntis.91. Red Complezus.Pl.l.99. Red MultifiЙв Cеruicis.95. Mauvс Posterior oblique of thе heаd.Pl. |.

95a. Мauve Sеrrаtus Posterior.Pl, 5.95D. Red EztеnшIIntercostаЬ.P|.5,96. Yеllow TransuеrsаIis Costаrurn'97. Red Longissitnus Dorsi. P1.8.

27а. P';ed Spinalis Dorst.50с. Gгeen EilernаI obliquе ofthe z4'bdюmen.P|, 5, 7'

8, 9, 10. It is сut to show thе Inteгnaloblique, б0D.

б0D. Blue rnternаl obliquе of thе Аbdomez. Pl. 8.59. Green Rhomboideus.Pl.S,+, 5.55. Yellow zt'ntеior SuperftciаI Pectorаl.P|. 5, 5,|0,57, Green Аntеior Dееp Pectorаl.P|. +' 5, 10.58. Red Posterior Dеep PeсtorаI.PI.5,4,5,10.

б9a. Мauve Serrаtus Ceruicis,P|. |'5'4,,5.59D. Mauve Sеrrаtus Thorаcis. P|' б, 4' 5, 77 .

41. Blцe Suprаspinаtиs. Pl..l..12. Red lфаspinаtus. Pl.,|..

Nultйеrsand.Colours

of ilе Mu,sсIеs

4б. Green Teres Minor. Pl. 4..

47. Green Biceps Brаchii. Pl. 4.' 6, t0, t|.49. Blue Brаchiаlis Аruictls.P|.5, 4,6' |0.

в1 -1'.,]. |Yeltow Ticeps Brаchii' P|. 6, +, 6.б|b.I55. Мauve Egtеrnаl Rаdiаl Eztеnsor (Ertеnsor

Carpi Rаdiаl,.s). Pl. 5, +' 6,10,11..б4. Gгeen CommonDigitаIEэtettsor.PI.5.J.'в,|0'1.I.55. Yellow Lаtеral DigitаI Eztelnsor. Pl. 5,4,' 6, |0.59. Blue ErternаI Flegor of thе Metасаrpus

(Ezterвor cаrpi Ulnаris). Pl. 5' 4.,в,Io'6.$D. Yellow Iliасus. Pl. 7,8.68a. Mauve Middle Glutrus(Gl' Mеdius).P|'7'ц 17.

71 . Gгееn 9emitendinosus. Pl. 5' 7,8' 9, t|,72. B|ue Sеmimembrаnosus.P|. 2' 7, 8,9' |7.

79a. Red Rесtus Fernorls. Pl. x'7'E,9, t|.79D. Yellow Eztеrnаl vаstus.РL. 5' 7,8, 9' 1 1.

80a. Blue Gаstrocnemtus. Pl. 3' 7,8'g| 7|.81. Red Soleus.Pl.517r9,ll.84. Gгeen Аntеrior or Long Digital Egtertsor.

PI.5,7,9, ll.Yellow Lаtеrаl DigitаI Ertensor' Pl. 5,7, g.lVlauve Deep Digitаl Fleror (Pефrаns).

Pl. 5, 7 , g, ll.

Blue rugulаr vеtn.P|. 7,5,10.Blue Erternаl Thorаcic Геin.P|.5.

85.87.

92b,92d.

Pa:tсгtor Оb!lqltt:'Г L|с leod 2З

Сеrvкls )2

ц/lI DeeD Pесrorol З7-

Ioп€l55|DiU5Аt1ontis 20

Loлgrssrmus сopltis 2a

(oпpleхus 2l

СerviсoI U3оmeпt l l

5errсtus Сeгvjсus J9o

AhoпlЬordеus J2

tvltddlc Glutoeus 68o5с||ol(]s P!5tеrioг 2Jo

Lo:'l t.stпos Dor.,t 27

f roпsvе rso ! ts

Сos|оrurn 2Ь llIocIs 64ьspil1o]is Dorsi 27о

Ехi.ег no lIrltс'rсc;to/s| 25b

Rl((ui Оmo'НуatrJ l5L>(орirt' l7

J t oг Vе

Сepho/iсosмUl(ilidU5

92ь

StprosDttlatus 4

tt)(tosptnt)tis 42

Bicеps Brосhti 47./

цil| 5UDe/,(joj Pесlorol 35

Тcres |\Аtllaг 4З

P'rochiоlis 49

79o

sеmitеndinosus ? I

Еltl ОЬ!iсiuеo( AЬ,Jaп':с, lCr

/l!t't'obliqLе

ЕlLertlgI Voзtus79b

Loпg DiriLс/ Ехtеnral в4

Lo!еroi DiEitol

5еm;лtеmЬro n osus72

Costroсnеmius 80o

5o/еus 8 /

Dеэp Fleхot

Ехrer nolRodiolЕхtensor

!sГь.sto[/ ri(еDs

5сrro ( t]5

Thoroсls Pc5tе r 1c rL]i'е|] Pесtсro,

'y'еlо 92d(Ехti Тhoroсiс)

]9ьзB

(.otпnloл Dlpt(o/ F-хсеnsor 54

Dееp Flс 'arPеrforons 6 l

Ех|еrnol FlcхoroГ |v|еroсotpus 59

Lо|erolDlFiиl r.Xrcо,.o| 5,; llrtrrr;or B5

Pегforons 87

Aсtion and Месhaniсs 23

The Suspensory Ligament running down the baсk of theсannon bone is tliviсled into two branсhеs whiсh are insertedon the sesamoid Ьones, and, as the sesamoid Ьonеs are attaсhedby ligaments to the seсond anсl сhiefiy the first phalanx, theSuspensory Ligament is in effeсt attaсheсl to the Pasterns;the sesamoids, тrhiсh might be са.lled the PateПe of thе fetloсkjoint, helping it to slip baсkwards and forчrard.s over the joint.

The Suspеnsory Ligamеnt is an еlastiс сord, purely auto-matiс in aсtion. It servеs as a spring, helping to support thefеtloсk joint; its сhief сluty is aPParently to eliminate abrupt.ness and shoсk in thе aсtion of the fetloсk and pasterns.

The Perforatus and Perforans tеnd.ons, bеing сontrollеdby musсles, are not automatiс in aсtion, likе the SuspensoryLigament, unti.l they reaсh thеir limit of extеnsion, whentheir сheсk strings support them instead of the musсles.

The сheсk string of thе Perforatus is strong in both foreanсl hind leg; that of the Perforans is тreak and, somеtimeseYеn non-existent in the hinсl leg.

Thus the horse has for his support all the three stringswhiсh are at thе baсk of the leg.

Noиr let us study their aсtion as proPulsive agents.The Suspеnsory Ligament hфs, for its autornatiс elasti.

сity is always attempting to pull the pasterns baсk. If in theleg of a dead horsе the Pеrforatus and Perforans tend.ons areсut and the pasterns overextеnd'ed, puШed well forward, andlet go, the Suspensory Ligament тrill puШ thеm Ъaсk into lineчrith the оannon bone, but no farther.

The Superfiсiа] Flexor (the Pеrforatus) differs notably inthe fore anсl hinсl legs, for musсular as it is in the fore leg, it isharсlly more than a tendon in the hind lеg; even in thе forеleg it is very тreak in сompaтison w.ith the Deep Digitаt F]exor(the Perforans).

It .was stated preйously that these tend.ons were limited intheir movement by сheсk strings; to be aссurate, in thе hinсl

The BасkTendoтв

Tlrc BасhTrnd'orк

24 Aсtion and Mесhanrсsleg the Perforatus tendon is attaсheсl direсф to the hoсk. Theattaсhment, however, а.llows the tendon, whiсh forms a sortof сap over thе tuber сalсis, to slip to and fro. When thepasterns give under pressure, it slips down to its limit, and thefetloсk is then automatiсally supported from its attaсhmentоn the hoсk. When the hoсk is flexed, the Perforatus tendonis tightenetl by the moYement of the tuber сalсis, and the foot,if off the ground, is bеnt Ьaсkwards. But the pull is not verystrong, for the foot сan always bе overextended, in whatevеrposition thе limb is, as may Ье tested on the leg of a deaсl horseand seen in instantaneous photographs.

The Perforatus' indeed, exerts very little propulsivе Powеrin сomparison with the Perforans.

The Perforans is the prinсipal agent in the aсtion of the pas-

terns. A very powеrful musсle in both fore and hinсllegs, it pullsthе pastеrns baсk from the overextend.ed position with suсhеnеrgy that it Ьfts the fetloсk and leg with great effeсt.

Its aсtion is very effeсtive in adding to length of stride andleap, beсause it takes place when the Ьoсly is already on themove from the ехtension of other joints. Everyone must havenotiсed in gymnastiсs how effeсtive a very slight push is in help-ing sоmeonе who is vaulting to сlear the vaulting horse. In aШ

musсular moYеment little сontributions of fоrсe add enor-mously to the resulting aсtion. When a horse raisеs his fore-hanсl into the air, he сloes not only extend his shoulсler, elbow,anсl fetloсk joints, but aсlсls to this the сontraсtion of the bigSerratus musсle, whiсh lifts his body in relation to the shoulderblaсle, whiсh is itself rising through the aсtion of the joints.

Distant transmission of Power makеs for aсtivity. It makеslargе саlf musсles unneсessary, and. avoids the putting ofwеight low down on the leg, тмhiсh is dеstruсtive of agility.Dееr and hare a.lso have these parallel strings, but not сlogs orсats. In deer, тrhiсh jump so wond.erfully, the legs are notiсe.

ably light, mеre Ъones with strings to work the joints. Light

Aсtion and Месhaniсs 25.

thаn the body whiсh theypropel,аre in varying dеgrees a сheсkto its advanсе. Put simplУ, doyou put on heavy boots whenyou jump ?

The BаchTendons

Suling of thеPeIuis

Fеtloс|t аndPаsterns

When a lrorsе is lying d.ownthe aсtion of thе strings is very

the length of the stride. In thе hind leg there is, of сourse, nosliding movеment, sinсе the hеad of the femur is soсketed intothe pеlvis. There is, however, a slight swing of the pelvis andsaсгum whiсh gives a similar rеsult. Forward at the moment

Later I yrill rеfer tо the eсonomiса] way in whiсh suсhmovеments arе effeсted.

Fеtloсk аndPаsterns

The Foot

26 Aсtion and Mесhaniсsа.lso aсlсl to the smoothnеss of the aсtion in general. Еxtendеdin a straight line with the lеg when the foot takes the ground,thеy give way, they .ovеrextend', as the weight of the bodyсomes on to thеm, and rесover themselves after the leg haspasseil thе vertiсal position. By shortening anсl lengthening inthis.way, they keep the horsе's Ьoсly nearly at the same leveltlшoughout the stгiilе. If you will put a сrutсh or Ьroomhanсlle undеr your armPit you will rea]ize very сlearly theadvantage of their meсhanism. When the foot of thе сrutсh isput on the ground in front of you its top is lowered, rising as

you advanсe' ti]l it reaсhеs the vertiсal position, when it liftsyour armpit very awkwardly, dropping again as you leave itЪеhinсl you. By the play of the pastern, this rising and fallingmotion is avoideil in the horsе's leg, and its boсly travelsnеarly on a lеvel, the aсtion gaining in speed and' есonomy ofeffoтt. You may see a thoroughbred's supple pastern bent atright angles to the J.eg, parallеl with the ground,l the ergotat times even aсtuа].ly touсhing it.

Another interesting сletail of the aсtion is thе sudden vray inwhiсh the foot is liftесl at the еnсl of the stride, so сharaсter-istiс of a thoroughbred, that thеre may be no risk of its strik.ing an irregularity of the ground, as thе leg is slмung forward.The тrork is not left to the Pеrforans musсle (61), as musсularсontraсtion might not Ьe rapid enough, Ьut is performeil bythe elastiсity of the tendons and the InfeЁor Sesamoid liga-mеnts, whiсh, Ьeing stretсhed when the footis d.own, fliсk thefoot up instantanеo'ф, as soon as it is free of the ground.

This prinсiple of the fliсk is useсl again in the astragalus, the.wheel' of the hoсk joint, whiсh is not quite regulаr in itsmovemеnt, so that чrhеn the joint is in aсtion the pull of themusсles is pent up for a moment anil is released тмith a suddenflip, like the movеment of the blaсle of a penknife, that atlds

aссeleration to thе thrust of the leg.lSеe Chap. fХ' p. 112.

Aсtion and Мeсhaniсs 27Before leaйng the legs let me refer to another arrange. Clеаrаnce

ment. It is important that the foot of the lifted leg, rмhen of the Footbeing brought forward., shoulсl not сollide чrith the other legthat is upon the ground.

In the forе leg this сlearanсe is effeсted Ъy the movement ofthe shoulсler blaсle rather than that of the leg. In a well-madehorsе the foreleg shоulсl benсl a]most straight at the knee, forif the foot throтrs outward.s eхaggeгatedly, this .сlishing'

"e.su-lts in .lvaste of energyanil loss of speed. Owingto the сhest being shaped]ike the Prow of a Ъoat,the shoulder blade as itslips forward turns itsfront eсlge inwards, whiсhthrows the elЬorм and footoutwards so that the footadvances quite сlear of theother leg. Another сon-sequenсe of this move-ment of the shoulderЬlade is that rлrhen the leg isextended the foot is broughtunder thе middle line ofthe boily, .whiсh makеsfor spееd and еasy aсtion.

Bon3r thorаz dif the horsе:1front uieta

11 the hind leg this сlearanсе is еffeсted' Ьy the shapе of thehoсk joint, in whiсh the .wheеl' of the joint(the astragalus) isset slightly outwards, so that the foot is сarried oit*u.ilsas it сomes forward. This оutrмard turn of the аstrasa]us is

28 Aсtion and MeсhaniсsClеаrапcе outward throw of thе fеmur, the tiЬia and hoсk arе inсlined

of the Foot tolr.ard.s the miсlсlle line of the body, .п,hiсh might сause thefoot, as the leg ad'vanсes, to strike the other leg whiсh is on

the ground, if it lмas not itself swungoutwards from thе hoсk by the settingof the astragalus.

In forе 1еg anсl hind leg alike the foot,-when it is Ьeing eХtended to begin thestride, is brought on to or near to themiсldlе line of the body: partiсularly so

in a thoroughbreсl, for this Prevents yaw-ing of the boсly, making for speed and

eсonomy of effort in progrеssion. In a

vеry fast gul]oP the footmarks may liein a true line .as if maсle by the spokesu,7" of a wheеl without a felloe'.

SpirаlProgrеssion Lф lroсk, front

uteu.,' Сf. instdе uiеu'l

on p. 44.

Anima1 progression is spirаl. There is

the forward. movеnrent, the rise and fall,and the lateral osсillation of the body, as

it is supported alternatеly Ьy the rightand left legs. For rapid progression thе rising anсl falling

motion and the latеral yawing shoulil be reduсed to the least

possible minimum as it is in a raсehorse. Thе rising and falling

motion is reduсеd by the play of the pasterns and other elastiсi-

ties; and thе siсleways osсillation by bringing the feet as nearly

as possible und'еr the сentre line of thе Ьoсly. Duсks wа]k so

notoriously badly Ьeсause their legs arе short and set on so far

apart that they сannot put their feet well und'er their boс[ies,

and so must wadсlle their bodies right anсl lеft oYer their

feet.Tlrc Let us lеave the legs anсl turn to the baсkbonе.

vеrtеbrаl It is knitteil together with innumerable musсlеs both

Column underneath anсl on the uPPer side, the latter of whiсh

in a well-fed horse build up the shapе of the Ьaсk. The

Aсtion and Месhaniсs 29moYement of thesе musсles is not perсeptiblе in them-selves, though oссasionally strings shorru. rnomentarily on theloins.

The ribs are сonneсted by sheеts of musсles rдrhiсh сon-solidatе the boily. Though they do not show as inсlividualmusсles the еffeсt of their aсtion is very notiсeable in theсhanges they сause in the position and visiЬility of thеribs.

The verteЬrв of the neсk, like those of the Ьaсk, arе inter-сonneсted Ьy an intriсatе weЬ of musсles (see Pl. 1), whiсhmakе of the сerviсаl сolumn a sort of stiffish hawser, aS сanbe seen in the living animal .when thе rreсk is stronglybent. Thе sесtion of the nесk is in genеral oval, narroweron the top and thiсkеr toward's the underside, with thestrong Мastoido.Humеral (54) musсles whiсh attaсh it to thetrunk.

The shape of the baсk is built up by the Lorrgissimus Dorsi(27), the longest musсle of thе body, whiсh, running from thehips to the nесk, fiПs the angle betweеn the upright Proсessesof thе spine and thе sideiмay Proсеsses of the loins and tops ofthe ribs. When in a gallop the spine is fleхed to bring the hindlegswell foru'aгd al thе beginning of a stridе, thе LongissinrttsDorsi, by its powеrful eхtеnsiоn of the spine, adds to thе pro-pulsion of the hind limb.

When lоoking at the skеleton w-e notiсed that the shape ofthе withers is made by the enormous bony Proсessеs that sup-port the neоk and hеad. From them thеre run to the neсk notonly musсles, but thе Cеrviсаl Ligament (11) : see Pl. 1, p. 1.2.

Formed. of elastiс tissue, and divided into strands, whiсhrun to the diffеrеnt сerviсa] verteЬra and to the base of theskuП, it undеrtakеs thе work of supporting the head andneсk. In the girаffe it is enormously developed, aS rnay bе еx.pесted, and takеs its purсhase the whole way do'wn the сrеa.turе's spine!

1-he

vеrtеbrаlColumn

CеruicаlLigamеnt

Plаtе J, Upper Laуer of thе Musсles of thе Bodу|Thе numbеrs printеd фer the nлmеs o1f musclеs аre thе numhеrs of the other plаtеs in шhich the muscles аppеаr '

The plаtеs in tphiсh the mttscles аre bеst shoшn аre nцmbered in heаuter t1,pе.f

Nшnbers NшnbersandCohuгs аndColours

of the Musclzs of thе Musclеs

12. Yellow Sterno-Cephаliсus.P\ .7'2, |0. 54. Green Common Dtgitаl Ertensor (Ertensor

lбD. Mauve omo-hуoid.еus.Р|.2,70, pedis).P|.2,4,'6,70'1l.16a. Green Culаneous mttscle of the neсh, Pl. 5, 10. 55, Yеllow Lаterаl Digitаl Eztensor (Eпr' Digiti18a. Blue Trаpezius,Ceruiсаlpаrt.P|.|,+,5, Quinti).Pl.2?4,'q70'18D. Blue Trаpezius,DorsаIpаrt.P|.+,5. 59. Blue EzternаIFlеzoroiftheMetасаrpus19. Yellow Splenius.Pl. 1' 10. (Ulnлris Lаterаlis),P|.ц4'6,1o.

25a. Мauve Serrаtusposterior.Pl.2. 66. ]Vlauve Tеnsor;fаscirlаtr'PI.7'8'7|.95D. Rеd Ertеrnаl rntercostаls,P|.2. 67. Blue SupeфciаI Glшrus, Pl. 7, 8.

99. Buff АbdominаI Tunic. 70. Red Bicеpsfеmorl.s. Pl. 7, 8' 9,'11.

50с. Green ErtеrrlаlОbliquеoftheаbdomеn. 7L. Green Semitendinosrдя.Pl' 2,7,8,9,t|'P|.2,7'8,10' 79а. B.ed Rесtus1femorls. Pl.2,7,8,9,||.

59. Green Rhomboidеus.P|' 27 4,,5. 79D. Yellow Еrternаl Гаstus (v. Lаtеrаlis). Pl. 2,

35. Green Lаtissiml1sDorsi.P|.4,,5,10. 7,8,g,||,5,l. Red Mаstoido-Humerаlis'Рl'. 1,4.,5'70. 80a. Bluе Gаstroсnemius.P|'2,7)8)g,7L.55. Yellow АnteriorSupеrfictаIPесtorаI.P|.2, 81. Red SoIав.PI,217,9177.

5, t0. 84. Grеen Аnterior or Long Digitаl Ertеnsor58. Red Posterior DeеpPесtorаl'P|,2,4,5,7o' (Eztr.pedis).P|'2'7,9,t|.

59с' Маuve SerrаtttsCerutcis'P\,7,2,+,5. 85. Yellow LаtеrаlDigitаlEltensor.P|.2,7,9.59b. Mauve SerrаtusThorаcis,Pl.2,4.,5,L7. 87. Мauve DееpDigitаlFleэor(Pефrаns).40. Mauvе DеItoid.P|.4. P|' 2,7,9' 71.

49. Blue BrаchiаIis z4rttictls.P|.2,+'6,|o. 99D. Blue rugulаr vein,P|.7,2, 10.

б1. Yеllow Triceps Brаchii.P|,z, +,6. 92d. B|le. Ertеrnаl Thorаcic vеin'P|.2.55. Mauve EэternаI Rаdiаl Egtensor (Еrtr. Cаrpi

Rаdiаlis). P|. 2, 4, 6, 70, | 7'

SPlentus i 9

Rhonboidеus З2

Sеrrotus Cerуrсis J9osupе!'оoI 6lU|oеus 6|

тrcрeziu5Dorsol, I 8b

Оmo-Нуoideus |5Ь

Jugulol Vеin 92

s|еrna-сеp|1оliсus l2

сU(ooeous l'lusсlе l6o

toscio ofthе Thigh

€х| oьlique of АЬdonеn З0o

SеmiLсndtnosut

rр5

Gostroслеnllus B0c

lеus 8 l

7I

Мostoido.Hurnеrоlis З4

Аnt superГ|сiol Pеctarol З5

Broсl1iolis 4

Ехtеrnо| Rodiol Ехtr

Сommoo Digitol Еx.eлsor 54

Vеin'9 2rlFlх

Perforons 6l Serrotus

Pa5tеrioг Dееp Pе.toral тhoroсis 39b

J8

Ехtеrлol Fleхor 59

Diу'itol ЕX|r 55

l Rcсtusl / 1\ Еemorls 79оl/l E,tе.hoil ydslus /9Ь

Abdoпi11oI Deep Fieхorfолtс ?9 Аnt Digl Еxt|nsor Pеrforons B1

84

Lоtero1 Dlfl F,itI

Aсtion and Mесhaniсs 51,

Without suсh automatiс suppогt a horse сould harсlly keepits head up. Мusсles, whiсh suffrсe for oссasionally tossing anсl

raising the head and nесk, woulсl quiсkly beсome exhausted ifasked to support them uninterruptесlly. Everyone knows inhis own Person how quiсkly the human neсk gets tired, shortas it is, when it is heltl in a horizontal position.

It is vеry notiсeable how a tiгеd horse, espeсially onе draw-ing a load, swings its lread from side to sidе. The reason forthe movemеnt is, I think, as follows.

There runs along eaсh sidе of the neсk a long broaсl musсle,the Mastoido-tlumeral' (34), whiсh is attaоhed to the shoulder

}tц to iЬ,- ll uле г a Iiо ?|

Ьlaile and humerus at one еrrd and to the mastoid pro.сess of the head and the top of the nесk at the other (sеePl. 5). When a horse is walking, this musсle draи,s for.w.ardthe shouliler Ьlaсlе and leg that is liftеd from thе ground. Todo this it pulls uPon the head, which tends to Ьenсl the neсk tothe side. Simultanеously, as the fore leg on the other side ofthe horse is in aсtion, the Rhomboideus (32) and Ceгйсal partof the Serratus (59а.), attaсhed to the shouliler Ьlade, arе pull-ing the neсk in the opposite direсtion. Working thus on oP-posite sides of the nесk thеy сounterba]anсe onе another. TheSerratus сertainly is pulling muсh more energetiсally than theМastoido-HumerаJ'is, but, as its five stгand's are inserted to thelower cerviсal vertebre, it is pulling at the base of the neсk,тr-hile the Мastoido-Ilumеralis, ttrrough its attaсhment to the

CeruicаlLi6аment

S-i"в of theHeаd,

Iеft Iеg doun

Stozng of theHеad

lVloucmentof tlrc Pelois

32 Aсtion and Mесhaniсss_kull] is pulling at its еxtremity. The gain in leverage througlrthis longer purсhase сomPеnsates the latter for its weakеraсtion and allows its influenсe on the neсk to сounterbalanсethat of its opponent.

It must not be supposed that these are the only musсles in.volved. Musсular aсtion is so intriсate that the iarger move.ments a]one саn be disсussed. The Splenius (19), the Longis.simus CapitiЬ and At]antis (20) antl othег musсles that eхtentland Ъend the nесk join in as required.

This balanсing of musсular aсtion in the neсk oссurs aPPar-еntly only when a horse is fresh; rпrhen he is tired he swingshis hеad sideways at eaсh stridе tо sparе his musсles' It is inprinсiple rмhat we do on a Ьiсyсle when wе are tireil. Wethrow our weight siileways at еaсh stroke that the impetusof the body may give a thrust to the pedal and reduоethe demand upon the musсles. The horse, by flinging hisneсk and head away from the shoulder that is working,similarly saves himself effort. If you чrill watсh a horseсlosely you will see that this fling is exaсtly timed to the effortof the leg.

This mutual hеlp of the shoulder blaсles is an instanсe ofthe eсonomy of effort whiсh oссurs in the aсtion of musсles allover the boсly.

In the pelvis thеre is a similar mutua]. aсtiorr betwеerr theright anсl left siсles. When the right leg, for instanсe, is atwork on the ground and the left lеg is lifted, wе Seе the lefthalf of thе pelйs swing forward' This aсtion, whiсh ailds tothe forrмard reaсh ofthe stride, and is takеn by thе left leg forits own need's, helps the aсtion of the other leg. By pullirrgforward the left side of the pelvis, it swings the right sidе of itbaсkrмards; or, to put it more aссurately, thе true turning pointof the movеment of the pеlvis is the heail of the right i"*...,whiсh is supportеd through the thrust of the lеg antl footagainst the ground, and the pеlvis, turning uPon it as its ful.

Aсtion and Месhaniсs 55

сrum' ad.vanсes its point of attaсhment to the baсkbone, that Moocmentis, the body in general. of the Peluis

The swinging movement takеs plaсe in the ]umbar verte-bra. The pelvis is sтrung forward by the Lonфssimus Dorsi(97) anсl other musсles; the Longis.simus Dorsi а-lso stеadying the verte-brr of the baсk, and Preventingwrenсhing in the оoupling of thеpelйs with thе lumЬar vertеbra.The swing of the pelvis is similarto thе aсtion of rowing. The water,r,vhiсh is the fulсrum to the bladе ofthe oar, сorrespond's to the head ofthe femur; the rowloсk, the resist-anсe point on the Ьoat, сorrespondsto the point of attaсhment of thepelйs to the backbone; and the pu1lof the oarsman сorrespond.s to thepull of the musсles that advanсe theleft side of the pelйs, чrhiсh is thehandle of the oar.

Another instanсe of the rесiproсalhelp of the parts of the body issеen in this aсtion. The Internа] antl Eхternа-l oblique Reсiprocаlmusс]еs of the Abсlomen (30а, З0b), whiсh help to pull the Асtion ofpoint of thе pelйs forrмard .whеn the leg is up, suPport thе Musclesboсly from the pеlvis when the lеg is on the ground. Сontraсt-ing for the former PurPose they arе taut, and so rеady to takeup the weight of thе Ьoсly as the striсle bеgins. The сontrac-tion and relaхation of thеse musсles at eaсh stride is verynotiсeable.

The morе onе studies the muscles, the morе onе sees notonJ.y how they hеlp eaсh other, but how the musсles andmovements involved in one aсt prepare for the neхt aсt. And

Pеlvis

ReсiprocаlАction of

Muscles

64 Aсtion and Mесhaniсsthе more one watсhes their aсtion for enjoyment's sake, themoгe one beсomes aware of the design that rеsults from thеinterplay and сontrast of slaсk and taut and from .the varietywhiсh is pгoduсeil by the alternate aсtion and repose of themusсles''

#.lш

Rфht and ф lлееs d,rашnfrom raЬedfore legs: seе p.49.

Chaptеr III. The SkeletonThe bonеs are Yery important beсause they explain the mus.сles. Еven where their foгms do not direсtly affeсt the surface,their influenсe is felt in the lie anil shape of the musсles.

Diagгams in a book сan give no гeal iсlea of theiг shapеs inthe round. That сan only be seen in the skeleton. At thеNaturа] History Musеum at South Kensington theгe areseveral skeletons of horses on view.

Draw some Ьones or, bеtteг still, model them; their formsare very interesting. It will eхplain the pur-pose of their twists and сhannels, and thestruсtural thrust anсl pull of onе part of theskeleton against another rмill beсome сleaг toyou, as the strains in a builtling are to anarсhiteоt, so that rмhat hе sees is not deaсlstone but a living organism.

In the living horse the surfaсe forms of thehead fo]low thе s}rapes of the Ьones of theskull very сlosely. It is only under the noseand lips, and the large Masseter musсle ofthe jaw, that its shapes are entirely hidden.The Supraorbital riсlge over the eye, theZygomatiс ridge on the сheek to п'hiсh theMasseter musсle is attaсhed, and the shape ofthe profilе are Yеry important landmarks inthе сonstгuсtion of the skull; and a thing itis useful to notiсe is the position of the orifiсе of the ear, foгit is very fiffrсult to plaсe the ear сorreсtly in drawing a horse,owing to its mobility.

,?cc

Thе ShuII

Skull,шithАIа.rCartilаges

il} ,r:

56 Thе SkеlеtonThe Nostrils The shape of the nostrils is made partly by thе hooks of

сartilage on whiсh they are supporteсl. The tip of one of thesehooks is seen in the at-taсhed sketсh of a horsе

, 'whose nose was torn in afight. The сarti]ages €rre

so attacheil that theуmove very freely.

The aЬsenсe of teethin a seсtion of the jawсalleil the .Bars' is ver;rсonvenient for Ьri<llinga horse. the more so that

The rаla

it oссurs opposite the сorner of the mouth. This gap a]so affeсtsthe expression of the faсе.

The .hingе', the сonсlyle, of the jawbone has a vеry longbearing sideиrays, allowing a latera.l moYement of the jaw inmastiсation. This siсleпrays moYement is oftеn notiсeaЬlewhen a horse yawns.

From the underside the bones of the lo.wer jaw anсl thedeep сleft betrмeen them €rre seеn very сlistinсtly. The lowerjaw Ьones are surprisingly narro\м, the molars only just over-lapping the inner eсlges of the molars in the uPPer jaw, whiсhfaоfitates the sideways grinfing moYement.

When a horsе is eating, the сoronoid proсess of thе lowerjaw сanbе seen moving in the hollow just aЪove the eye.

The two top bones of the neсk, the atlas and aЁs, tliffermarkedly in сonformation from the other fivе (see Pl. 1' P. |2,and p. 7, Chap. I). Thе balanсed mobility of the head resultsfrom the movements of thesе two bones in сombination; theskull being hung from the atlas bone, on rмhiсh it has only anup-anсl-сlown movement, the atlas Ъone being pivoted on theaхis Ъone, on rмhiсh it сan onlу rotate. The allotment of thesetwo movemеnts to different bones фves mobility without loss

Thе Neсh

Thе Skеlеton 37

of strength, whiсh would result if one bone haсl to undertake T|zе Neсhboth movеments.

Thе other five bones of the neсk, being сonneсted by bаiland soсkеt joints, havе a movement on eaсh other rмhiсh is

Yаulning

freе in all direсtions; but this freeilom is limited in sсope frommeсhaniсal neсessity; else the neсk, whiсh may Ьe d.esсribed

as a limb тrith eight artiсulations, would be wobbly like a

сhain, and unaЪle to сarry the hеaсl seсurely, or support the

puЦ of the musсlеs whiсh oPerate the shoultler Ьlaсle anсl

l"g.When a horse is tфng to reach far Ьaсk, perhaps to mouth

his hinсl foot, his nесk forms a strained сurve, only free at its

ехtremities. Thе freest artiсulation is that of thе seventh сer-yiсa] vertebra with thе first vеrtеЬra of the thorax, whiсhpermits the еasy lowering of the neсk as in grazing.

of the bones of thе nесk thе only part that is visiЬlе in theLiving anima.]. is the riсlge of the atlas Ьonе just behinil thehеaсl. So prominеnt is it that the hollo.w below it when the

heaсl is sharply turned' makes a poсket of shadow.The ribs anil Ьaсkbone form the .сhassis' of the horse, to

uSе a motor manufaсturer's term, anil they resemble it infirmness and еlastiсity. A сhassis must be not only strong but

Prominenсеof АtlаsВone

The Ribs аndBаchbone

Тhе Ribs аndBаckbone

ThеWithеrs

Thе Peluis

TheForеаrm

58 Thе Skelеtonсapable of supporting muсh torsion, if it is to stand up to itswork.

Thе form of the horsе,s thoraх and riЬs, its .barrel', is worthstudying, as the shape of the horse's еxtеrior follows themvery сlosеly, and thе movements of the shoulder blade areaffeоtеd by the form of the сhest, whiсh is very like the Pro\Дrof a boat (seе р. 27).

The proсеssеs тrhiсh form the rдrithеrs rise so high in ahorsе that its shouldеr blaсles never show abovе the line of theЪaсk, as thеy dо in a dog anсl still more in a сat. But horses areсomparativеiу stiff and inсapable of сrouсhing (sеe Frontis.pieсe).

Thе pоiгзts оf the pelvis shorпr very distinсtly in the livehоrsе, аnd still more notiсeably in a сow: the haunсh (theiliurn), ъ'rhiсh is thе most notiсeable, anсl the buttoсk (theisс}rium). Frоm оur point of йew thе pelviс g,.dl" anсl the

Thе Lеgs

saсrum may be сonsidered to be a solidmass, from whiсh many powerful musсlesarisе.

In bone construсtion a horse's legs aresimpler than arе the limЬs of man andmany other animаJ.s with their seyeraffingers and toes. They are formed of.rмhat is praсtiсally a series of single Ьones.And thе simplifiсation of the Ьones sim-plifies the musсular meсhanism.

The Ulцa and Raсlius' seParate bonesin the human arm, are welded into onein the horse. the ulna being reduсed

merеly to thе еlЬow (the oleсranon). Henсe the horse has no

Po.wеr оf rоtating his arm, whiсh simplifies the musсular сon.struсtiоrr bеlочr the еlborм jоint.

Thе Tibiа In thе hind leg, instеad of two сomplete bones belowttre stifTе, suсh as rмe have below the knee, the horse has

Thе Skelеton 39

a strongly developeсl tibia with a very rudimentary fiЬula Thе Tibiаattaсhed.

In fore and hind lеgs alike, the сannon bones, whiсh сorre- The Cаnnonspond to the bones of the baсk of our hand and instep, are Bonessinglе Ьones with two rudimen-tary bones, the splint bonеs,attaсhed to the Ьaсk of them.Columns of support, they aredense, hard, strong and almostсylindriсal, thosе of thе fore legЬеing the stronger. Thе splint r.

Ьones are rudimentarY seсondand" fourth fingers.

TiЬtaI

The сannon bones are suP- Ju1anported at thе fetloсk joint uponthe threе phalanges of the pas-tеrn, whiсh сorrеspond to ourfingеr Ьones, to Ьe ехaс1 to tlrеbones of our third finser' ',\s t}rе

forе leg сarries more wеight than the hind leg, its pasternbоnes are shorter and thiсkеr.

Finally, wе rеaсh the hoof, another apparatus сlеsigneсl to Thе Нoofred'uсе shoсk, with its сonstruсtion of horny сoniсa] sheШ andelastiс pads and сushions.

At many plaсes on the living horse the bones of the leg Гisible Bonсapproaсh the surfaсe. The spine of the shoulder blaсlе сan be Formsdeteсted, and often the outlinе of the shoulder blaile at thetoP.

At the .point of the shoulder' (the sсapulo-humеral artiсu-lation) the tuberosity of the humerus is very notiсeable, as isthе elbow (the oleсranon) at the nеxt artiсulation. on theinsiсlе of thе forearm between the flexоr arrd. extеnsor mus-des, the Ьone lies сlоse undeг thе skin, showing very sharplyon the inside of the kneel indеed thе bones of the aсtuа] krrее.

Thв Pаsterns

Richt Lеq ' Fron| vtew

Plаtе 4. Bones and Musсles of the ShoulderBlade and Arm

|Thе numbers printed фer the nаmеs o1f muscles а,rе thе numbers o1f the othэr plates in lahich the muscl.es аppeаr,

The plаtes in lphich thе musclеs аre best shotpn аre numbеrеd in hеаuiеr tуp".1

NtznbersаndColours

of tlt Musclеs

16с. Grеen Culаneous mtlscle of thе nech,P|, 7 ,

5,10.18a. Blue Trаpezitts, Cеrutсаlpаrt.PI, |,5, б.

18D. Bluе Trаpеzitls, DorsаI pаrt.P|.5,5.52. Gteen Rhomboidetв.P|' 2, 5, б.

5б. Gгeen Lаtissimus Dorsf. Pl. 5,5,70.5.l. Rеd Mаstoido-Irumеrаlis.PI. 1,5) 5, |0,57. Green Аrtеrior Deep Pеctorаl.Pl.21 5, to.58. Red Posterior Deеp PеctorаI. PI' 2,5,

б, 10.

59a. Мauvе Sеrrаttts Ceruicis.P|. 7,2,5,5.б9D. Mauve Serrаtus Thorасis'P\,2,5,5, 1|.40. Mauve Deltoid.Pl.б,41. Blue Suprаspinаtus.Pl. 2'49. Red Infrаspinаtus' Pl.2, 10.

45. Green Tеrеs Mtnor. Pl.9.4.}. Yеllow SЙsсаpulаrts.4б. Red Teres Mаjor. Pl. 10.

46. Mauve Corасo-BrасhiаIis.Pl. |0,47. Green Bicеps brаchii (Corаco-rаdlаlis)'

Pl.2r6rt0rl1. 60.

48. Mauve Cаpsulлris.49. Blue Brаchiаlis Атt1ictts.P|.2'5,6,t0. 61.

б0. Mauve Tеnsor fаsсiа аntibrаchii. Pl. 6' 10.

Triceps brаchii, long heаd. P|. 2, 5,

6.

Triceps brасhii, еrternal heаd. P|. 2,51 6, tL.

Triceps brаchit, tnternаl hеаd, P\, 6,

Аnconetts. Pl..l.' 6.

Еэternаl RаdiаI Eэtensor (Еrtr' CаrptRаdiаlis) . P|. 21 5, 6, |0, 17 '

Common Digitаl Ertensor (Еэt. pеdl|s).

Pt, \5,6,10, tr.Lаterаl Eztensor (Ezt. Digiti Quinti).

Pr.215,6, L0.obltquо Ertеnsor o1f the Metаcаrpus,

PI.6.rnternаl rаdiаl1flеzor (Fr' саrpi

rаdiаlis).P1', 6.

Middlе Flz,zor o1f the Mеtаcаrpus (Fr'cаrpt ulnаris). Pl. 6.

Erternаl Flеror o1f the Mеtаcаrpus(Еэt. саrpi ulnаris)'PI' 2',5,6, 70.

9upeфciаl DtgitаI Flezor (Peфrаtus).Pl. 6, 8, 11.

Dеep Digitаl Fl.еzor (Peфrаns).PI.6, 11.

Nшnbersаnd,Colours

of thn MusсIes

51a. Yellow

51D. Yеllow

51с. Yellowб2. Redб5. Mauve

б4. Gгеen

5б. Yellow

56. Red

б7. Yellow

58. Green

59. Blue

Red

Mauvе

^n|[| |ol l)|:еl' l'сt torсll ] /

ln{rqspФotus 42

Tеres Мojor 45

т rapеz1!5

Tеrеs Мojor 45

т ri.еps '

LonE lteodSlo

Teлsor ЕosсioeAntibro(hii 50

тriсepsЕхt. Heod 5lb

Triсeps lnternolhеod 5lс

F PеrГorons 6l

Fleхor 59 |лrcnol FleхorII

Lote.ol Digitol

Ехtr 55 |iiddlе /tlero, Jd

Deep Flехor ьl

SuЬsсopulolts 44 Rhomboideus

BiсеDs 47

ЕхternoIRodiol Extensor 53

5еrrot05Сcrviсis 39oоnd Тlloroсis 39hsеrrotus сеrviсjs з9o

fropeziоsLеrу|сo| |ёo

Thoracis lBЬ

Iеnsоr FоiсioeАntiЬroсhti 5a

5uprosрir;otti/ (op'

SuЬsсopu1orts 44

Сoroсo-Broсhiails 16

Bircрs 4l

|Аos|oido-нUmerolis )4

Slpros\inotus 4 I

Biсеps 47

suр r0 s р]пotus 4 l

lпfгosр,nсtu5l. j j.

Dе|tod 40

\. l.(:\. tliI \,r1e\

, 4;',1

чt9- j

\!

тr|сеDs 5l o

4l\ 1-'

Tеres |у|гlar 4З

rriсep5Еxt. Неod 5lЬ

Алсолеos| 52

Deltoid 40

rior DёеDPe.torol J6

Broсhiоll

)UD5с

т.iсep' 5Io

с0toпeousА4usсlе | 6o

BroсhioIis 49

Dеltojd 40

lпterпol hеod 5|с

Тensor tosсioеАnтiЬroсhii 5a

Сa,oсo Deеp DigBroсhiolis 46 F^|eх.ar

rеrIoroIs

Сot.oсo-8rаch1olis 46

Tеres Мajor 45oлd Lotissimus Dorsi 3J

]лtеtпol Flехoг 5 7

Bl(сps 47

s2

Ех|ernoI Rodiol 5зЕX|eоsar

сoФmoo DllitolЕхtensor 54

BiСepi 47

ЕXLernolflexor 59

Сommon DiglЕхtеnsar 54

4з"

Biсеps 4l

troсhioIis 49

LotеrolЕхtелsor

Eхtеrnol Rodiol Еxtr. 53

сommon DiвiLol Ехtensor 54

ob'iqUеЕх|еngo| 56

s0pеrl Dig1Fleхor orPerforotus

L Broсhiolis ^п|icus

49

The Skeleton 4rthe сarpal bones, сan a.].most bе сountеd on a thin-skinnеd visible Bonсhorse. Below the knеe the 1еg is only bone and tendоns. Forms

on the hind leg, the point that nеxt aftеr the haunсhattraсts attention is the tгoсhanter of the fеmur, whiсh сanbe seen 'working underthe flesh.

At the stifle the form ofthe big head of the femurчrith the knee-сap is verydistinсt, also the top ofthе tibia, espeсially on theinside of the leg.

on the insiсle of thetibia, as on the inside ofthe radius, where themusсles do not сover thebone, its shape and hard-ness are very eйdent; untilat thе hoсk anсl thenсe to the foot the leg is оnly bone andtendons. The two sketсhes of the inside of the right hindleg illustrate horм the bone forms show in aсtion.

As our eyе runs do.wn the legs threе small Ьones on еaсhсatсh our attention; on the fore lч the pisiform bone Ьehinсlthe knee and the two sesamoid bonеs at the fetloсk; on thehinсl leg the kneе-сap (the patella) on the front of thе stifle,and the two sesamoiсls. They all help the w.ork of the tеndonsby giving them morе leverage through deflесting, like pullеys,thе dirесtion of their pull from its parallelism тrith the line ofthе leg.

Artiсulations or joints are terms whiсh inсluсle all uniоns ofbonеs or сartilages, mobile or rigid, but foг our Рurpose weneed only stuсly those that notiсeably mоve.

The motor effiсienсy of the skeleton ilepends uPon thесombination of rigidity antl elastiсity, for eyen the harсlest

ThеSеsаmoir]s

Аrticulа,.tions

Аrticulаtiorв

vа.riеtjro.f Joints

4^2 Thе Skеlеtonbones neеd to be Proteсted against shoсk. It is not unсommonfor a raсehorse when galloping to split a pastern bone if hisfoot hits a storre. Thus thе skеleton is сomposесl of parts thatare .ind'iarubbery', the сartilages; of parts that are somewhatelastiс, suсh as the breast bone (the sternum), wЪiсh is partlyсartilaginous; as well as of bones that arе hard. In the hoсkjoint, the thrust of hard bonе on hard bone is relieveсl Ьy itsbeing mad.e up of severa] bones tightly Ьound together bystrong ligaments; they form a mass rigiil for all praсtiсal pur.

Poses' but not rigid as a single unit of bone is, and eхсessiveshoсk is avertеd, Ьесause thе сomponent bones must undеrgoa сomPression before the forсe eхerted on the hoсk (сalсaneum)is transmitted to the сannon Ьone.

It is very interesting to оbsеrve the variety of сonstruсtionin the joints of a hoтse,s leg чrhiсh ad.apts them to differentmeсhaniса] dutiеs, so that, at any moment' whatever thеstrain to whiсh thе leg is subjeсted, there is always a speсialistprepared to deal with it.

Thus, only one joint in eaсh leg has freedom of movementin all d'ireсtions, the other joints Ьeing praсtiсally limited to

hintl leg the free-moving joint is the сoxa-femora] artiсulation,whiсh сorrespоnds to our hip joint; so similar inсlеed are thehip joints of man and horse that you may see a horse standing

with one hintl foot сrossеd. over the other, muсh aS a man

oftеn stands.

Сolor Platеs andCorresponding Kеys

Plаtr 1. Bonеs and Musсles of thе Head and NeсkГ.The numbers printеd феr the nаmеs oif mllsсlеs аrе the numbers of thе othеr plrltes in Luhich thе musсlеs аPpеа|, .

,I.hе plаtеs t'n ш,hiсh the muscles аre bеst shou-,n аre numbеrеd in hеаuiеr tуpе.l

Numbеrsаnd Co]юurs

oJ thе l|[usclеs

1. Blue Orbiсulаr musсle o1f thе moulh,2. Red Leuаtor фthе upper lip аndnostril.5. Мauve Leuаtor of the uppеr lip.4' Grеen Zуgomаticus.5. Red Depressor oif thе loшer lip'6. Мauve Buсciltаtor,7. Yellorм Mаssеter.8. Yellolм Lаterаl dilаtor of thе nose.

9' Grеen Superior D[lаtor oJthеnose.10. Yellolv Trаnsuеrsе Dilлtor o1Гthе nosе,

11. Buff Cеruicаl Ligаment'P|'2.12' Yellow Stеrno-cephаlicus. P|. ц 51 L0.15. B]ue Longusсolli(firsttosеuеnthceruicаl

uertеbrr) аttасhm еnts.

14. Gтeen rntеrtrаnsuersаlеs colli (sеcondtosеuеnth сeruicаl uеrtеbrr) '

Numbersаnd Colours

of thе Muscles

15D. Мauve Оmohyoidшs,P|. 2,5)10'1 7. Yеllow Rесtus cаpitis. P|' 2.

18a. Blue T,rаpezitts,cеruicаlpаrt,P|.5,,+, 5,

19. Yellow Splеnius. Pl. 5' 10.21. Red Complеrus. P|. 2,

25' Мauve Posterior Оblique of thе heаd.Pl.2.24. Green Аnterior Оbliquе of the head.54. Red Mаstoido-Humerаlis.P)'.5, +,5) 10.

59a. Mauve Sеrrаtus Ceruicis.Pl,2)51+, б,

92а. Blue Fаcial uеin.

92b. B}ue rugulаr uеin,P|.2?б,10.

сarrugoLorof |l1e ЕYeьro\!

oГ thе Еor 90

|vlossеtеr 7

сommoл n1|)sсl|:of the Еor 90

Levо|or oI Lor 90

^bduсtoг of |he Еor 90

АпLеrюr Оblщuе or Lhс l1eod 14

Wng of Аt|os

Сегviсor тropеzius l8a

Splenпs l1Lеvotor of UppеrLip ond Nostпl 7

Supе(jor Dilo|or 9

Itvо|ar aГ Uppе| L|p з

Dерre550r af thе Lower Llp 5

lttсlsor Теeth

(oltlrlt rесth

Pastеriar obl|(]|1е o|.r/le Heod 23

Ir0n5уcrse oilotor or thс llosе l0

Lс|'erol DIlo|o| 8

z|Eonю|i.Us 4

Bцссtno|or

/у1osI

Ь Foсio| уein 9] a

Нurnеrolis 34

oпo.hуoid l5ls

Dсprеssor of the Еar 9o

; splепiU5 l9

' lll, lv' v (c|v vеr|

ff|ostol da- Н u x'e rc i l \ з4

lugulof vе,п 92 b

5lеIпo. с.'P/lo,l( u '

|ntеrtronsуersо|cs Сo1}t I4IУ'VIl Сеrvtсo| Vсrrebraе

5 o ]e 8'о

сomplеXus 7lPos tеrioг

ob,;guе 2]

'rl2

Anl.. ОЬltguеor .hе ||еad

RесIls сop'|Б l7

5rrro(usCc

l Lotlgus Сollt l J ,-l.Уl| (еrvtсо| Ytl rcbrое

3io

чS.

(Faсing Pagе 12)

сommoл mutclcor.I|с Еo. 90

Ех. A.!duс|o|or th. Еot 90

мoisеter 7

6 Foсio| veiл 97 o

Mosr- llumerolis 74

|сvtttv o| | оl 90

^ьduс|or of |||с Lo| 90

Апterior oblique or thе Heod 24

Wing of Аtlos

|'еvotor or Uppеr Lip з

|оЛsvelse Dilo(or orlhe Nosе '0

Lo|еIol

Zуgoпoriсus 4

LеYotot of UpperLip ond Nostril 2

S;tpcriol Diloaor 9

Deprеssor or Йе Lowet Lip 5

Сoлinе Tеcth

Оmo-hуoid |5h

Deрressor of сhe Еot ja

; spleгi|ls l9\ Il|, |v, V (еrу. Vеrl.'

iar oьliquе o( the неod

СеrvrcolLi8omеnt

сctуrcor тropсzius l8o

|v|osto1do-нume rclIs 34

Vein 92 b

5lrou1Jе r.8 ior,r,-'

Сorrugotorof the Еуebrcw

Splеnius l9

Сonlplеxus 7I

Postеrioг sl€rЛo-сеPholl(u5 ,2

|n|еr|ronsуеrsoles Сollt I 4lV.V l| Сerл сal Vе r|cb roe

obliquе 23

/vr;щ{"j J.L\ /lnсisor rееth /иostoido

HuпeroIis

Rесtu' сopi||s l7

5сrrotus

Апt. obliquеo( the Heod 24

1 tongus Colll lз

-" l-vll сeIv)сol vе|.ebroе

(Faсing Page \2)

Plаtr 2. Lоwеr Laуer of the Мusсlеs of the Bodv|Thе numbеrs printеd фer tha nаmes o1f muscles аrе thе numbеrs qf thе other plаtes in шhiсh thе muscles аppeаr .

Thе plаtеs in шhiсh thе musclеs аrе bеst shoшn аrв numberеd in heаuier tуpe,]

Nu.rnbersand Colours

of thе MusсIzs

1 1. Buff CеruicаI Ligament,Pl' |'19. Yellow Stеrno-CеphаIicus. PI. 7' 5' t0.

15D. Mauvе omo-hуoidаш. Pl. |,2, 5, |0'17. Yellow Rесtus Cаpitts'P|, |.90. Blue Longissimus CаpitЬ.90. Yellor,rr Longissimus Аtlаntis.91. Red Complеэus,Р|,7.29. Red Multфdus Cеruicis.2б. Mauvе Posterior obliquе, of the hеаd.P.l'' |.

25a. Mauve Serrаtus Postеrtor,Pl' 5.25b. P.ed ErtеrnаIIrnеrсostаЬ.P|.5.96. Yеllow TrаnsllеrsаIis Costаrum.97. Red Longissimus Dorsi. Pl. 8.

27а, Rэd, Spinаlis Dorci,50a. Green Erternаl Оbligu"е ofthе Аbdomen.P|. 5, 7,

8, 9, 10. It is сut to show thе IntегnalOblique,50D.

50D. Blue rntеrnаl Оblique of thе Аbdomen. Pl. 8.б2. Gteen Rhombotd,еus'Pl, 3, 4, 5'б5. Yellow Аntеrtar Supефciаl Pectorаl.PI, б' 5'|0.57. Green Аnteior Dеep PеctorаI.PL,4,5,10.58. Red Postеrtor Deеp PectorаI.P|.5,4,5,10.

59a. Мauve Sеrrаtus Cеruicis.P],, 7,5,4' 5.б9&. Mauve Sеrrаtus Thorаcis. P|. 5, 4,' 5, |7'41 . Blue Suprаspinаtrдя. Pl. .l.

49. Red In1Гrаspinапв. Pl.,l..

NunbeгsаndColours

of thс MusсI.es

4б. Grеen47. Gteen49. Blue

11f.}Yыr"*c rD.)

б5. ]Vlauve

54. Green55. Yellow59. Blue

6'lD. Yellow68a. Mauve71. Grеen72. B}цe

79a. Red79D. Yеllow80с. Bluе81. Red84. Gгeen

85. Yellow87. Mauve

92D. Bluе92d. Blue

Terеs Minor. Pl. 4..

Biсeps Brаchii. Pl. 4.' 6, 10, L|.Brаchiаlis Аlxiсtls, PI. 5, 4, 6, 1'0.

Triceps Brаchii. P|. 5, +, 6.

EэternаI RаdiаI Eэtеnsor (ErtеnsorCаrpi RаЙаhЪ). Pl. 5, +,6, 70,71.

Common Digttаl Ertensor,PI.5,4,6,70, L |.LаterаI Digttаl Ertensor. Pl' 5, 4'' 6, |0.Eаtеrnаl Flezor of thе Metаcаrpl,ts

(Eztensor cаrpt Ulnаris). Pl. 5, +,6'|0.Iliасus. Pl. 7,8.Midd'le Glutrus (Gl' Mеditts). P|. 7, 8, 7 7 .

Sеmitendtno.srzs' Pl. б, 7, 8, 9, 1'7,Semimembrаnosиs. Pl. 2,7,8,9' 77.Recttls Fеmorls. Pl. 6' 7' 8, g, L|.EzternаI vаsttts'PI.5'7,8, 9, 11.Gаstroсnemiw. Pl. 5' 7,8'g,77,Solеus. P|. 5, 7 , g, Lt .

Аntеrior or Long DigitаI Еzterlsor.P|, б, 7 , 9, 77.

Lаtеrаl Digitаl Eztensor' P|. 5, 7, g.

Deep Digitаl Flezor (Peфrаns)'Pl. 3,7 , g, 71.

ruguJаr vein.P|, |,5, |0.Ezternаl Thorаctc vein' P|' 5.

Postr.tцt Obhсtttt.о[ |hе t|cod 2з foilд|sзl.tl0s

Atlontis 20

Loл8lrsrmus сop|tig z0

Сotnp|ехоs 2l

сеryi(ol L|gomелt , l

Sеrrоtus Сеrviсos З9o

RfioпrЬidеus J2

1sй ЪroLrriс€ps

fu|dd|е Glutoеus 68o

(ofiо$n D!g|.ol Еxteлsor 54 orlMеto(o.pus 59

Ldt€r0lDipitol Ftrепsоr l5

(Faсing Page 22)

[o:ilissrmus Dorsr 27

rr0л5ve150li5сostarum 26

-l!r,r.'oirJ;qr"

Y l oГil'.iolllсnЕrtl. obllquс з0b

o!. АЬdoл;еп J'clPc'tеriatL\..ер Ресtoro,

зB Eх|erlюl vo5i0sVеitt 92d

(Еrtl- Тhoгссiс)l.опg oig'tс/ F-хtеьsa1 84

totе.oi Dl8t(0l

97ь

5оrгolus Po5iе'ior 25o

|lв<us 64b

7tb

5emiпеmbroпosus72

CostФсnemius 8oo

Solсus 8l

Dе:p FiехorPеrforoоs 87

мu,rilidosСewl<ts 22

.4l!t' Dеер Pc(tofo,

saoro'pfiatвs 4

ilrfrosрrлоtмs 42

B;(еРs вio.bli ,'7

Алt 50эё.,iсiоl Pесtolol J5

Tcrеs !Аtnor 1

BtoсЬialis 49

79o

Semitend,nosus 7 I

Sе rrot usThatoсis

Ехtеrлo lRodiolЕх.сn!or 5J

f х',.п..or 85

Plаtе J. Upper Laуеr оf thе Musсles of thе Bodу|Thе numbеrs printеd фer the n.а'mеs o;f muscles аre thе numbers of the other plлtes in шhich the muscks аppeаr,

The plаtes in ulhich the musсles аre best shoшn аre numbеred in heаuier tуpе'f

NutnbersarldColюurs

of Йe Muscks19. Yellow Stеrno-CephаItcus. PI .L, 2, Io,

15D. Mauve Оmo-hyoideus.Р|, 2, |0,

16с. Green Cu!аneous musclе ofthe nech,Pl. 5, Lo.

18a. Blue Trаpezius, Ceruicаlpаrt.P|' |,4.,5.18D. Blue TrаpezЙls, Dorsаl part.P|. +,5.

19. Yellow Splеnius. Pl. 1, 10.

25a. Nlauve Serrаtus posterior.Pl. 2.

25b. \ed, ЕlternаI rntеrсostаls,Р|, 2,

99. Buff АbdominаI Tuniс,50a. Grееn Eilеrrtal Оbliquе of thr аbdomеп.

PI.2,7 r8, to.59. Green Rhornboideus.Pl. 2, 4', 5.

55. Gгeen Lаtissim|$ Dorsi. Pl. +,5,1o,5.!. Rеd Mаstoido-HumerаIis,Pl. t,4., б, L0,

5б. Yеllow Аnterior SuperJictаl Pесtorаl, P|. 2,

5, t0.58. Red Posterior Deеp PeсtorаI.PI.2,4., б,70,

б9a' Мauvе Serrаtus Ceruicis'P\, |, 2, 4., 5.

59b. Mauvе Serrаtus Thorаcis.P|' 2, 4, 5, ||.40. Mauvе DеItoid.P|.4.49. Blue Brаchiаlts z(rxiclrs. Pl. 2,+' 6,70.б1. Yellow Triсeps Brаchii.Pl. 2, +, 6.

55. Мauve Egternаl Rаdiаl Ertensor (Е,rtr. CаrpiRаdiаlis). P|. 2, 4, в, 70' 7 7.

NшtфersаndColours

oJthе Musclеs

б4. Green

cc.

б9.

66.67.70.71.

79а.79b.

80а.81.8,1..

85.87.

92b.92d.

Yellow

Blue

MauveBlueRedGrееnRedYellow

BlueRedGrеen

YеllowMauve

BluеBluе.

Common Digitаl Ertensor (Ertеnsorpedis). Pl. 2, 4,, 6, 70, Ll .

Lаterаl Digttаl Ertеnsor (Ertr. DlgitiQuintt). P|. 21 4.' в, |0.

Eztеrnаl Fleлor oif thе Metаcаrpus(Ulnаris Latеrаlis) , P|' 2, +' в, |0.

Tеnsor 1fаscir lаtr. PL. 7 , 8, 1| ,

SupефciаI Glutrus. Pl. 7, 8.

Bicepsfemorrb. Pl. 7, 8, 9, .11.

Semttendinosr,в. Pl' 2, 7' 8' 9, ||.Reсtus ifemor*. Pl. 22 7, 8, 9, ||.Erternаl vаsttls (v' Laterаlis). PI, 2,

7r8r9rlt.Gаstroсnеmius. P|. 2, 7 ) 8, g, 7L.Soleus. Pl, 2, 7 , g, 17 .

Аnterior or Long Digitаl Ertensor(Egtr, pеdis). P|. 2, 7, 9, 7|,

Lаtеrаl DigttаI Ertensor. P|. 2, 7 , 9 'Dееp DigitаI Flеgor (Pефrаns)'

PL.2,7 )9, L7.rugulаr vein'P|. 7' 2, |0.Ertеrnаl Thorаctc Геin. PI. 2'

sрjeDiUs ,9

Rhomboideus JZ

,/2Serrctus Cerуiсis 39o

supе|frсюl Glltoеls 67

тropeziUsСerviсol |8o

TriсеPs Bro'сhii 5l 5еr.ot05 Postеrio. 25o

Lotissim0s теnsor Foscioc Latoc 66Defiod 40

Doгsi 3J

Еx.eпol

ono-нуoidеli I5ь

lugulor Yein 92

Stеrno:Сepholiсus I2

Сutoлеous |vlusсle |6o

sеmilелdiлosU5

еp5Fеmoris I0

Gos0oсnemrus 80o

|v|оstoido.Humеrolis З4

Аnt, sцperr!сioI Peс.orol

Brdсhiolis

Ехternol Rodiol Ехtr

сommon DigiLo| Ехtеnsar 54

Fosсio of,thе тhigл

Ехt. obliguе of Аbdomen 30oVеin'j2d

Serrdtus

Postеrior Deep Peitorol Thoro<is 39bto

Ехternol Flеxor 59

ro| Digita| Eхtr 55

Tuлiс 29 Аnt. Digl. Еx{nsor84

Lotаrdl DiPl ЕхtrIt

(Faсing Page 30)

Nшnbersand.Colours

of tJt Musc|еs

16a. Grеen

18с. Blue180. Blue59. Grеen55. Greeц5.1. Red57. Green58. Red

59a. Mauvеб9D. Mauvе40. Mauve41. Blue49. Red45. Green44. Yellow,fr6. Red46. Мauve47. Green

Plаtе 4. Bones and Musсlеs of thе ShoulderBladе and Arm

|Thе numbers printеd фer the nаmеs oif muscles аre the numbers of the other plаtеs in шhich the musсles аppeаr.

The plаtes in ъuhich the muscles аrе best shouln аre numberеd in heаuier t9.pe'f

NwtйersandColours

of t}е Musclеs

51a. Yellow Ticeps brаchii, long hеаd. P|, 2, б1

6.51D. Yellow Triceps brаchit, eэtеrnаl heаd. P|. 2,

5r6,t7'51с. Yellow Triceps brаchii, internаI heаd, P|. 6.

52. Red Аnconeus. Pl.,!' 6.

б5. Mаuve ErternаI RаdiаI Eэtensor (Eltr. CаrpiRadiаIis).P|.2,5, в, |0' t|.

54. Gгeen Common Digitаl Ertеnsor (Еэt. pedis).PL.2,5) 6,70, Ll.

55. Yellow Lаtеrаl Ertensor (Ett. Digiti Quinrl).Pl.215r6,lo.

б6. Rеd Оbltquо Egtеnsor oJf the MetаcаrPus.PI.6.

57. Yellow rnternаl rаdiаIiflеxor (Fz' cаrpirаdiаIis).РI.6.

58. Green Midd'Iе Fleror oJf the Metаcаrpus (Fl.cаrpi ulnaris). Pl. 6.

59. Blue Ertеrnal Flеgor of thе Mеtacаrptls(Eаt. cаrpi ulnаris)' PI, 2, 5' 6, 70.

60. Red SupеrltciаlDigitаlxleаor(Peфrапв)'Pl. 6, 8, 11.

Cuhanеotls musclе oif thenech,P|. 1,

5,l0'Trаpezius, Cerutcаl pаrt.Pl. 7,5, б,

TrаpezЙls, Dorsаl pаrt. P|, 5, 5.

Rhomboideus. PI. 2, 5' 6.

Lаtisimus Dorsi. PL. 5, 5' |0.Mаstoido-Irumerаlis. PI. 1, 5, 5, 10,

Аrterior Dеep Pectorаl, P|. 2, 6, to,Posteior Deep PеctorаI, P|,2,5,

5,10.Serrаtus CеruicЬ. P|. 7, 2, 5, 5'Serrаttls Thorасis, P|. 2,5, 5' 77 .

Deltoid.Pl.5.9uprаspinаtus.P|.2.Iфaspirtаttls. PI. 2' | 0.

Tеres Minor. Pl' 2.SЙscаpdаris.Tеrеs Mаjor. Pl. 10.

C orасo- Br аchiali s. P|, | 0,

Btсеps brаchti (Corасo-rаdlаlis).Pl. 2,6,10r 11.

48. Mauve Capsulлis..l9. Blue BrаchiаIis Аnttbus.P|.2'5,6,|o, 61. Мauvе DeepDigitаIFlеаor(Peфrаns),

PI,6, 11.

^nterio. DсrD Pесtorc| j? Sup.ospi^o.u\ 4l Subs<opttlсlrts 44 Rllo|t|ьoldс|s Jl

Tеnsor FaiсioсAn|iьrc(l|ii 50

5uдjr9spiсorus 4lсоpsuIoIis

5uЬsс

io. DЕеpPесtorol 3в

Brcсhiolis 49r..сеps J!o

lntеrnol hеod 5lс

5сrrottlsСarvtсts 39о

Thoroсts З9b

suьsсopulor|' 44

Coroсo-BroсhiaIis 46

ьrccрs 47

supraspiлo|!5 1 l

сuIonеousl6s

o.Broсlliolis 46

Tеres Мojor 45oлd Lotiss;пUs Do,si ]J

ln|ernol Flехor 57

ьircps 47

Broсhiolis A|1tiс!5 49

Sеrtolus Сеrviсis 39o

т|opеzi!sСеrviсol l8i

Itlosto!do-Humerolis 34

Sulrcslinoaat 4l

8iсер5 47

supro5рinotus 4l

lnfrosPanotus

Broсhiolis 49

Dе|toid 40

ln{.ospпotus 42

Teres Мojor 45

тIopez|!sThoroсis l8b

тrlсеps 5lo

Гerеs rV1inor4з.

ьiсeps 47

Btoсhio|is 49

LotеrolЕхlеnsor

Ехterпol Rodiol Ехt.r' 53

Сommon Digital Ехrcnsat 54

obliquеЕ'|enso| 56

Tеres |t1ojor 45

r.iсeps.Long hеod

5lo

reлsor Fos<ioеАпtibroсhii 50

тriсеpsExt. Hеod Jlb

Triсeps Iotеrnolhеad 5lс

F Pеt(orons 6l

'хtenol ?FIехor 59 |ft|eпol Fleхor

'ILсlerol Digitol

Ецt 55 ri:,i!:6Deеp Fle'o| 6I

SerrotusСеrviсus

19o

ЕхtеrлolRodio| Ехtensor 5f

Ехternol Rodial 53Еxtensar

TensorAntibroсhii 50

Deеp Di8.

8roсhiolis 46 F^leхotrеr|oroаs

Biсеps 47

coФпoo DigitolЕхtеnsor 54

8'серs

ЕлernolFlехor

Сonmon Digl.Ехtеnsor 51

oЬllqueЕltensor 56

60

MiddlelrcхoI ) J

(Faсing Page 40)

Plаtr J. Musсular Attaсhmеnt of thе Shouldеr to thе Body|The numbers printеd фer the nаmes oif muschs а,re thе numbеrs of the other plа,tes in шhich thе muscles аppеаr.

The plаtеs in which thе muscles аrе best shouln arе numberеd in heauier tyPe.)

Nwтlbcrsand.Cohurs

of thэ Musclсs

16с. Green Culаnеowof thenеch, Pl.3' 10.

18с. Bluе Trаpеzius,CeruiсаIpаrt.PI. 7,5,+,18D. Blue Trapеzitls, DorsаI pаrt,P|, 6, 4,.

32. Gгеen Rhomboid.еus'P|. 2,5,4,.55. Grеen Lаtissimus Dorsi. Pl. 3,4.' 10.

б.$. Red Mastoido-Hulnerаlis.Pl, 1,5,+, t0.55. Yellow Аnterior SuperJtсiаl PectorаI,P|' 2,

5,10.

Nwnbеrsаnd'Colюurs

of thе Musc|rs

36. Blue Postеrior Super1ГicialPeаorаI.P|.6,70.37. Gгeen Аnterior Deep Peсtorаl.P|' 2' +, to'58. Red Postеrior Deep Pectorаl. PI. 2' 5, 4, |o.

39a. Mauve Sеrrаtus Ceruicis,P|. 1'2'5,4.39D. Mauvе Serrаtus Thorасis. P|. 2,5' 4,, t| ,

lvlostoido-lЧumerolis 34

Sеrrotus Сetviсis 39o

Aлtеrior Dсeр Pесtorol

fu|t. supеrfiсiol Pесt'orol 35_

Лhoпrbordсrrs 32

Rhomboideus Э2

Trapе1ius Сertiсal l8o

rropеziu|jсol l8o

outsldе ofLе(z Shouldеr

Sеrrotus Most'oldo.Humemlis 34Thoroсis

з9ь

Poste|ior /Deеp

Pесtorсl J8 lу|o..o|do- t1цпеro,,s14

---- oлd Anlеt|of & Postе'lorslpеrFсiol Pесtoro| j5 36

SеrrotDs rhoroсis J9Ь|пяde ofRrght Shouldсr

А.ntецar

rvicus 39o тtouеz|as oorso, l8b

roDcz|ls ceчiсol lвo

+=

I!1ostoIdo- Huпerc|is

.Serrotus Cеrylсis З9с

Aлt SоFcrfiаo| Peсtorol 15

Pos.e|юr s.|pсrrсlo| Pе<toro| )6

I,

Postс.lor Dсеp

Pe<|o|o| зB

(Faсing Page 58)

Aa|c|юr supе|rсnl Peсtorol

Plаtr 6. Bonеs and Musсles of thе Fore Lеg|The numbers printеd фer the nаmes o1f musсIes аre the numbers of the othеr plаtes tп шhich the muscles аppear '.Гlte plаtes in шhiсh the rnusсles аre bеst shotan аrе пurnbered iп heаui'er tэ.p",7

NштЙersаnd Colours

of thе Mшsсles

б6. Blue47. Green

BlueMauve

111'lv"tto*51b.)51с. Yellow52. Rеd55. Mauve

б4' Green

55. Yеllow

Posterior Superfictаl Peаorаl. P|. 5, 70'Biсеps brасhii (Corаco-rаd:iаlЬ)'

PL,2,4,10r 71.Brаchiаlis Аntiсtв'P|. \б' 4' 10.Tеnsor ifаsсiа antibrаchii. Pl. 4' 1 0.

Triсeps brасhii. P|. 2, 5, 4.

Triceps Brаchzi (Intегnal hеad). Pl 4.Аnconеus.P|,4, I|.Еrternаl Rаdiаl Eztеnsor (Ezt. cаrpi

rаdiаlis).P|' 2,5,4\ |o, ||.Comnlon DigitаI Eztensor (Eэt. pedis).

PL.215'4.' 10' tl.Lаrеtаl digitаI Еgtensor (Еп. Dlgiti

Qutnti) . Pl. 2, 5, 4., L0 .

Nzunbersand.Colours

of thэ Musсlеsб6. Rеd Оbliquэ Eztensor oif the Mеtаcаrpus

(Аbduсtor pollicis). PI' 4.57' Yellow rnternаl RаdiаI Flеаor (Fl, Carpi

rаdlаlis\,P|.4.Green Middlе Flezor oif the Mеtаcаrptts

(Fэ. cаrpi ulnаris).PI' 4.Bluе Egtеrnаl Flеror o1f thе Metаcаrpus

(Ulnаris lаterаIis). P|. 2, 5, +, 70.Red SupеrJtciаI dlgitаI Fleсor (Peфrаtus)

аnd cheсk ligament. PI. 4,, 71 .

Mauvе Dеep Digitаl tr'lеzor (Peфrаns) аndсheсh ligаmеnt, PI. 4, t| ,

Blue Suspеnsor1r Ligаmеnt. Pl. 11.Yellow rnternаl Rаdiаl Flezor (Ft. cаrpi

rаdiаlis\'P|.4.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.67.

ЕrtеrnolRodiol

Елlеnsor5J

СommonЕхtensol

ObliqueЕхtеnso.5ь

Ех.erлolRodiolЕхtелsor

Сommoл Digiсol

ЕхtеInolRodrcl49; ,4nсoлеUs

53

DiglFleхor

P-еrforons6I

8iсёрs

oпmonD,Sitol

Ехtensor 54oЬliquеЕrlenso.56

Dеф Digl'F|еxor 6I

Digt.olЕхtсnsor 55

ЕЦ,еtлol

Tliсcps 5|

Тепsor Еosсtoе

59

Loterol,Еrtеnsor

55

tniddlеF|ехor S8

ЕхtеЙo|Flехot

Теоsor FosсioeAлtiь|ochii 50

|ntenol Flехor 57

Еrtеnsor 53

Еrtеrпol

obliquе Еr.ensor J6

5Usреnso.yLigomеnl 6Z

srp.Flеr

'.

/, lntеInolF|ехol 57

ttidd|еflercr 58

47

s49

Deсp FlехorPerforcns 6l

Ехternol- Rodiol 5-l

Еrtепso.

Еxtелsor 55

CommonDi8'.сl

Еrtепsor5+

г.iсерs 5

'

b

г-{:-

Postenot SЙperfi<iol

Flx.Pеrforons 6l Pссlotol ]6 F Pеrforons 6l5lo5'ь

Btoсhto|в 49

Lotеrol DцitolЕхlr. 55

Еxtеnsor 54

Lotercl,Digi.ol Ех(ensor

Еrtсп50г 5J

Pсrforctus 60

5uspелsoг1,Ligomеn. 62

ofsrp-Flех.Pеrfor

otus60

oЬligueЕxtmsor

56

lлtсtnolFlеxot s7

Perforotus

6с,

Petforctus 6O

5usрeпsorуLigoment 62

Ехtedior 55

сommon Digitol Perforotus-60Еx.ensoг-laфt\

// \Ч.:,-,

4(d ,

\__ln'idе^-.

Fleхor 59

susPеn5o'},Ligoment 62

Outride

(Faсing Pagе 62)

Boсk

Plаtr 7. Bonеs and Musсles of the Thigh : outsidе views|Thе nuпbеrs prirxed фer the nаmes o1f rntlscles аre thе nurnbers of the othеr plаtеs in шhich thе musсIеs tlpPеar,

Thе plаtes in шhiсh the musсIes аrе best shoшn аrе numbered in hеаuier type']

NulrЙers .

аndCohursof thz MusсIes

50a. Gтeеn Eltеrnаl Оbliquе o1f thе Аbdomen.PL.2,5,8, to.

48b. Mauve Cаpsulаris.P|, 8'64. Yellow Ilio-psoаs.Pl' 8,

64D. Yellow Лiаctls. Pl.2' 8.

66. Мauve Tеrвorfаsсtr lаtr,Pl. 5, 8) 7L.

67. Blue Superft,сiаI Glutrus. Pl. б' 8.

68a. Mauve Middle Glutеtls. Pl. 9,8, 11.

68D. Yellоw Pirфrmis.Pl' 8.

69. Green Dееp Glшrus. Pl. 8.

70. Red Biceps Fеmoris. Pl. 5, 8, 9, 11.

71' Greеn Sеmttеndino'srrs. Pl. % 57 8,9, L| '

72. B|ue Semimembrаnosиs. Pl. ц879,17.76. Мauve Аdduсtor Femoris. Pl. 8,9.

77а' Pted' Qttаdrаttls Femorts,P|,8,78' Gеmelli'PI' 8'

Numbersаnd Colours

of t}в Mllscks79с. Red Rectlls Fеmorls' Pl. 2,5,8' 9, ||.79b. Yellorм EflеrnлI Гаsttls (Г/. IаtеrаIis). PL. 2,5 ,

E,9r 11.

80a. Bluе Gаstrocnemiиs. Pl. 2,5,8,g)77.80D. Btue Teпdo Асhtllts. Pl. 1 1.

81' Red SoIеus.P|.2,5,g) ||.82. Red Pеronеtls Tertius. Pl. 8' 9' 11.

84. Green Аnterior or Long DigitаI Extеnsor(Eэt. pеdis). Р|. 21 5, g, I |.

8б. Yеllow Lаterаl Digitаl Ertensor.P|, 2, 5'g.86. Reil SuperfrciаI Digital Fleлor (Pефrаtus)'

Pl. 8, 9, 11.

87. Mauve Dееp Digital Flеgor (Pефrans).PI.215r9) lr.

88. Yellow Poplttеus, Pl. 8' 9.

Ех|. oьl.of thе Abdamеn.

Re(tusFеmoris 79o

Ех.eпolVostus 79b

LonE Dtgiaol

Ехtеnsor 84

Lo|еroI

Eхt.. 85

Еxt. obliqueof AЬdomen 30o

sutf;ficiol 67 мiddle

Dеер..>Glutoеuj

Лссt.Fсm.

biсeps.Fеm.70 ond

5eпiteпdiлosus 7l

Copsulotis 18bSupеr.Glur. 67

SemtmemD/onosus

/ 72Middle

ТensorFos(iocLotoе

66

68os 68b

tелdiлotus 7l

Десtus Fem. 79o

Gemеlli// 78

Tfx"а69

сopsUloris48b

s7A

Fеm.77o

GIU.oеus ь7

76

. Perfototus 86

Dесp ,'Glutoеus

,s(hium

Portionof 5em,-tепdiлosls 7 /

lotoe66

6ostlo(neпiUs80

Vostus\ 79ь

Ехt

B.сёp5Fеmoris 70

Тeпdo tсhillеs 80b

Аcсessorу Tendonor Bicеps 70

вl

FIехr. Peфroлs87

F|cх' Рerforotus 86

8iсeps Sеml'memЬгoпosus72Ехterлoj

vos|us 79ь

Pсroлoe usТertius 82oлd LangD'Еl. Еx(''84

Аdduсtor 7Ь

Biсeps Fem.70

6oкrосnеmius 80o

t' 1'. 'i.l\

F. Pеr(orоtus 86'Biсeps 70 onсlSеmltепdinosus 7 l

outsidе or Lerr тhi8h

(Faсing Page 70)

hliddlc6lutoeUs 68o

Plа,te 8. Bones and Musсlеs of thе Thigh : insidеand baсk views

|The numbers printed феr thе nаmes oif mшcles аre thе numbers of thе othеr plаtеs in шhich thе muscles аpPеаr.

The plлtes in tl.,hich the muscles аre best shouln аre numberеd in heаuier tуpe.]

NштЙersаrld Co|юurs

of thе Musсbs

27. Rеd Longissimus Dorsi.PI,2.50a. Grеen Eэtеrnаl Оbliquе of the Аbdomеn.

P',L..215r 7,1,0.б0D. Blue rnternаl obliqueoif the Аbdomеn,

PI.9.б1. Red Rectus Аbdюminis.

48D. Mauve Cаpsulаris.Pl. 7'

65. Rеd Psoаs fuIinor.6,}. Yellow IIio.Psoаs.P|. 7.

64с. Yellow Psoаs Mqor.6.lD. Yellow Iliаctls,Pl.2' 7.

65. Red Quаdrаtus lumborum, аttаchment.

66. Mauve Tеnsorifаsciа lаtr.Pl' 5, 7' 7|,67. Bluе Superfiсiаl Glutеtls.P|. 5' 7.

68с. Mauve Middl.е Glutеus (G. Medfus). Pl' 9'7, Ll.

68D. Yellow Pirфrmis.P|. 7.

69. Gгeen Deep Glutеlts.Pl,7.70. Red BiсepsFemons.Pl. 5,7'9'7,|'.71. Green Semttendinosиs. Pl. 2)б,7,9)|t.,72' BJluе Semirnembrаnosиs' Pl. 2'7,9,||.

NlgtфersandColours

of Йe Musclеs

75. Maцvе Sаrtorius.P|. 9.74. Yellow Grаcilis'P|. 9.75. Red Pеctineus.76. Mauve z7dduсtor Femorts. Pl.7' 9.

77а. \ed' Quаdrаtus Fеmoris,P|.7.77b, Ye||ow Оbturаtor Erternus.77с. NIaцvе Obturаtor rnternus.78. Red GеmelIi,P|.7.

79а. P.ed' Rectus Fеmoris'P|' 2,5,7 , g, 77.79D. Yellow Ezternаl Гаsttls (Г. Lаterаlis). Pl. 2,

5r7r9,lt,79с. Gгeen rnternаl Гаsttls (v. MеdtаlЬ). Pl. 9.

80' Blue Gаstranemius.P|'2,5;7,9,77.89. Rеd Peronrus Tertius.PL,7,g, |7.84. Greеn Long DigitаI Edеnsor,P|.2,5'7

'9,||.85. Yellow Lаterаl Digttаl Erterlsor.Р|, 2, 5, 7 ) 9.86. Red Peфrаtus. (Sup. DigitаIFr.),P|. 7,9,

71.88. Yеllow Popliteus. Pl.8,9.

92D. Blue rugulаr Геin'

rепsorFosсioeLoloe

66

Еl|сrnolob|' of Abdomcп 30ol.oлgi5simus

lnternoI oЬliquеof thе Аbdomеn

Tensor Fosсrce

Ехt obl ofthе Аbdotnen

llioсus ё4b

Sепri-lеЛdiлosUs

68o

Gепtelli

t!|1ddlе6lutoеus 68o

tum

oр5.uld.is48

us 64h

63Psoss Reсtus

Fem.79ц

oЬt. Еxr. Semi-memЬron.

Dееp

69

MrddleGl0Lorus

68o

supеrrlсtolGlut.oeos ё7

сopsuIoris

ЕхtetnolVostus 79b

Fl Perforotus 86Gost

Ехtеrnol Vos|us79b

Popliteus 88,

Peronoеus relond LongDlEito| Ехtensot

84

Abd-Fem,79o llio-

Еrt. oblAьd

rе(us

еm.79o

Rесtus79o

69

48ь

lnternol 79cЕхt.

Vostus 79bRес..

79o

vos|gs 79с

70

Fеm.76 &Semiпemhronosui 72

74

Fem.77oGo

Addr, Femlё

ond

Seпi.memDroлosu5

Psoos 61o

tor Fев, 7 6

Yostts 79

Feп 79o

Voscus 79с

osus 72

Tendon of

sUр€r. -Glut.67

7

1t t!1"'"1! r, .", ;:f,;,*64EUIt Sortorius-73

Sеnilendin6sus 7 l

Gto<ilis74

6ostroсneпiu!

ц

d

rl

lnrcrnol

Insidе of Thigh Boсk of Femut Boсt, of ThighFront Yiew of Feпut ond Pelvis

(Faсing Pagе 76)

Plаtе 9. Bones and Musсlesоf the Hind Lеg|The numbers printed феr the nаmes o1f mttscles аrе thе numbеrs of the other plаtеs in ulhiсh the nntscles аppеаr.

The plаtеs in tahiсh the muscles аrе best shoшn аre numbered in heаuier tэ.p".f

NtmЙегsand Colaurs

of thе MusсIеs

70. Red Biсеps Fеmorz.s. Pl. 5,7,8, tt,71. Gгеen Semitеndinoslzs. Pl. 2,5,7,8,|t.72. B|ue Semirnembrа,nosиs. Pl. 2,7,8,7|.75. Mauve Sаrtorius.P|. 8.74. Yellow Grаcilis.P|. 8.76. Маuve Аddrctor Femois. Pl. 7,8.

79a. Red Rесtus Fеmoris.PI.2,5'7'8,|7.79D. Yellorv Egternal Гаsttts (Г. Iaterаф.P|, 2, 5'

7r8, ll.79с. Gгeen rntеrrtаl vаsttls (v, medialis). Pl. 8.80a. Blue GastrocnеmЙls. Pl. 9' 5,7

' 8, 77.

81. Red Soleus.P|,2'б,7,||'

Nwnbersаnd, Co|юurs

of t}ш Mъrсlеs

82. Rеd Peronеus Teпius.PI.7 ' 8' 7|.

85. Yellow Аntеrior Tibiаl Eztеnsor.84, Grеen Аnterior or Long Digital Eztеnsor

(Ert. pedis). PI. 2, 5, 7 , t7 .

85. Yеllow Lаtеrаl Digttаl Ertеnsor. P|' 2' 5, 7.

86. Red 9upефciаl Digitаl Fleror (Pефrаtusor Plаntаris).P|. 7

' 8, |t.

87. Mauve Dеep Digxаl Flezor (Peфrans) аndchech ligаment. Pl. 2,5, 7 , |L,

87с. Mauve Long Digitаl Flexor (pаrt of 87),88. Yellow Popliteus.Pl. 8.

89. Blue Suspеnsor1rLigamеnt, Pl. 11.

.. .^' Gosсroслеm|Us 80dvog IID

Lo|.Crol DiEI Ех.r. вs

Solеus 8l

Goslroc-пеmrU5

8OoRс( tU5 Eхtct nol

Vostus 79bF 76 ondsеmiпem.

PCfonoеusfertius Ignd LoпEDigl Еlt.

88

Lo.еra'Ехtеnsor 05

-сoP

ьiсеps 70

LonE

8t

ft. Pеrforoлs

semitслd-.iлosus.7 l !!t

87Gostrклeпius'\_lФa

80o lntеnoIYostus79с

тiь.83 E

74

лosus 7 l88

|еrzlls ёl

тibio| вз

Brcеps 70

Аn.erio.rtbюl 83Ехзt

Pеroooеus Tеrtlus 82 -Aoзеrrcr TiЬio| 83

Long Digl- Е:rr".8,l

s.mь|eлdi-nosus 7 I

Pеr(or.'otus 86

АпtеrioIrbiol 83

Per-'ons

I

87 Ii( Semi- I!л 7I oлd|r. tus 86 ). Pеrforclus

7o oлd

Loterol Ехtеnsot

Aлt. or Long Extr.8t|

SusулsorуLigomеnt 89

Perdorotus 86

xlелsol85

Dig|' Ехtr.84

Pсr|otons 07

Pеrfoions 87

(Faсing Page 82)

Plаte 10. Musсlеs of the Chest and Г{eсk|Thе numbers printеd аfter thе nаmes oif musсlеs аre the numbеrs oif the othеr plаtеs in tрhich the musclеs аpPeаr.

Thе plates in шhich the musсles аre bеst shoшn аre numbered iп heаuiеr tуpe.f

Nuпbersaпd Colours

of thс Musclеs19. Yellow Sterno-cephаlicus.P|. 1, 2, 5.

75а, B|ue StеrnoThjrro.H1.oideus'15D. Mauve omo-Hуoideus.P|. t,2.16a. Green Cutаneous muscle o1f the nеch.P|.5.19. Yellow Splcnius.PI. 1, 5.

50с. Green EЙernаl obliquэ ofthe l1bdomen.Pr.215r7rg.

55. Green Lаtissilnцs Dorsi' Pl. 5,4.,6.б,l. Rеd Mаstoido-Humerаlis.P|'1,5,+,5,55. Yellow Аntеrior Supeфсtаl Peаorаl, P|, 2,

5, б.56. Blue Postеrior SupефciаlPectorаl' Pl. 5, 6.57. Gгеen Аntеrior Deеp Pесtorаl.PL.2,4,5,58. Rеd Posterior Dеep Peсtorаl.Pl' 2,5,4,,5.41. Blue Suprаspinatus.P|.2,4,.49. Red Infraspinаtus.P|'2, +.

Nlлtфеrsand, Colauгs

of thе Muscles.l5. Red Teres Mаjor. Pl.,|..46. Мauve Corаco-brасhiаIis.P|. 4.47. Gteen Bicеps brаchii.PI. 2' 4' 6' 77.49' Blue Brаchiаlis Аntiсщ.PI,2,5'4,6.б0. Мauve Tensor1fаsciе аntibrаchii.Pl. 4.' 6.51. Yellow Triсeps Brаchii.P|' 2) 5, 4' 6, 77.55. Mauve EzternаI Rаdiаl Еgtеnsor (E*, саrpt

rаdiаIis). Pl'. 2, 5' +, в, ||'б4. Gтeen Common Digitаl Eztensor (Еzt, pedis).

P|.2,5,+,в,1'|.55, Yellow Lаtеral Digitаl Ertеnsor (Eэt' digiti

quinti).PI. ц5' +'в.б9. Blue Egtеrnal Fleэor o1f the Mеtаcаrpus

(Ezt. cаrpi ulnаris). P|. 2, 5 ? 4., 6,99D. Blue rugulаr vеin.P|.7,2,5,

Biсeps 47

omo.Hуoidеus

srспo.тhl/|o.н|oidеus

5rс'no.ссPholi(U' l

сlloлеous пus.lеor thс Ne(t..]L6o

/!losrordo-нumer0'1s

An|еIIo. s!peIrсiolPeсtorol 35 -.

B'oсhIolll Аn.iсus

Pos.с|юr suPе||lсialPGсlorol .]6

Ехtеrnol Rodtol 5Ехtсnsoг

Аntr. DeepPeс|orcl 37

сutoneoUsortl|е}\leсk l6d

тспrol FosсioеAп|ibtochii 50

Тсгеs Мojoг 45

Brochiolis 46

'Еxtсглсl oЬ|iquсo|йс АЬdomeп 30o

Triсcps Bro<hii 5l

Ехl'aпolRodiol 53Ехtспsor

Ех.rrлolFlехor 59

ilo, Еrt.лror 5J

SupeфсiolPеаorol 36 Posterior

DeeD Pесtoгol J8

сammon DiвlЕхtensor 54

(Faсing Page 98)

Plаtе 11. Diagram of the Musсlesof the Fore and Hind Limbs

|The numbеrs printеd аfter thе nаmes o1f musсles аre thе numbers o1f theother plаtеsin шhichthe mtlsclеs аppeаr. The plаtеs inшhiсh thе muscles

аre best shou.п аrе numbered in heаuier tуPe")

Nwnbersand, Colours

of t}е MusсIеs

59D. Mauve Serrаttls Thorаcis.P|. 2, 5, 4, 5.47. Green Btсeps brаchii,Pl. 2, 4, 6, |o.

51a. Yеllow Triсeps, long head.Pl. 2, 5, 4., 6.5 1b. Yellow Triсeps, еzternal heаd. P|. 2, 5' +, 6' |0.52. Red Аnсonеus. Pl.,l.' 6.55. lVlauve Eсtеrnаl Rаdiаl Erterzsor (Ezt. саrpirаdiаIis). PI. 2' 5, +,

6, 10.54. Gгeeц Common DiфаI Ezterвor (Ert. pedis).PI.2,5,4,'6' L0.60. Red Super1ficiаI DiфаI Fleror (Peфrаtus) апd chеch ligаment,

PI.4,6.61. Mauve Deep Digitаl Flezor (Peфrans) аnd сhech ligamеnt. Pl. +' 6.62. Blue Suspеlвorjr Ligаment.Pl,6.66. Mauve Tensor fаsсir lаtr. P|. 5, 7, 8.

68с. Mauve MidДе Glutеtls.P|. 2,7, 8.

70' Red Bicеps Fеrnon.s. Pl. 5, 7 , 9, 7|.71. Gгeец Sеmitеndinostls.Pl, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9.

79. Blue Seтnimembrаnosrzs. Pl. 2,7,E,9.79a. Rеd Rеctus FеmonЪ. Pl. 2,5,7,8,9.79D. Yellow Eflern'аl vаsttts (Y. lаtеrаIis). Pl. 2, 5, 7

' 8, g.

80a. Blue GаstroсnеmЙв'Pl'2,5,7,8,g.80D. Blцe &] -"* il;

* }Tendo z4сhillis, see Gаstrспеmius (8oа) p.77 .

81. Red Solеus.PI.2,5'7'g.89. Red Peronrus Teпfiв, Pl. 7' 8' 9.84. Gгeen Long DigitаI Eztеrtsor.P|.2.86. Red SupеrficiаIDiфаlFhzor(Peфrаtus). Pl. 7'8,9.87. Мauve Deеp Digital Flеtor (Peфralв). PL. 2, 5' 7

' g.

89. Blue Suspеlвorу Ligаmеnt.P|.9.

мl.!dl. Gl!|oеu' 680 Hlp ioinrShouldсt.blode

dumсrus.

Biсеps 17..тticеplfuзеrnol hсod 5I o

futconсus'.52

sеrrctu5Thoroаs'.

'9ь.. тnсeps,

LonB hсod.' 5lo

Ехtcno| ...vostu' 79ь

. |olссronon\

Pеrforotus 60ond Сhс<kLiEoпсnI

.. Pсфorons 6l'.. ond Сheck

LlEom2пt

Susp.ntorf. Liromеnt 62

.sсsoпo,d8oпс

Dееp Flсхor

-Pсrforons 87

' .

PеrcnoсUsTсrtius 8I

теndo Aсhillis.Gos?.roсr|спivsSolеus 8l, FlcхolPеrfolozus 86

Cсппoл 8oас. - . . '.. .... "

.'Pеrforons

. ond сhссkLigomелt 87

SеsoпoidBoлс

сomпod Digi.olЕхзыsor 51(сU.)

( PholonxPoJa.rns<t,.

I --.ll .

"".//

(Faсing Page l08)

нiodI.g

Thе Skelеton 43It is intеresting to notiсe that, though they are Ъoth soсket

аnd bаll joints, there is a tlistinсt differenсe in the way inтhiсh they are artiсulated. As thе sketсhеs show, the soсkеtof the hip joint is deep, espeсiaПy torмards the front of thelч, enсlosing a large portion of the hеad of the femur; in theshoulсler joint, the сup on thе end of the shoulсler blade (the

FrontView

Lф Hip Joint Nght Shoulder roint

Glenoid сaviф is very small. These differеnсes of сonstruс-tion are adapted to the pЁnсipal duties of the hind antl forelegs, the former making for firmness of attaсhment, the latterfor great freedom of movemеnt.

one joint чrith universal movеment plaсеd high on the leg issuffiсient to allorry the leg to swing forwards, Ьaсk.wardsand out-ward's from the Ьodywith aП thefreeilom that it needs,asтrhеna horse is gаlloping on a сurYe' тrhi]e the rеstriсtion of moYe.ment of the other joints gives the leg rigiility and strength.

BаIl аndSocketf oints

Nght Shoulder foint

.Ihе Knee

4,4, Thе SkеlеtonHiтчes Below the ba].l and soсkеt joints we getPoweгfulstraightfoг-

ward artiсulations, the еlboтr and knee, stifle anсl hoоk, theknee and hoсk being shock absorbers withtheir layers of severa.l Ьones, thoughother.wise un]ike eaсh other (see Pl. 6'p. 62; аntl Pl. 9, p. 89; also the astra.galus on P. 28). In the hoсk the сom.ponent bones are tieil into an inseparablemass; in the knee they are knit so thatthey оan oPen. For the knee (the сarpus)is a joint made for the easy lifting of thefore leg, to prevent stumbling and forсleaтing obstaсles as in jumping. The fleх-ion of the joint is so freе, from its beingmade with layers of bones whiсh even s]idea little uPon eaсh other, that a horse сanfliсk his сhest with his hoof to сlisloсlge a flythat is teasing him. This сonstruсtion of,

the knee тnoreoYer faсi]itates the aсtionof thе tendons that run aсross its surfaсe; for, when theknee is Ъent, it offers them only slightсhanges of fireоtion from thе faсets ofone layer of Ьone to those of the next,instead of a harsh сhange of direсtion asa single-jointeсl hinge woulсl сlo. When ahorse falls, this opening of thebones makesthe injury to the knee often vеry severe.

The sketсhes on p. 46 were made fromХ-ray photographs of the knеe of a foal,taken from thе inside. The proportion ofthе bones and thеir shape сliffer сonsider-ably from those of a mature horse, butthe prinсiple of moYemеnt is the same.

Iеtt ..Кnее

oцtsidе Vlzцl

Railius anil the

,t't ftllrIsl

IеJt 'HocLfnsidе Vtеиl

Thе opening takes plaсe Гrrst betwееn the

46 Thе Skeleton,Гhe Kneе uPPeг layeг of оarpalbones, later the hingе movement Ьetvgeen

the upper and lower layеrs of сarpals Ьeсomes very large.

From X-rау photoвrаPhs of afoal's lэft hnеe tahеnfrom thе blsidе. Cr, c2, с5 : Cаr-pаl bones; MC : MetлtaтpaЬ; MCЪ:Cаluюn bolu; MC2, MC4:SPIht boпеs;P : PЬфrm bonе ; R : Rаdhls.

A notiсeable point is how, as soon as the knee Ьends, thePisiform bone desеrts thе Radius and rеmains in the middleof the joint. Rеa]ly the upper layer of сarpal bones is theсentral platform of the knee on whiоh turn first the Radius

Thе Skеlеton 47and later the loиеr row of сarpa.ls, whiсh praсtiсally foгm aknoЬ at the top ofthe сannon Ьonе.

As thе stifle and hoсk, the big propulsive hinges of theеquine motor, aгe linked together and rv.ork in unison (see Pl.1 1' p. 108), all the trеmendous Power of the quarters is trans.пritted to thе long lever of the hoсk, throwing tremendousstrain uPon the joint. To direсt this forсe the double wheеl ofthе astragаlus is deeply embedded in grooves аt the Ьase of thetibia. This is a joint for the direсt trallsmission of thrust. It isno joint for sideway strain, having no sideway play. Of that itmust be reliеvеd, as it is, by the play of the head of thе fеmurin its soсket above, and beloчr by thе elastiсity of the Pasternjoints and hoof.

In thе Pasterns we find automatiс springs, real springshaсkies, so well designed that оne foot сan support the fullтr.еight оf the Ьody, taking thе irregularities of the ground. asthey сome. Firmly tied by ligaments against lateral displaсe-ment, thеir artiсulation with the сannon bone and eaсhother is neсessarily shallo.w; they would break if one boneттas inserted in another, as in tlre hосk. The pasterns havea Yеry long swing to and fro. They сan Ьe fleхed baсk atright angles to thе сannon Ьorre, antl, supported Ьy the ten-dons, сan be extеnded forwaгds, .оvегeхtended', not onlyinto the position they oссupy when a horse is standing atrest, but at times aсtually at right angles to the сannonbonе.

The more onе looks at the Ьoily the more one sees}row intеrdependent the parts are, saving еaсh other andсomplеmenting еaсh othеr meсhaniсally, сomplеmentingeaсh other аlso in beauty and design, hard parts and soft,iong antl short, square and round, in сontrast and repeti.r].on.

The attaсhed impгessions of fore leg and hinil leg wererapidly drawn from a horse pulling very hard. They shon'

The Knee

Union ofHoсh аnd'Stiflе

Sprulqs

,+8 Thе SkеlеtonFore аnd сleaф that the impression proсluсed uPon the eye was that

Hind Lrgs the forсe of the musсles was direсted to the joints.

/{/tL

Еt\ &Inс'rarмing,n":":;r:::"":::::,::;,ЬytheSquareness

of the point of the shoulder, the angles of the knee and thesweШng of the extensor musсles.

The sketсh of the hinсl leg, if you чri]l .read'' it сarefully,shows the Yasti musсles (79) on the top and both sides of thefemur сonсentrating on the kneе-сap, the Biсeps (70) sweШngмrith the effort, and the line madе by the Tenсlo Aсhil]is (80b)running to the hoсk. It is notiсeable, too, how squarely thefoot is turned down, so that the toe сligs into the ground.

When a horsе is pulling really hard he loтrrers his forehandin ordеr to put his hinсl legs into the position in whiсh theyget their thrust most direсtly into the line of the resistanсe. Infaсt, the horsе lies down to it, as a man does when pulling in atug-of.war. To сlo this he flexes his fore leg at elbow and kneejoints, using his eхtensor musсles to keep his knee from сlosingaltogether,whiсh aссounts for theiraссentuation in the sketсh.As his flexors are pulling the foot Ьaсk, one sees that in violent

Thе Skеlеton ,{.9

efforts the musсlеs on both sidеs of the leg are in aсtion atonсe' whiсh braсes thе leg and supports the bone against thes€Yere strain that it is undergoing. The wheeler of a сart чrhohas thе weight of the shafts on him dare not .lie down' to it,аs a leader сan with only traсes upon him.

In the seсond sketсh, of right and left fore legs seen fromЬehind, it is again nоtiсeaЪle lrow thе bone fоrms are em.

Lеft fore leg pulling seеn froтn bеhind Right fore lеg pulling seen from behind

phasized at the elbow and knee, and the foot is putting its toeinto the ground. Sеe also the drawing of kneеs on p. 34.

Whiсh observations sho.w how muсh the skeleton, lriddenas it is, influenсes thе superfiсial appearanсe of the body.

Fоrе апсlHiпd Legs

\.ц

Chapter IY. Thе Musсles.Musсles are highly speсialized organs that havе the propertyof сontraсting when stimulated. Striated musсles', the kindof musсles иrith whiсh we are сonсernеd., .aсt upon thе bones,сovеr the grеater part of the skeleton and play an importantpart in determining thе form of the animal.'1

Thus the voiсe of sсienсe, Sisson, Thе Аnаtomу of theDomestic АnimаЬ,

The musсles are attaсhed to the bones either direсtly, orinсlireсtly through the сartilages, ligaments or fasсia. In theplates thе arеas of attachment markeсl upon the bones oftenrepresent only part of the attaсhment of a musсle whiсlrthrough fasсia or aponeurosis applies its force to a muсh largerarеa of the bone or bones сonсerned'.

Thе musсlеs сannot push the bones sinсe they only workby сontraсtion; so that rмhen we push something our aсtion isthе result of pulling on the part of the musсles.

In the notes on the musсles, their aсtion is сlesсribed. as еx-tenсling or fleхing a joint, or they are said to ad.duсt, abduсt,or rotate a limЬ inwards or outwards. While suсh terms сon-veniently exPress the aсtion of a musсle, it should Ьe rеmem.bereсl that the musоle whiсh flexes a joint is also used. to сon.trol its extension, just as one whiсh extends it is useсl to сon.trol its flexion. For instanсe, when you jump, yоu employ thеbig musсles in thе top of your thigh to straightеn, to еxtend,your knee joint, and your сalf musсles to extend your anklejoint; and when you land, the samе musсlеs сheсk the flexion

rAs many people seem not to know it, let me mention that musсles aтe thе fleslr,or meat'

5o

Thе Musсles бtof your knee and ankle, and let you dorмn graсlually without vаriеtу ofshoсk. Your Ьiсeps, with тмhiсh you lift a weight in your Musculаrhand, a.].so сontrols the deliсaсy with whiсh you put it dorмn Асtionagain. The Adduсtors of a limЬ are as often used to сontrol itsoutward. swing as aсtually to puШ it inwarсls. Indeeil, the inter-play of musсles eyen in a simple moYement is very intriсate;whiсh is why a сhi]tl takes some time before it сan сo.ordinateits movements, and why we find it diffiсult to learn new сom-binations of movements as in games.

Musсles are as vaгied as the bones they serve, thiсk, thin,flat, round, long, short. In some thе сontraсtion makes noсhange of shape notiсеable enough to сonсегn the draughts-man, in others thе сhange is very striking, as in the humanbiсeps, as еvery sсhoolboy knoиrs. Does the boy exist who hasnot сlenсheсl his fist and bent his arm hoping that his biсеpsтrill beсome an errormous ball оf iron?

Musсlеs vary as muсh in their speed of aсtion as in theiгstrength, those with a long purchase starting a movementmore easily than сan those тrith a short lеverage, though thelattеr make up in spеeсl what they laсk in initiative. To extendthe femuг on the pеlvis, as in kiсking, the muscles of theсrouP, Biсeps femoris (70), Semimembranosus (72), andothers, start the movement easily, for their pull is eхerted at

somе distanсe from the frrlсrum' tlrtl hip joilrt; Ьut tlrе MiddlеGlutreus (68a), with its pull on гhе short leveragе of t}re

great troсhanter, adds a rapidity to the moYement of the fеmurof whiсh the others arе inсapable. A similar prinсiple is em-ployесl by a man swinging an axe, who holds it near thе bladeto Start the swing, and runs his hand down the haft to adсlspeed to the finish of the stroke.

A pоint of interest is thе diffеrenсe of aсtion in a musсlethat оonneсts one Ьone to the next, and of a musсle that, ig-noring the next bone, Passеs to a bone beyond. The Braсhiа]is(49), for instanсе, whiсh arises on the humerus and is inserted.

variеtу ofMuscular

,4ction

Dcscriptionof the

Muscles

52 Thе Musсlеson the radius, сan only flex the elbow joint; rпihi]e its nеigh-bour the Biсeps Braсhii (47), whiсh arises from the shoulсlerblade and passing by the humerus is also inserted on theradius, сan flex the elЬow joint if the shoulсlеr is fixed, сanеxtend the shoulсler joint if the elbow is fiхetl, or сarry outboth funсtions simultaneously.

The f]ow of musсu]ar aсtion is сleaф i]lustrated on theneсk of a rмalking horse Ъy the Serratus Cerviсis (39а).Watсh whеn the foot takes the grounсl anсl you тrill see, asthe shoulder blaсle turns' the different strands of the musсlestand. out in turn upon thе neсk, like a series of fingers, be-

фnning.with the strand vrhiсh is nearest to the shouldеr untilthey are all taut; sеe the illustration on p. 51.

The aсtion of a muscle, however rapid, however instan-taneous it appears, neсessari.ly develops and diminishes gradu.aПy, as is notiсeably shown in a sloweсl-doиrn Гrlm in the сine-matograph. This сresсеndo anсl diminuendo movеment takesplaсe not only in the aсtion of an inсliйdual musсle, but a]soin the way in whiсh musсles follow and сomЬine rмith eaсhоther's aсtions. And when the сresсenilo and diminuendo isrhрhmiс it gives us plеasure through our еyes and .we сall itgraсeful.

In thе desсriptive lists, that follow, thе musсles are num-Ьеred for сonvenienсe of rеferеnсe; and the numbеrs aPPearon the plates тrith the name of the musсle. Sometimes for.want of spaсe on the plate the name of a musсle is abbrейated.

A musсle and its areas of oriфrr or insertion on the bonesbear thе same сolour on every plate in whiсh they appеar, andin the list this сolour is noted against the musсle. The readеris waгned, however, that in looking up сertain of the platereferenсes he may find only the area of attaсhment of thеmusсle to thе Ъone, and not the musсle itself; of сertain uninr-Portant musсles onlу the attaсhment is given.

Thе Musсlеs ээ

The names of the musсles are given as far as possible inЕnglish. Мusсles have a great variety of namеs in differenttext-books, so muсh so that if the read'er studies the subjeсtfurther he чrill find, to his great inсonvenienсe, that differentauthors use different names rмithout mentioning the alterna-tive names at all!

The desсription of the musсles is deliberately simplified.oftеn only the prinсipа.l attaсhment or insertion is given, andorrly the prinсipаl funсtions mentioned. For simpliсity's saketlre Ligaments, a very interesting part of the meсhanism ofthe joints, are harсlly mentioned. Likе othеr parts of thе boсlythe musсles are so intriсatе in struсture, sharing their neigh-Ьours, attaсhments and duties, eYen at times aсting in сontra-diсtory ways, that a full сlesсription woulil plunge the rеaderinto the Irlaze of tесhniсal terms that is сa-lled a teхt-Ьook.

The aсtion of most of the musсles of the hеail and faсe isсiеar from the plate without muсh ехplanation (sеe Pl. 1,

Р.t2), )

Dеsсriptionof theMusclеs

,I,|ш Hеаdаrtd Fасе

Those of whiсhMаssеtеr rnusсIеs,гidges that radiate

the сontraсtion shows most arе the Ьigwhiсh as a horsе munсhes tighten int<llike the ribs of a fan. and the Buccinаtor.

are сut short, as theysmartert.

54 Thе MusсlesThe Head whiсh forms thе сheеk just behind the mouth, opposite theаnd Fаcе tеeth.

Though the musсles that move the nosе, ears and eyelidsare hardly ever notiсeaЬle in themselvеs, their influenсe onеxpression is great.

A horse pinсhes his nostri]s and lays baсk his еars to sho.wtеmper; blorмs through his nostri]s when alarmed; and opens

thеm like trumpets .when еxсitеd orgаlloping, for he d.oes not breathеthrough his mouth. florse raсes arerun rш.ith сlosed lips, as men's raсesare run with open onеs' IIe oPenshis mouth when he nеighs.

A horsе gеts muсh informationthrоugh his nose, for the long hairswith thеir sensitive roots arе truefeelers and he missеs thеm if theyare somеtimes, to .makе him look

In his book, The Аnаtomу of Еrprеssion, Sir Сharles Bellstates that the musсles тrhiсh in the lion lift the lips off theсaninе tеeth, in the horse Pass to the nose. Thе lion and theother felines сan oPen the jaw right baсk to seize and сhewtheir prey, whiJe the horsе сan only open his mouth mod.er-ately; whiсh must make it most unсomfortablе when heyawns' but makes his mouth thе better сontainer to holсl a

quantity of fodсler whi.le he сhews it.

Thе Nlusсles

Desсriptivе List оf Musсlеs|Thе plаtеs in шhiсh thе musclеs аrе best shousn аrс nurnbеrеd

iп heаuier tуP".7

1. Оrbiсulаr of the Mouth (Оrbiсulаris orrs). Blue. Pl. 1.

The sphinсter of the mouth whiсh сloses the lips.

2, Lеuаtor of the [Jppеr Lip аnсl Nostril (L. nаsi labiаliф.Retl. Pl. 1.

It lifts the upper lip and dilatеs thenostril.

3. Lеoаtor of thе Upper Lip (L. Iа,bii

superioris proprius). Мauve. Pl. 1.

Working on eaсh side of the faсe thesеmusсles mеet on thе top of thе nose,and aсting together lift the upper lip,and сan aсtuаlly turn it insidе out' as

may be seеn from timе to timе. Aсtingsepaгately, they pulJ. it siсleways.

4. Z1rgomаtiсus. Green. Pl. 1.

A thin ribbon whiсh pulls Ьaсk the сorner of thе mouth.

5. Depressor of the Loшer Lip (D, labii infеrioris). Reсl.Pl. 1.

It pulls the lowеr lip baсkwards and downwards.

6. Buccinаfor. Mauve' Pl. 1.

This musсle lies аlong the mouth. It is сa]led the .Trum-

PРtеr' Ьeсause it tenses the sides of the mouth; it assistsin pushing the food between the teeth in mastiсation.

7. Mаsseter. YeПow. Pl. 1.

From the zygomatiс arсh and the сrest to the lower jaw.This musсle сloses the jaw when working in unison rмithits fellorм on ihe other side of the head, оr puШs it side-.ways as in mastiсatiorr, when aсting alone. It makes the

эЭ

56 Thе Musсlеsshapе of the lower eсlge of the jaтr. Its fan.shaped Гrbresshorм very distinсtly when a horse is munсhing.

8. Lаtеrа| Dilаtor of the Nose (Caninus musclф. Yellow.Pl. 1.

It dilates the nostril.

9. Supеrior Di|аtor of the.AЛosz. Green. Pl. 1.It helps to enlarge the nasal cavity.

t0. Trаnsoеrsе Dilator of thе.AЛose. Yellow. Pl. 1.Liеs under the сommon tendon of the Levator of theUpper Lip (5).

tt. Cеruicа| Li1аmеnt (Ligаrnеntum Nuсhаф. Buff. Pls. 1, 9.It is an arrangement of elastiс tissuе to suPPort theтreight of the neсk. It is соmposed of t.wo Parts, the funi-сular part, whiсh arising from the rмithers is insertеd intоthe oсcipital protuЬеranсe of the skull, and the lamеllaгpart, whiсh arising from thе funiсular part as well asfrom the тrithers is inserted into thе 2nd to the 6th сеr.viсal verteЬra.

|2. Sterno.Cеphаlicus (Sterno-Mаndibu|ariф. Yellorм. Pls. 1,2' З, t0.From the сartilage of the stеrnum to the angle of thelower jaw.Aсtion: Flexes the head and neсk.

t3. Longus Colli. Bluе. Pl. 1.It runs from thе atlas bone a-long the underside of theneсk to thе 6th vertebra of the thorax, binding the ver.tеbrre to eaсh other.

|4. IntertrаnstsersаIes colli. Green, сlear and shaсleil. Pl. 1.Attaсh the сerviсal vеrtebrre to eaсh other, the сlear andshaсlеd areas of musсle interсonneсting resPeсtively.

!5а,. Stеrno.Tttуro-Hуoid,eus. Blue. Pl. 10.

Thе Musсlеs 57

75b. Оmo-Hуoideus. Mauve. Pls. 1, 2,5, t0.These are two musсles, arising on the сariniform сartilageof the sternum anсl thе suЬsсapular fasсia respeсtively,to be insеrted on the hyoid bone, bеtween the jaw bones;the thyroid branсh of 75a is inserted on the larynx'They shoчr in the throat, Ьetween the tчro branсhes ofthe sterno-сephaliс musсle (12).

16. Cutаnеous musсIе (Panniсulus Cаrnosus).It adheres сlosely to thе skin on сertain parts of the bоdy,the faсe, neсk, arm and abdomen. It is thе twitсhingmusсle that disloсlges insесts.

76а' Сutаnеous of thе Nесh. Greerr. Pls. 5, 10.

It arises in the sternum and the tvro parts diverge overthе stеrno.сеphaliс musсle to join the mastoido-humera-lis, where it is graсlually lost.

I6b. Сutаnеous of thе Аbdomеn.It сovers a large part of the abdomen and flank.

17. Rесtus Cаpitis ('lntiсus Mаjor,) Yellow. P7s, I,2.From the 3rd, 4.th and 5th сerviсal vertebrre to theoссipital bone. Aсtion: F]exes or inсlines the head.

78a' Trаpezius Ceruiсаl pа,rt. Blue. Pls. 1, 5, +, 5.

I8b, Trаpеzius Dorsаl or Thorасiс pаrt. Blue. P|s.5,4,5,From the сerviсal ligament and the иrithers to the spineof thе shoulder blaсle, wherе it is divided into two parts.Aсtion: The сerviсal part d.raws the shoulсler blade for-.wards and upwarсls; the dorsа] part draи's it upwards andbaсk.wards. Aсting together they lift the sсapula.The tеnd.inous fiЬres that form the mitlсlle part of thismuscle suPPort thе shoulсler Ьlade and fore limb whenthe leg is off the gгounсl just as the tendinous fibres ofthe Serratus Thoraсis support the fore parts of the Ьodyfrom the shoulder Ьlade when the leg is on the ground(see p. 10).

Plаtr 5. Musсular Attaсhment of the Shoulder to the Bodv|The numbеrs printеd фer the nаrnes of muscles аre thе пumbеrs o1f the other plаtes in tohich the mtlsсIes аppeа'r.

The plаtes in шhich thе musсles are best shouln аrе nцmbered in heаuier trpe.1NwrЙers

aпdCo|юursof tfu Musсlеs16a. Gгeen Cutanеouso1fthenесh. Pl' 5' 10.18a. Blue Trаpеzitls, CeruiсаI pаrt.Pl. 7,5, 4,.

18D. Blue Trаpezius,Dorsаlpаrt.Pl.5'4.39. Greеn Rhomboidrus.P|, 2'5,4.бб. Green Lаtissimus Dorsi. Pl. 5,+, |0.5,l. Red Mаstoido-HumerаIis.P|.1,5,4,,|0.55. Yelloтrr Аntеrior Superficiаl Pеctorаl.PL 2,

5,10.

NштЙеrsаtld, Col,ours

of t)е MusсIes

36. Bluе Posterior Super1icial PeсtorаI'P|.6, 10.57. Green АnIerior Deep Pectorаl.P|. 2,4., !o,38. Red Postеrior DeеpPеctorаI.P|'2,3,4.,10.

59a. Мauve Serrаtus CеrutcЬ.Pl. I,2'5,4,.59D. Мauve Serrаtus Thorааs, P|. 2' 5, 4, |7.

Аnt Sоpеr[tсlol Pесtoro, з5*ъ-_

Postеrlor sUpсr,(iol PссLarо| з6

тropеziu9 Сerviссl lBo

Sсrrotus Cеryiсus J9o

Мostoido.| Нuпerolis 34

r/-sr||o|us сervrc|s З9o./

Anrcrior Dееp Pес|orol

Aлt. 5Uрerfiсio/ Peсtoгol J5-RhomЬoidеus J2.

Мostoldo- Humеrolis

.5errotus Cеrviсis 39o

sеrlotuj Мostotdo-Нomero|is 34rhoroсis

Outside ofLеft Shouider

Postе.ior Dсср

Рcсtoro| 3B

Postetior Dеeр Pcсtoroi f8

Dorsoi i 8Ь

to( Dorsl З3

|^olto|do' Нuпеrolts 34

oлd Antеrюr & PosLerюr

Superfiсiol Peсtoгol 35 36

Sеrrotus Cervtсts З9o

lnstdе ofRrght 5hou/dсr

zrus Сervtсol l8o

RhomЬotdeцs J2

^nt(rюr s'pсrГ|сюl Pссtoro/ J5

s Thoroсis З9b

Thе Мusсlеs 59

19, Splеniu.s. Yellow. Pls. 1, 5, tО.From the 2nсl, 5ril anсl 4th thoraсiс spines and thе сеr.viсal ligamеnt to thе skull, atlas, and 5rd, 4th and 5thсerviсa] vеrtеbrre.Aсtion: To pull thе head and neсk to thе sitle; or aсtingtogethеr to raise thе hеaсl and neсk.

2О, Longissirntls cаpitis еt аtlа,ntis, Blue, Yellow. Р1,.2.

From the 1st and 9nil thoraсiс verteЬrre to thе base ofthе skull and wing of the atlas, respeсtively.Aсtion: To eхtend the hеad and neсk, or aсting singly tobenсlthe head and neсk.They sho.w at mоments оf strain'

21, Complezиs. Red. PI.2; attachments. Pl.1.From 2nd,, \rd and 4th thoraсiс spines, the 1st to 6ththoraсiс vеrtebrre and thе сerviсal vertеbrr to theoссipital bone.Aсtion: Strong extеnsors of the heaсl and neсk. Actingon one side only, inсline the heaсl and neоk to thе siilе.

22. Multфdus Ceraicis (Trаrжaеrsе Spinous muscle of the

neф. Retl. Pl.2.From the artiсular Proсesses of thе last five сerйсal ver-tebrr to the spinеs of the preсeding сerйса] vertebrr.Aсtion: It binds thе neсk tosethеr and' extends it orflexes it.

2З, Postеrior oblique of thе Hеаd. Mauve. Pls. 1, 2.A short thiсk nrusсle whiсh сonnесts thе atlas and axisbones. It is hiсlden und.er the Mastоidо-Humera]ismusсle (54).Aсtion: Rotatеs thе atlas and }rеad on the axisorholdsaxis still on thе atlas.

24.. Аntеrior Оblique of the Hеаd' Greеn. Pl. 1.It joins the atlas Ьone to the skull. Еxtends the skull, orfleхes it laterally. It аlso is hiсlden.

60 Thе Musсlеs25а, Sеrrаtus Posterior (S. Еrspirаtorirzs). Мauve. Pls. 9, 5.

Helps in eхpiration.

25b. Еztеrnаl Intеrcostаls. Red. Pls. 9, 5.Join the ribs to eaсh other.

26. Trаnsuеrsаlis Costаrum (Ilio-costalш). Yellow. Pl. 2.It liеs аlongsitle the Longissimus Dorsi from thе lumbarregion to the бth, 6th anil 7th сеrviсаl vertebrr. Ithelрs to сonneсt thе baсk, ribs, etс.Aсtion: Еxtends the spine, or flexes it siсleways anсl helpsin inspiration.

27. Longissimus Dorsi. Reсl. Pls. 9, 8 inсluding thе

27а. Spinаlis. Rеd. P]'.2.The longest musсle in the Ьoily, eхten.ling fronr the saс-rum and ilium to the ].ast four сerviсa] vertеЬra; thеМidсlle Glutreus (68) gains Power from being attaоhеd toits aponeurosis. It lies upon uPPer surfaсes of the riЬsagainst the spines of the baсkbonе and forms thе shapёof the baсk.Aсtion: It is a very Powerful eхtensor of the baсk anilloins, aiding in all movements of the hind quarters,suсh as ,kiсking, puПing, jumping, rearing. Aсtingon one side of the body only it flеxes the spine sidе.ways.

28. MultifiЙж Dorsi. Hidden.It runs from the saсrum to thе neсk. hidden bv theLоngissimus Dorsi (27). It is оomposed of bundleswhiсh slope upwards and forwards, joining the proсessesof the verteЪrre together. It extends thе spinе.

29. The АbdominаlTunic. Buff. P]. 10.It is a sheet of elastiс tissue чrhiph helps the musсles tosupport the abdomеn. rts upper layer сovеrs thе Еxter-nal oЬliquе of the Abdomen (б0а).

Thе Musсlеs 61.

50а, EсternаI oblique of the ,Lbdomеn. Greеn. Pls. 2, З)71 8,

10.

Its origins arе the last fourtеen ribs, the lumЬo.ilorsa]fasсia and. the tuber сoхr. Its broad aPoneurosis, the fibresof whiсh blend чdth those of the Interna.l oblique, сoYersthe abсlomen, and joins, at thе linea alЬa, the aponeurosisof thе same musсles of the other side of the boсly; withthe Internal obJ.ique, the Rесtus aЬdominis and Abсlomi-na] Tuniс it supports the abd.omen.Aсtion: It сomprеsses the abdonrеn antl the internalorgans. Aсting singly it Ьenсls the body sideways; aсtingtogether thеse musсlеs arсh the baсk.

50b. Internаl Оblique of thе Аbdomеn. Blue. PJ.s. 2, 8.

It lies und.erneeth the prесесling musсle. From the tuberсoхФ it sprеads like a fan to Ьe inserted into the last fouгribs anсl to miх its fiЬres with those of the Ехtеrnaloblique.Its aсtion is sirrrilar to that of thе Еxternа] oblique.

ЗI. Rectus Аbdomtnis. Hiilden. Attaсhmеnt Rеd. Pl. 8.

This musсle, whiсh arises on thе breast bonе arrd. tlre ad-jaсent ribs, is сonnесted to the puЬis.Aсtion: It helps to сarry the weight of the abd.omerr,with the Ехternal (50а) and Intеrnal (б0b) obliquemusсle anсl the AЬсlomina] Tuniс (29).Aсtion: Simiiar to that of thе above rnusсlеsl arсhс:s thеloins.

32. Rhomboidеts (Ceruiсаlis а.nd Thoraсaliф, Green. Pls. 2,З,4',5.From the Ligamentum nuсhae, and9nd to 7th thoraсiс vеrtebrre, to theсartiJage of the shoulder blade.Aсtion: It dra.ws the sсapula upward,sсan raise the neсk.

the spines of theunderside of the

and forrмards, or

Plаtе 6. Bones and Musсles of the F'ore Leg|The numbers printеd фer the namеs oif musсlеs аrе the numbers o1f the other plаtes in шhiсh thе muscles аppеаr,.Гlе plаtеs in шhich the rnusсles аre bеst shotan аre numberеd in heаui'er tэrp".f

NutтЙersand Colours

o1f the Musclеs

56. Blue Postеrtor SupеrJiёial Pectorаl.P|.5, 70.47. Green Biсeps braсhii (Corаco-rаdialis).

PL.2,4, lO,7l.49. Blue BrасhtаIts Аntiсus'P|.2,б,4,|0,

. 50. Mauve Tеnsor1fаscia аntibrаchii.P|' 4, 10.61 n1!. ]. |Yellow Trtсeps brаchii' P|. 2, 5, +.c to.l

Оbliquе Eztensor o1f the Mеtаcаrpus(АbЙrctor pollicis). P|' 4,

Internаl RаdiаI Flezor (Fz' Cаrpirаdiаlis).PI.4.

Midd'Ie Flezor o1f the Metаcаrpus(Fr, саrpi ulnаris).P|' 4,.

Ertеrnаl Fleror o1f thе Metaсаrpus(Ulnл,rts lаterаlis), PL. 2, 5, +, 10.

Supеrliciаl dlgital Fletor (Peфr аtus)аnd сheck ligаment.Pl. 4,, 1| '

Deep Dtgitаl F'lezor (Peфrаrв) аndсheсk ligаrnеrtt.PI. +' |7.

Su,spеnsorjr Ligаmеnt. Pl. 1 1.rntеrnаl Rаdiаl Flegor (Fz. cаrpi

rаdiаlis).P|' 4.

б1с. Yellow Tricеps BrachzТ(Internal head). Pl.l.б2. Red Аnconeus.P|.4,L|. 60. Red55. Мauve Externаl Rаdiаl Eztensor (Ert, cаrpi

rаЙаlis).P|'2,5,+'t0,7|. 61. Мauvе54. Green Common Digitаl Eztensor (Ert. pedis),

PL 215, +, LO, lt.55. Yellow Lаrеtаl digitаI Eэteruor (Ezt. Ihgiti

Qutnli). Pl. 2, 5, 4., !0.

Nurnbersond, Colours

of tfu Muschs56. Red

57. Yellow

58. Gгeen

59. Blue

62. Blцe67. Yellow

I

Алсotleus 5

5зRodtolЕ

t'o\t I r tt | \t!l)r | | | t'ttP(цorol tь

Biсерs 47

Broсhtolts 49

intеrпolRod iol

ЁхternolRodio I

Е xteл 5o r5-l

ii::'lЕхt

Гlх Pсrforons 6l

ssl | 49

Pеrforot'us 60

t\

rtiсеps5lo5lь

тensor FosсioeАлtiьrcсhii 50

lnternol flехor 57

tе.nolRodi olЕxtелsor 5]

Ехtеrоal

I I'crfototls 6l

7 lnlerлol

г:.t,

еp Dig'Flexor

P.erforonsьl

Biсeр'

Сommon

Ехtensor 54oЬl4uеЕхtensor 56

Deef o;glFleхor 6l

LorЪrol DigirolЕxtелsor 55

Ехternol RodiolЕхtелsoг 5J

Perforoпs 6a

su5peл5ory; vl Lцoпеnt 62

LO (e

Ехten'o.55

сoпmon DiEitol

Fle59

Ехtелsor \,l', | ,o,''

i .,.- J

\\фв'".r'iol,' lя

\, \F|еюг 57

obliquсЕхietlsor 56

СoпmonЕх (eлsor

xt6r оo1^1,:i

Lotero/ \ I l.itв,o.t.хor 59

LoLеrol'Ехtenso г

JJ

1,.,.,

-i.t;

Midd]е Flехor58

Dеep F|eхorPerforons 6l

СommonDig itol

Еx tenso r54

ЕхlеrnolRodiol

ОЬliqueЕltепsor 56

ЕхtеrлolRodiolЕхrелsor

МЙd|eFlеxor S8

lnlernol

xtелsot56 |ifu|.7)o.ьliqueЕхtФsor

Мtddle,/ Yffi- sьFIeхor

Ехtе( Flехor 57

Perforoсustlехor 59

60

SuspensoryLigomcлt 67

oьliquе Eхtеnsor 56

sU5рeлsо,уLigоmепt.62

lto, Еx(ensor 55

сommon DвitolЕхrеnsor 54

Lolerol,

Lolerol DtBtrol Dj8itol Eх(ensor 5

txtr J5

5Uspen50.уLigomеnt 62

('ч

PeIrorо|0s60

srp.F|eхPеrforoLus-

60

oпП1onхtепso.

Ourside

The Musсlеsi5. Lаtissimus Dorsi. Green. Pls. 5, 4.,5,I0.

From the lumbo-dorsa-l fasсia to the tuberсle on thе und.еr-side of the humerus. It overlaps the edge of the sсapula.Aсtion: It is a powerful agent in the aсtion of the frorrtleg. Pulling the humerus upwards and baсkrмard's, orequally pulling the body forwards. It also tends to flex theshoulder jоint'Mаstoido-hцmеralis (or Brасhio-cеphаIiсus). Red. Pls.115, +r 5r I0.From the .lеltoid tuberosity and the fasсia сovering theshoulder and humеrus, to thе skull (the mastоiil andnuсhal сrest), the wing of the atlas bone, and thе 2nd,5rd and 4th сerviсa] verteЬra.Aоtion: When the head and neсk are fiхed it pulls thеforе limb forward.s, extending the shoulder joint; whеnthe limb is fixеd, it ехtends the hеatl and neсk or inсlirrеsthem. It also helps to extend thе elbow through its pulluPon the strong fasсia from the deltoid tuberosity to theouteг faсe of thе elЬow.

Аnterior Supeфсiаl Pectorаl (or Pесtorаlis desсandens).Yelloмr. P1s. 2, 5,5,10.From the prow of the sternum, to the humerus andfasсia of the arm. These musсles forrn the very сharaс-teristiс bosom-like form of the сhest.Aсtion: To ailduсt and adyanсe the limb.P o s t er io r S up еrfrci аl P е c t or аl (or P е c t or аli s t r сlп s u еr s us).Blue. Pls. 5, 6, 10.From the vеntrа.l eсlge of the sternum to the humеrus,with thе prесeiling musсle.Aсtion: Adduсts thе limb.

З7. Аnterior Deеp Peсtorаl (Sterno prсtesсаpulаris). Green.Pls. 9, +,5, lO.Siilе of the stеrnum and first four ribs to the fasсia of theSupraspinatus (41).

65

1+.

эЭ.

56.

64, Thе MusсlеsAсtion: To adduсt the limb, and pull it baсkиrards;еqual.ly to pull the boily forwards when the leg is fixed.

38. Postеrior Dееp Pесtoral (Pесtorаlis аsсеndens). Reil.Pls. 9, 51+,5,, lO.From the stеrnum, the fourth to nint}r ribs, and aЬ-dominal tuniс, to the tuberosity on the underside of thehumerus and tendоn of thе сoraсo-braсhia]is.Aсtion: To aililuсt thе limb, arrd pull it baсkwarсls;еqual.iy to pull thе body forwards.

39а. SеrrаtusCensicis. Mauve. Pls. 1, 2,3,+,5.From the undersiсle of the s}roulсler blaсle to the last fouror five сerr.iсal vеrteЬrre.

59b. Serrаtus Thorасzs. Mauvе. Pls. 9, З) 4.,5,It.From the first eight or ninе ribs to thе undersiсlе of theshoulder bladе.Aсtion: Thе сеrviсal part draws thе top of thе sсapulafоrwards; thе thoraсiс part pulls it down,wards. Aсtingtogеther they raise the body in relation to the should'erblaсle, and whеn at rest form a sort of sling supportingthe Ьody (see p. 11).

40. Deltoid. Мauve. Pls. 5, 4.From thе spine and the dorsа] angle of the sсapula and atendinous insеrtion on its spine, to the deltoid tubero-sity on the humerus.Aсtiоn: It flеxes the shoulder joint, and abduсts thehumerus. Whеn the fore leg is raised its tеnsion produсеsa сhannel aсross the form of thе shoulder.

4t. Suprаspinаtus. Bluе. PLs' 2,4.Fills thе hollow on the shoulder blade, in front of thеspine. It is inserted on the inner and. outer side of thеtop of the humerus.Aсtion: Еxtends the joint and stеadies it against strainand shoсk-see Subsсapularis (44).

+2.

Thе Мusсlеs 65

Iфаspinсtlиs. Red. PIs. 2, 4.Fills the hollow behind the spine of the shouldеr bladе,and has a double insertion on the outer tubеrosity of thehumerus.Aсtion: Abduсts and rotatеs thе humerus. The aсtion ofthis musсlе is opposeсl by that of the Subsсapularis; п,hеnrvorking simultaneously they braсе the joint. See Sub-sсapularis (4.4).

Teres Minor. Greеn. Pls.2,4.Its origin runs along the posterior eсlge of the Infra-spinatus, and it is insertеd on a knob just above tlrе del-toid tubеrosity of thе humerus.Aсtion: Flехes, rotates and aЬduсts the humеrus.SubsсаpulсlrzЪ. Yеllow. Pl. +.

oссupies most of thе underside of the shouliler Ьladе,and is inserted on the intеrior tuberosity of thе humerus.Aсtion: It adduсts the humеrus-seе Infraspinatus (49).The shouliler blade is artiсulatеd with the humerus irr ashallow Ьa]l anсl soсket joint and is braсed as well asrotated and flexed by thе musсlеs on еaсh sidе of it.There is a generа] bа]anсe of opposition bеtu.een theInfraspinatus (42) and Supraspinatus (41) on one sidе andthe Subsсapularis (44) on the other.

Tеres Mаjor. Red. Pls. 4,I0.From the dorsа] anglе of thе shoulder bladе to the tuЬer-сle оn thе inner side of the humerus, in сommon и'iththe Latissimus Dorsi (55).Aсtion: Flехes the shouldеr joint, and adduсts t}rеhumerus.

Corасo-brасhiаlis. Mauve. Pls. 4, 10.From thе сoraсoid Proсеss on the underside of theshoulder bladе to the intеrior surfaсe of the humerus.Aсtiоn: Aсlсluсts thе arm, and flexes the shouldеr joint.

+З.

++.

45.

46.

66 The Мusсlеs47. Biсeps Brа,chii (Corасo.Rаdiаliф. Green. PIs. 2, 4, 6,,

10,11.From the оoraсoid proсess of the shoulder blaсle, it runsilown in front of the humerus, riding on the ridges onthe front of the humerus, whiсh keep it in plaсe.It is inserteсl into the tuberosity of the rad.ius. A stouttеndinous band passes from it to the Еxternal RadialЕхtеnsor (55).Aсtion: To flex the elbow joint; or eхtend. the shoulderjoint; or it braсes the joints-see a ilesсription of itsaсtion, PP. 11, 1'+,|5.

48а. Cаpsulаris Brachji. Mauyе. Pl. +.

From the glenoiil сavity on the underside of the shoul-dеr b]adе to the posterior of the humerus. It is veгy

sma].l anсl hiiltlen, and doеs not affeсt the surfaсe forms.

48b, Cаpsulаris Femoгis. Мauve. Pls. 7, 8.

It сloes not affeсt the surfaсe forms. The Capsularismusсles prevent the сapsules from getting pinсheil inthе shoultler and. hip joints respесtiYrlJ*.

49. Brа.сhiаlis Аntictls. Blue. Pls. 2, 52 4' 6' t0.It rises from the spiral grooYe on the humerus, and pass-

ing the lorпrer enсl of the biсeps is inserted. on the innertuberosity of the radius.Aсtion: It fleхes thе еlborм joint and rotates the radius.

50. Tprвor Fаsciae Аntibrrchii. Mauvе. Pls. 4, 6' 10.

It lies on the underside of the should.er bladе, arisingfrom the posterior border of thе should.er blaсle and thetendon of the Latissimus Dorsi (35)' and is insertеd onthe baсk of the elbow anсl the fasсia of the forearm.Aсtion: It eхtend.s the elbow.

5|. Triсeps Braсhii, Yellow, is diviсlеd into threе parts :

|ta. Lon5 Heаd(Caput Lon7urn). YeIoп'. Pls.9, 3)+,6,|I.Tlre long heaсl takеs its risе from the dorsal angle and

Thе Musсlеs 67the posterior edge of the shoulder blade, to Ьe insertedon the oleсranon.

э|b' ЕztеrnаI Heаd (Cа'put LаterаIe). YeШow. P|s.2,3, 4,6, 11.The eхtеrna] head takes its origin on the rough line onthe outsidе of the humerus aЬove t}re dеltoid tuberсle,and is inserted on the top of the oleсranon rмith the longhead.

i\с, Internа'I Heаd(Cаput mediаIе\. Ye]Iow. Pls. 4, 6.The interna] hеad arises on the insiсle of the middlе ofthe humerus, and is inserted on the inner side of theolесranon.Aсtion: They a]l three extend' the elbow joint. See also,for their speсial aсtions, pp. t6, t7 .

52. Аnconuus. Reсl. Pls.4,6, 11.It is сovered by the tгiсeps. It risеs on thе Postеrior Partof the humerus, and is inserted. on the oleсranon Ьelowthe triсeps.Aсtion: A weak suPрorter of the last two musсles anda]so aсts as a Сapsularis.

.эЗ. ЕttеrnаI RаdiаI Eztensor (Еzterвor cаrpi radiаIis).Mauve. Pls. 9, 3, +r 6, 10, !t.From the eхtensor сondyle of the humerus and the fasсiaoverlying the braсhia]is. Its tendon runs d'own the frontof thе radius and is attaсhed to the tuЬerosity on thefront of the сannon bone (large metaсarpal bone).Aсtion: It is the most Рowerful ехtеnsor of the kneejoint, or it сan flex the elboиr joint. This musсle rесеivesthe tendon from the Ьiсeps. See Biсeps (4.7) and p. 11 forits aсtion.

5*' Common Di7itаl Еrterвor of thе Forе Le5 (Еrt, PedЬ).Green. PIs.2,З,4.,6) trO' 11.This musсle takes its oriфns on the humеrus just below

68 Thе Musсlеsthe preсeding musсlе' on the radius and ulna, anсl theligament of the elbow joint. Its long tendon, whiоhсrosses thе knеe outside the preйous musсle, slopesaсross the сannon Ъonе to be inserted in the front of thethiril phаlanx, whiсh is hiсlilen in the hoof.Aсtion: It eхtends the digits and the knee, anсl сan helpto flex the еlbow. rn aсtiоn, it stands out sharply.

55. Lаterаl DigitаI Еrtетжor (Еrtеnsor Digiti Quinti).Yellow. Pls. 9, З' 4) 61 L0.Its origin is on thе radius, the humеrus and the eхternal]ateral ligament of the elbow joint. Its tendon, whiсhPasses down the outsidе of the knee, slopes forwardbelow it, to bе insеrted on the front of thе first phalanx.Aсtion: It eхtends the <ligit and the knеe joint.

56. oblique Еttеnsor of the Metаcаrpus (Аbduсtor PolliсЬ)'Red. Pls. 4,6.Its origin is on the eхtеrna]' side of the radius, under thetwo preсeding musсles. Just above the knee it passes overthe tendon of the Extеrna] Railia] musсle (53), to Ьe in-serted on the insiсle of the knee on thе seсond mеtaсarpalbone.Aсtion: It eхtends the knee, and rotates thе leg out.ward,s.

б7. Internаl Rаdiаl Flеzor (Fr. Cаrpi Rаdiа|is). Yellow.PIs.4,6.originates from the lo.wer еnd of thе insiсle of thehumerus, and is inserted just below the knee on theseсond metaсarpal Ьone.Aсtion: It flexes the knee, or а].ternativф сan еxtend.the elbow joints.

58. Middle Fleror of the Metасаrpus (Fz. Cаrpi Ulnаris).Green. Pls. 4,6.Its origins are on thе inside of the humerus, just belorм

Thе Мusсlеs 69

the preсeding musсle, and on the olесranon, and its ten-сlon is inserted on the pisiform bone.Aсtion: To flеx thе knee, or a].ternatively to extend theelbow joint.

59. ЕrtеrnаI Flеror of thе Metаcarpus (Ulnаris Latеrаlis).Blue. Pls' 9, З,4'' 6, t0,Its origin is on the lower outside edge оf the humerus; ithas an insertion on the pisiform Ъone, and. a сontinua-tion of it runs in a gгoove on that bone, to be inserted onthe eхternal splint bone (the fourth metaсarpаI).Aсtion: It fleхes the knee and extends the еlbow.

60, Superfiсiаl Digitаl Flezor (or Perforалж). Rесl. Pls. 4, 6, 11.

It is сa]leсl .Supеrfiсia.l' bесause of its tendon, whiсhforms the Ьaсk of the leg below the knee, for the musсleitself is hitltlen by the Ехterna] Flexor (б9), the МiddleFlexor (58) antl the Interna-l Fleхor (57).It arises from the lowеr edge of the insitle of the humeг-us, and is joinetl by a fiЬrous Ъand, whiсh arising fromthe lower part of thе baсk of the radius fuses чгith itstend.on. Its tеndon then passеs down the baсk of the kneeand сannon bonе. Torп'ards the bottom of the сanrronbonе, on a level with the sesamoid bоnеs, the tendonforms a ring, through rмhiсh the tеndon of thе DeepFleхor (61) passes. Hеnсe its other name' .Pегforatus'.

The tendon now diйсles into trмo parts, whiсh PaSS oneaсh side of the first phalanх' to Ьe insertеd on theseсond phalanх, just above the сoronet'Aсtion: It flexes the iligits, anil the knee joints, or сanhelp to extend the elbow joint. See p. 23 for the aсtionof the fibrous banil whiсh aсts as сheсk tendon.

6I' Deеp Di5itаI Fletor (or Perforа^) of the Forе Leg'Мauve. Pls. 4,6, 11.It has t}re same origin on the humerus as thе preсесlingmusсle, also an origin in the ulna and on the radius.

Plаtе 7. Bonеs and Musсlеs of the Thigh : outsidе views|Thе nuntbеrs printed феr the nаmes o1f musclеs аrе thе numbеrs o1f thе other plаtеs in шhich thе musсIеs аpPесIr.

The plаtеs in tllhich thе mtlsсIеs аrе best shoшn аrе numbered in hеаuiеr typе']

Nutnbersаnd.Colюurs

of thе Musc|es

50а, Gтeen Ertеrnаl oblique of thе Аbdomеn.P'1,.2,5) 9,10.

48b. ]Vlauve Cаpsulаris.PL' 8'64. Yellow Ilio-psoаs.Pl' 8.

64D. Yellow Iliасtls, P].2' 8.

66. Мauve Tеnsor1fаsciе lаtе.P|, 57 8? |1..

67. Blue Supефсiаl Glutсzus. Pl. 5, B.

68a. Mauve Middle Glutсztls. Pl. 9,8' 11.

68D. Yеllow Pirфrmis'P|, 8.

69. Gтeen Dееp Glutrus. Pl. 8.

70. Red Biceps Fеmorts. Pl. 5, 8, 9, 11.

71. Green Sеmitеndinosиs. Pl. 2,5, 8,9, 17.72. B|le Sеmimembrаnosrzs. Pl. 2,8,9, LL.76. Мauve Аddu.сtor Femoris' Pl. 8,9.

77а. P..ed Qu.аdrаtus Fеmoris'PI.8.78, Gеmеlli'P|' B.

NumbersаndColours

of thе Musсlеs

79а. P.:ed ReсttsFemorls. Pl. 2,5,8,9'I|.79D. Yellow Ertеrnаl vаsttls (v' lаterаlis).P|.2'5'

8,91 11.80a. Blue Gаstrocnemius'P|,2,б)8,g,11.80D. Blue Tеndo Аchillis. Pl. 11.

81. Red Soleus,Pl. 2,5)9r77.89. Red Peronrus Tertius. Pl. 8, 9, 11'84. Gтeen Аnterior or Long DigitаI Ertensor

(Eэt, pedis). PL. 2, 5 1 g, 7 I.

8б' Yellow Lаtеrаl DigitаI Ertensor'Pl, 2, 5, g'

86. Red Superfictаl Digitаl Fleror (Peфrаtus).Pl. 8, 9, 11.

87. Мauve Dеep Digitаl Flеzor (Peфrаns).Pr. 2,5, 9, ll .

88. Yellow Poplitеus. Pl.8' 9.

Ехt' Qbl Sqarflооl мtddlс Сlutqсut 6|!оGlutoеоs 6I -.6"\

| ^|с||||!| |t|lt|Jlсobl o( Аb,!опlеп 30o СluLoe|1s 0|J(|/0

eл0lnosus 7 i

Сopsuloris 48Ьsupеr.Glut Ь7

МiddlеGlutoеrs 680

/Biсеps 70

QlodrotusFem.77o

oReсtus Fem.79o

G|utoеus 67

'Аdduсtor 76

F. Pеrforotus 86

6oк/oсnemius 80o

oГ the Аbdoпeл. oo

RесtUsГеmoris 79o

ЕxterлolУostus

Long DtgilolЕхtеnsor 84

sUpеrпсiolGlutoeus 67

Ехt. obliqueof Аbdoпlел 30o

sеm i-mепDronosus

7l

Tensor A\(гo,с;o" йtoi'оо Biсeps Fem 70 oпd

Seпitendiлosus 7 I

TeпsorFosсioеL0toe

66

Deеp-}C/utoeus

5еmlmemь|o|\osus

/ 11

Gefrеlli,/ 78

Pо rtioлof Sепi-tелdiлosU5 7 I

Semiпеmbгoлosus

Аdduс|or 7 6

вi.еps Fеm' 70

(Dorso| hеod ofBiсeр5 oлd semi(ел.diлosus ore rепovеd)

Deеp6|u|oъUs

69

ЕХ(. . yo5tU'79b

Deep ,/Glutoеus

Те nsorFoscioeLOIOe

66 5emt-tеndiпosUs

8iсер5Femoris 70

Tendo Асhilles 80b

Aссessorу Tendoоof Biсеps 70

ЕхtеrnolYostus

Rе(сU5Fеп 79o

8iсеps

ЕхterVostЦs 79ь

PеronoeusTеrtius 82oлo LangDiвl' Ехt.

84

6osLroспemius80

Loterol DtB

Ех|r, 85

8t

P erfor onsвl

F|cх, Per(oratоs 86

\\\

Ioutsidе or Lеft тhilh

The Мusсlеs 7tThe tendon сornmon to all its three heaсls passеs thebaсk of the knee and сannon bone; towards the midilleof the ]atter it is joinеil by a .сheck ligament'. Lower itPasses through the ring in the preсeiling musсle, henсeits namе of Fleхor Pеrforans, and is inserted тp.ithin thehoof on the undersiсle of the third phalanx, the сoffinbonе.In the Шving horse it is very rarely possible to see thedivision bet.weеn the Superfiсia] anil Deеp Flexоr ten-dons. Thе musсle of thе Deep Flеxor, whiсh is notburied like the Superfiсial Flеxor, shows above the kneebet.ween the Lateral Еxtensor (б5) and the Еxternа]Flexor (59) musсles.Aсtion: To fleх the сligits and the knee: it сan a.lterna-tively help to eхtend the еlbow joint.For the aсtion of the сheсk tend.on see p. 23.

62. Thе Suspеnsory Ligаmеnt (Intеrossеtls medius) of theFore Leg. B1ue. Pls. 6, 11.It has some rnusсular fiЬres and is eхtremely elastiс,though it is almost entirely tendinous. In the foreleg it takеs its origin at the baсk of thе knee and at thetop of thе сannon bоne, diйсling into two strand.s whiсhare insеrted on thе sesamoid bones of the fetloсk. Thetend.on gives off a band on eaсh siсle of thе fetloсk, whiсhjoin the tendon of the сommon сligitai extensor.Aсtion: To support thе fеtloсk, see p.2З; and. сomparethe Suspensory Ligament of the Hind Leg (Sg).

63. Psoаs Minor. Rеd. Pl. 8.It сonnесts the ilium to the lumbar and last trлro dоrsalveгteЬre.Aсtion: It flexes the pelйs on the loins.

64. Ilio-Psoсs. Yel]oиr. Pls. 7, 8. Сompоsed of 64а and 64b.

72 Thе Musсlеs64а. Psoаs Mаjor. Yеllorтr. Pl. 8"

It lies on thе ventrаl surfaсe of thе baсkbone, taking itsorigin from thе 16th dorsa] vertebra and the lumbar ver-

teЬrае ; it is inserted on the inside of the fеmur, with theiliaсus.Aсtion: It turns the fеmur outward.s, and flexes the hipjoint.

64b. Iliаct"ts. Yellow. P|s. 2,, 7, 8,

originating under the ilium, on the saсrum and frопrthe tenсlon of ttre Psoas Мajor, it is inserted rцrith thelatter on the insitlе of thе femur' owing to its сlose сon.

neсtion with thе Psoas Major at their insertion, thеy are

often сonsiderеd as a single musсle, the Ilio-psоas.

Aсtion: It a]so turns the femur outwards, and flеxes thе

hip joint.

65. Quа'drаtus LumbОrum. Hiilden. Rеd. Pl. 8.

It ]ies on thе underside of the ЬaсkЬone; arising fromthе last twо ribs and thе lumbar transYеrsе Proсesses' rt

is inseтted on the saсrum and thе saсro-iliaс ligament.Aсtion: Aсting singly f]exes the lоins sideways'

66. Tеnsor Fаsсiв Lаtа. Mauve. Pls. 3, 7,81 tI.From the angle of the ilium to the Fasсia lata it pulls on

thе knеe-сap and the tibia.Aсtion: It tautеns the Fasсia lata; flexes the hip joint or

еxtеnds the stifle. See p. 95.

67 . Supефсiаl Glutвu.s. Blue. PIs" 5,7,8'From the external bordеr of thе ilium antl gluteal fas.

сia to the еxternа] troсhanter of the femur.Aсtion: It pulls the femur forward's, rotating it inwards,

and flexes the hiP joint.

68a. MiddleGlutrtв(Glutrus medtuф. Mauve. Pls. 9, 7,8,I|.A very strong musсle, it is hidсlen Ьy the fasсia. From the

extеrnal surfaсe of the ilium and the aPoneurosis of the

69.

Thе Musсlеs 75

Longissimus Dorsi (27) to two insеrtions on the greattroсhantеr of thе thigh. Itsattaсhment to thе LongissimusDorsi adds to its poп,еr, as in jumping' kiсking' etс.

Piriformis. YeПow. Pls. 7,8.Harсlly separaЬlе from the Middle Gluteus.

Dееp Glutвus. Green. Pls. 7, 8.

Lies underneath the preсeсling musсle from the ilium to

the great troсhanter.Aсtion: Ехtends the hip joint, anil abсluсts the thigh.

70' Biсеpsfemoris. Red. Pls.5,7'819, 11.

It is a Yery Powerful musсlе тdth several insertions. Tak-ing its origin from the saсrum' the gluteal fasсia anсltheisсhium, it swеeps do.wn (a) to be insertеd in the fеmurjust behind the extеrnаl troсhanter, (b) to be attaсhed tothe patella, and (с) to thе сrest of thе tibia and thе fasсiaof the leg, while (d) a strong tendon branсhes off to beinsеrted on thе tubеr сalсis, the tip of the hoсk. This ten.don makеs the сharaсteristiс сontour of this part of thehinсl limЬ.Aсtion: It pulls the leg baсk.wards and ехtеnds the limbgenerаlly. Its many points of attaсhmеnt make its aоtionсоmplex. It extends the hoсk through the tendon (d); italso extends thе femur in the pelйs and pulls baсk thefemur and tibia simultaneously through the aсtions ofthе attaсhments a, b anсl с ; see Pl. 11 and Сh. IX' p. 111.

7L, Semitеndiпostls. Gгеen. Pls. 2, 5,7, 8, 9, 11.It originates from the saсraf and first сaudal vertеbrr,and from the isсhium. It is attaсhed, by a tendon passinginternally, to the сrest of the tibia and the fasсia of thеleg. It sends off a tendon whiсh unites иrith that of the

74' Thе MusсlеsBiсeps (70), whiсh is inserteсl in the tuber сalсis of thehoсk.Aсtion : Its attaсhment tо the tibia rotates the thigh in.ward.s: flexes the stifle joint. It also helps in propulsionby pulling thе leg in genеral baсkwards, thus еxtendingthe hoсk and hip joint. See Ch' IХ' p. 111.

72. Semimembrаnosus. Bluе. PIs.2,7 '8,9,77.It originates from the undersiсle of the isсhium and also

from the ligament that runs from the saсrum to theisсhium. It liеs und.er the Graсilis musсle (74) and itstendon is inserted on the insiile of the lower enсl of thefemur.Aсtion: Similar to and generаlly in unison with that ofthe Semitend'inosus (71) and thе Biсeps (70).

73. Sаrtorius. Мauve. Pl.8, 9.

From thе iliaс fasсia undеr the pelvis to Ьe inserted withthе tеndon of thе Graсilis (74) oп the insidе of the pa-

tella, thе tibia, anсl the fasсia of thе leg.Aсtion: It fleхеs the hip joint and adduсts thе fеmur.

74. Grа,сilzЪ. Yellow. Pls. 8,9.Its origin is on the pelviс symphysis and under surfaсe ofthe puЪis. It is inserted on the patella and thе fasсia ofthe lеg, and a]so чrith the previous musсle on the innerside of thе tibia.From behinсl, this musсle фves the сharaсteristiс square

shape to the inside оf the leg.It opposes its powеr to that of the musсles on the outsideof the thigh, muсh as the Subsсapularъ (aa) on theunderside of the shouldеr blade oPPoses the musсles onits upper siсle.

Aсtion: Adсluсts the femur.

75. Pесtinсus. Hiddеn. Retl. Pl. 8.

It originates on thе pubis anсl is inserted on the insiile of

The Musсlеsthe fеmur half-way up; it is praсtiсal.lу hidden by theGraсitis (74).Aсtion: It a.lduсts thе femur and fleхes the hip.

76. Аdductorfеmoris. Мauve. Pls. 7, 8, 9.From the underside of the pelvis to the baсk of thefemur, and to thе stiflе joint. It lies undеr thе Graсilis(74.).It adduсts the femur, and eхtenils thе hip joint.

77 а. Quаdrаttls Fеmoris. Rеd. Pls. 7, 8.

77b' Оbturаtor' Еzternиs. Yellow. Pl. 8.

77 c. Оbturator, Intеrnиs. Мauve. Pl. 8.There are severа]. minor musclеs, suсh as thеse and thenext musсle, whiсh reinforсe thе aсtion of their morepowerful neighbours, but d.o not сonсeгn the observег ofthe outside shapes of the body.

78. Gеmelli. Red. Pls. 7,8.From the laterа] border of the isсhium to thе fossa onthe insiсle of the troсhantеr. They help to rotate thefemur outтrard's.

7 9. Quаdricеps Fеmoris,This inсludes the four following musсles:

79а. Rеcttls Femoris. Red. Pls. 2)3,7) 8,9, 11.This musсle, whiсh ]ies on the front of thе thigh, takesits origin on the ilium; and has its tendon insеrted on theknee-сap.Aсtion: It сan extend thе stifle joint, sinсe thе kneе-сapis attaсhed by a ligamеnt to the tibia; it also fleхеs thehip joint, rпrhen the stifle is fiхed; .when the hinil legis lifteсl and сoming forward for the nехt stridе, itsaсtion brings the leg fоrward by simultaneously flехingthe femur on the ilium, and extеnding thе tiЬia on thеfеmuг.

lэ

Plаtе 8. Bonеs and Musсles of the Thigh : insideand baсk viеws

|The numbers printеd феr the rulmes oif musсles аrе thе numbеrs oif thе othеr plаtеs in шhich the musclеs сIpPeаr'

The plаtes in шhich thе mtlsclеs аre bеst shouln аrе numbеrеd in hеаuiеr typе.]

Nwт$ersаnd Colours

of thе Musсlсs

97. Red50a. Grеen

500. Blue

31. Red48D. Мauve65. Red64. Yеllolп

64a. Yеllow640. Yellow65. Red66. Mauve67. Blue

68a. Мauyе

680. Yellow69. Gгеen70. Red71. Gгеen72. Blue

Nuтnbersаltd' Colours

of Йe Musclеs

Longissimus Dorsi. Pl. 2.

Еrtеrnаl obliquе o1f thе Аbdomen.Pl. 21 51 7, 70.

rntеrnаl Оbliquе oif the Аbdomеn.PI.2.

Reсtus Аbdominis.Cаpsulлris,P|,7 '

Psoаs ]VIinor.Ilto.Psoаs'PI. 7 .

Psoаs Mа1or.Iliаctts. P|' 2, 7 '

Quаdr аt us lumbo r um, аtt ас hme nt.

Tеnsor1fаscir lаtr.P|' 5' 7 ' 7I.

Superficiаl Glulсеtls. P|. 5, 7 .

Middlе Gltttсztls (G. MedЙв). Pl. 9,7,11.

Pirфrmis.P|' 7.

Deep Glutеtls'Pl,7.Biсеps FеmorzЪ. Pl. ъ 7 7 97 7|.Semitendinosиs. Pl. 2, 5 7 7, 9, 1 7.

Semimembrаnoszs. Pl. 2,7,9, |1 .

Maцve Sаrtortus.P|.9.Yellow Grаcilis'P|,9.Rеd Pеctineus.Mauve ,{dduоtor Fеmoris' Pl.7' 9.

Red Quаdrашs Femoris.P|' 7,

Yellow Оbturаtor Eэternus.Mauve Оbturаtor rntеrnus,Red Gеmelli,Р|.7.Red Reсtus Fеmoris'P|.2,5'7,g,77'Yellow Eztеrnаl vаstus (v. Lаtеrаlts)' Pl. 2,

5r7)9rrt.Green Internаl Гаsttls (v. MеdiаlЬ). Pl' 9.

Blue Gаstrocnemtus. P|, 2,5;7 ,9, 11.Red Peronrus Tertitts.Pl. 7 rg, 1'l'.

Green Long Digitаl Eztensor'Рl.2,)5'7 '9,7|'Yellow Lаtеrаl Digitаl Eэtеnsor. Р|' 2' 5, 7' 9'

Red Pефrаtus. (Sшp' Digitаl Fэ,).P|' 7,9,17.

Yellow Poplitеtts. Pl. 8' 9.Blue fugular Vein.

lэ.7+.

lэ'IO.

77 а.tlD.7 7c.

78.79а.79b.

79c.80.82.8+.

85.86.

88.92b.

lлtеrnol ОЬltqoеaf the AЬdomen

теnsoI Fasсrce Lotoe 66

Ехt Оbl ofrhe Abdornеn 30o

lIIoсUs 64b

Lum\orunt 65Quodrotus LOrllrssrn)ut

Psoosiпar 6З

Reсtusrеmor|s IуoDeеp

llio Psoos64

Groсilts7 4

NiddleGlutсеus 68o

Deeр

l|lli,, rr" \."i',,".,,

Тeлso rfosсioeLotoe

6ь

69

Semimеmbronosus 7 2

48

De.pC/l to с us

69

ReсtUsFem.7?сobt- Еrt.

77b5Uреr Psoos 64oGlut 67 tor Fеm.76

Biсерs.7o 1nеus 7 5

QuodrotuЬ Vostrs 79

5сmimemb ro л.osus 7 2

GI0Loеus6в

Clutoеtts

Supеrftсtol

Popl||сDs BB

сoDsuloris 4вь

lnternol 79с

Superflсiol ..'/.\tGluloеUs 67 -",nЬ:].o'no,u,

Feп 77o

Аddr Fеm/6

anсl

5еmi-

Clutоеus 67

Ех|еrоol vostus

Fem 79oCoscraсnеmiСopsulorts

Ех |е r ooIVostus 7?Ь

fl Perforotus 86CosIroс nсmius

80

Vostls 79ьReсt.

>ortortus f itеrnol Blсеpsvostus 79с

79o

vo,Lus 79с

Biсeps 70

tor Fеm.76 &SemiпеmЬгonosus 72

Gioсtlis 74

mеmbroпosus5eлl t -

tendiлosUs / /

теndon oг6ostroслemit]l

5сnr i.tеndtпosus 7

Гroп| Уlсw o| Гсrnоr ond Pclvts Boсk of Femur Boсk of Thigh

Thе Musсles79b. ЕzternаI vаsttts (v. LatеrаIis). Yellow. Pis.2, 3,7,8'

9, tt. See 79с.

79с, Internаl vаstus (v. MеdialzЪ). Green. Pls. 8, 9.The Yasti diffеr from their partner, thе Reсtus Femoris,in that though their tendons are inserted on the knee-сap thеir origins are only on the femur.Their aсtion сonsequеntly is ]imiteсl to eхtending thestifle joint, or of сourse to prеventing it fleхing, an offiсeoften demanded of them. They сorrespond to the bigmusсles on the top of our own iьigь, rмhiсh .we сan useto straightеn our knee, оr to support oursеlvеs with ouгknees bent.

30а, Gаstroсnemius. Bluе. Pls. 2, З,7 ' 8'g' 7!.

This musсlе, whiсh сorrespond's to оur сalf, has twoheaсls чrhiсh arise on eaсh side of the lo.wer third of thefemur. Their joirrt tendon, tlrе Tendo Aсlrillis, is at-taсheit with thе Perforattts (86) to tlre tip of thе tuЬеr.сa]cis of the hoсk.Aсtion: It eхtends thе hoсk, or if the hoсk is fiхeсl сanflеx thе stifle; but owing to thе .parallel strings' (sеe 82and 86), it сannot do both at onсe.

80b. Tеndo z{chillis. Bluе. Pls. 7. 11.See аbovе. This namе i. .Ъ.. generaПy used to desig-nate thе aggregatеd tendоns whiсh are attaсheсl to thepoint of thе hoсk.

81. Soleus. Reil. P]s. 2'З17,g,1|.A thin musсle from the head of thе fibula, whiоh joinsthe tendon of thе Gastroсnemius (80).

Thе following musсles show a сlose similaritу of сonstruс-tion to the musсles of thе lo.wer forе leg.82, Peronвus Tеrtius (Tеnс1o-femor'o-ntе tаlr'lтelш). Red. Pjs.

7 rgrg, !7.This is really less a musсle than a tendinous string

II

78 Thе Musсlеswhiсh сonneсts the bottom of thе femur with the сannon

bone. Its terrilon splits opposite the hoоk joint (to allowthe tend.on of the Tibia]is Antеrior (85) to pass through),

the branсhes of the tendon being attaсhed to the outsidе

of the hoсk joint and to the сannon bone.Aсtion: It flеxes the hoсk, anсl inсlirесtly the stifle (see

P. 20,, a-lso the Supеrfiсiаl Diфtаr Flехor (86)). It also

.elieoеs the musсles .rдrhen the leg is supporting weight

(see p. 14).

Аnterior TibiаI Еztensor (Tibiаlis ,7nterior). Yеllow.Pl.9.It lies on the fтont of the leg, running from the top ofthe tiЬia to thе insiсle of the hoсk anсl сannon bonе, hav-

ing passed through and. over the Peronaus Tertius (89)'

Aсtion: It flexes thе hoсk joint.

Аnterior or Long Di5itаI Еttensor (Еrt. Pedis). Green.

Pls. 9, 5r7 )9, t!.Its origin is оn the lower enсl of the outside of thе femur.

Its tendon Passes down on the fгont of the hoсk joinъtorмard.s the outside, graсlually sloping aсross the сannon

Ьone, till it passes aсross thе midсlle оf the fetloсk joint to

bе inserted on the thirсl phalanх. A third of thе distanсe

do.wn the сannon bone it is joineсl by the tendon of the

Lateral Еxtensor (85).Aсtion: It extеnds the сligits and flexes the hoсk joint.

I-аteral DigitаI Еrtensor of the Hind Le1. Yellow.Pls. 9, 3r7,,9.It forms thе сеntral mass of the siсle of the leg. It takes

its rise from the stifle joint, the tibia anсl the head of the

fibula. Its tendon Passes do.wn the sitle of the hoсk jointto join that of the preсeсling musсle.Aсtion: To rеinforсe the aсtion of the Long Digital Ех-tensot'.

83.

8+.

85.

Thе Musсlеs 7986. Supефсiаl Digitаl Fleror (Pеrforаtus or Plаntаris ml,cs-

сlс). Retl. Pls.7,8' 9' 11.Like thе Peronreus Tertius (82), it is more a tendinousstring than a musс]e. It starts from the femur betrpeerrthе two hеatls of the Gastroсnemius (80a), and is hiddenЬy them until its tendon aPPears twisting round' theirtendon, so that it is on tоp at the tuЬer сa]сis of the hoсk.It forms a sort of сap oyer the hoсk on either sidе ofwhiсh it is inserted тrith the tendon of the Biсeps (70)and the Semitеndinosus (71). Thenсe a broad tend.onPassеs do.rмn the baсk of the leg, to тrhiсh it gives itsform, to be inserted on thе sесond phalanх, as is the Per.foratus (60) in the fore limb.Aсtion: It eхtends the hoсk automatically .lvhen thеstifle joint is extendеd. Aiso, sinсe it is сontinued to thefoot, it flexes the digits (see p. 24,).

87. Deep Digitаl Flеtor (Prrforаns). Mauve. Pls.2, 3,7,g,11. This musсle is сomposed of three parts:

S7a. the Flеror Hаllucis lon5us, the deеpest and strongestpart, whiсh arisеs from the baсk of the tibia and passesdorмn the inner side of the hoсk in the tarsa] grooYе;

87b. the Tibiаlis postеrior, thе tendon of чrhiсh joins that ofthe preсeding musсle just above the hoсk; and

87с. the Long Digitаl Flеzor. The latter's tendon рasses downthe side of the hoсk in front of the tеndon of thе FleхorHaПuсis longus and they unite a third of the way dow.nthe сannon bоne. A сheсk ligament, muсh weaker thanthat of the forе limb, norм joins the united tendon, whiсhPasses through thе ring of the preсeding musсle, to bеinserted within the hoоf on the underside of thе thirdphаlanx, the сoffin bone.Aсtion: It eхtеnds the hoсk joint and also flеxes thе foot(see p. 24).

80 Thе Musсlеs88. PopliteиJ. Yеllow. Pls. 8,9.

It swings sharply aсross the baсk of the stifle joint fromits origin on the outside of the femur to its insertion on

thе inner edge of the tibia.Aсtion: It helps to flex the stifle and rotates the leg in.'ward.s.

89. The Susperжorу Li5аment (Interossеtts rnedius) of the

arе attaсheсl to the sesamoid bones, and an extension

Passes forward on eaсh side of the fetloсk to join the

Long Еxtеnsor (84).Aсtion: It supports thefetloсk anсl prevents thepasterns from Ьuсklingоver (see P.23).

90. The Еаr.P|.7.The ear is a trumpеt ofсartilagе, whiсh сarriessound to the orifiсe inthe skull that leaсls tothe tympanum. Itslower end is hidden bymusсles anil the parotidglanсl.The musсles that movethe ear are thin shееtsthat are hardly notiсeable and сlo not muсh сonсern theartist. What d.oеs сonсern him is the extreme mobility ofa horsе,s ears, whiсh has great effeсt upon his expression.They are сoсked when he is interested, tlroop when hе is

Rotаtion of thе Еаr

Thе Musсlеs i.

tired, and arе laiсl baсk whеn he is out of tе_:е: Е=moves them unсеasinglyto getinformation. a_... l-...-:osеen in a blinkеred horse, rмhose ears arе frе:u:-*.turned baсkwards, to learn what is going on bеhind r:- -

What makes them diffiсult to draw is that thev roiatе aswell as rise and fall.

\Ёsi i/a7f\t{-#i:i 't

.l./.'. .-.Ь м:/,,',1:N#

,P! {91.

I1

Thе Еyе. Pl. 1.

The musсles of the eyebrow and' surrounding parts donot сonсern the artist eхсePt in thе сhanges of ехpres.sion produсed by their aсtion.The horsе, like other fugitive animаls, has its еyes setuPon a knob on the side of the head, whiсh allows it tolook behintl it by a very slight movement of the neсk.The innеr сorner of the eye is squarer than it is often

Plаtе 9. Bonеs and Musсlеs of thе Hind Lеg|The numbers printed феr the nаmes of musclеs аre the numbers of thе other plаtes in ulhiсh thе muscles аpPеаr.

Thе plаtеs in шhich thе muscles аrе bеst shoшn аre numberеd in heаuier tjrpe.f

and,Coburs and.Coloursof thе Musсlеs of thе Muscles

70. Red BicepsFеmorus.Pl.5,7,8'tt, 89. Red PeronrusTeпius.PL,7'8,|t.71. Gгeen Semitendinosиs. Pl. 2,5,7,8'||. 85. Yellow АntеriorTibiаIEgtensor.72. Blue Sеmimembranoslrs. Pl' 2, 7 ,8, |t ' 84. Green Аnterior or Long Digttal Ertensor75. Mаuve Sаrtorius.P|.8. (Ezt, pеdis).P|.2,5' 7, |7.7.l. Yellolм Grаcilis,P|. 8. 8б. Yellow Lаtеrаl Digitаl Eztеnsor. Pl. 2,5,7 .

76. Мauve АdЙrctor Femois.Pl.7,8. 86. Red Supertiiciаl Digitаl Fleoor (Peфrаtus79a. Red Rесtus Fеmoris. Pl. 9, б,7 2 8, t|. or Plа,ntаris). Pl. 7, 8, 11.

79D. Yellow Egternаlvаsttts(v.lаtеrаIis).P|.2,ц 87. Мauve DeеpDiфalFkzor(Peфrаns)and7'8,||. cheсkligаment.P|.2,5,7,77.

79с. Gгееn rnternаI vаsttls (v, mеdiаlis). Pl. 8. 87с. Mauve Long Digitаl Flеror (part of 87).

80a. Blue Gаstrцnemius.Pl.9' 5,7,8,|7. 88' Yellow Popliteus.P|,8.81. Red Solеus.P|,2'5,7,|!. 89. Blue Suspеnsor2'Ligamеnt. Pl. 11.

сo(t.o(lIeл''"5 80J Io|сlol DIgl Ехt| 8sLх| vos| ,1DflесtusFеn 79o

F'х|сIпolVostus 79t Sortortus I l 76 otlсl

5елl r оtелl.ronosus 72

Tertius Iand LanEDigl Ett

Blcеps 70

Аnrcriorftbrol B3Еitr

Ехtenior 85

Iехr Perforons

CоsLro<nеmtus

Dееp FleхP е rfo rons/_\BZ

5еmlteЛdiл05U5 7 /

Co

Lon вЕх|

Pеrforons 87

тiь8з

8lсeps70

F. Per. onsB7

F1ех8/с

roлс е0sеrt 8

АлLеr torТiЬiol 8

Digltеnsor B4

Suspenso.y

oоg

8r(ePs7C

l / Sa]еus 8l)1; I rr. ,'Gostao(ЛеmlU5

J :.(ь(

80o us 8/

Pеroлoе0sPoрilteus

88

Latеrol

B4

87сrforans

87

LongPopliteus Croсilis

74Е

Poplltеus

Pеrforotus

Semi.tелd i.

Аnter tolftbiol 83

Pеrforons

nosus 7 I

80o

Perforotus 86s l0 and

ntJinosus 7 I

nosus 7 /

Pеr(or-otus Bb

sUsрeл5oryIEoп1елt

89

лem,u5

t т|biol

8rсeps /0, 5еmr- 1tелdtnasus7l ot'dIFr. Pеrforatus 86 )

us B8

Tеrtius 82Peroлoеus Iertlus 82 -Апtеr ar Tjblo1 8З

хrепsor 83

Аnt oг Long Ехtr.84

sU5pensorуigoпlелt 89

Loterol Ехrcnsor

US

Теrtius 82

sUsDеn50ry Lj8omелI

-Z-- 89

E Dig| ' Ех|I 84

tеrior Tibia| 83

Lang Digl. Е'хtr

gomеnI

PerforolusLoпg Dtgl Гхtr

\Perforolrs

tt-_)

()gts)dё

|'сr|оrons 87

The Musсlеs 85depicted in piсtures: and the pupil in an orсlinary lightis not round ]ike that of human beings, Ьut eШptiсal.

92. veirж. Blue.of a horse's vеins some are notiсeaЬle always, othersonly after eхertion.A thin-skinned horse like a thoroughЬred, after it hasbeen raсed, is сovered with a netwoгk. of distendedveins. But on a]l horsеs the foПowing more importantveins aтe a-lways notiсeab]e: the large FaciаIvеin (99a),whiсh runs along the front edge of the masseteг musсlepast the enсl of the zygomatiс ritlge (see Pl. t),the ru6ulаrvein (92h, see P].s. t' 2, 5' 10), the Cepha|ic vein (92с),.rцrhiсh runs uP the inside of the forе leg аlong the radius,the Еrternаl Thorасiс vein (92d), whiсh lies аlong theuPPer side of the deep pесtorаl musсle, unсler the girth(sеe Pls. 2, 3), ttre Sаphеnozs vein (92е), on the insideof the fеmur anсl tiЬia.

Chaptеr V. ProportionsAn anatom)r book should, I suppose, mention the proportionsof a horse, for they help the сlraughtsman to .get it right'.

The body of a horse goes generally speaking into a square;that is, the length of the body from the point of the shoultler

M еаsur ements in, Heаds,

to the eхtremity of the haunсhes is approximately the heightfrom the ground to the top of the withers.

A draught horse is generally longer than he is high: a raсe-horse sometimеs higher than he is long. Yet Eсlipse, the raсe.

84'

Propоrtions s5

horse that was neYer Ъeaten, was longer by a tenth than heтr as high.

The hеailis a useful unit of measurement that сorresponds , Heаd'тv.ith сertain divisions of the botly whiсh arе marked on thеdiagram.

1. The length of the heaсl from the сrest to the nose isеquаl to

2. Thе length from the *i'g of the atlas bone to the Ьasе

of the neоk.

5. The distanсе from the point of the shoulсler to the top ofthе w.ithers.

4. The d.epth of the botly.

5. The distanсe from thе shoulсler blaсle to the point of thehaunсh (the external angle of the ilium).

6. The distanсe from the breast bone to just above the fet-loсk.

7. Th.e length from the stifle to the hoсk.

8. The distanсe from the hoоk to the ground.

Colonel Duhousset, in his Ьook on the horsе, has mad,e outa table of a great manY more measuremеnts based on half.heads, and on dis-tanсes suсh as thatbetween the mid-dlе of the hoсk anilthe fetloсk. Butthey are too intri-сate, I thinlr, to beтeally usеful.

Barye, the Frenсh anima] sculptor, makes the follolмingnotes aЬout the horse.

That the length from the beginning of the mane to thе tipof the lips is longer than the distanсe from the mane to the

86 PrоportionsProportion.s end of the tail' Hе makes a drawing something like this,

the tail being doсked. When thе horse is not holding his headout, his boсly iooks the longer.

Hе summarizes the parts of a thoroughbred thus: Fоurlong parts: the nесk, the upper bones of the leg, the bеlly andthe haunсhes. Four short Parts: the loins, thе ears, the pas-terns and. thе tail. Four Ьroad Parts' the forehеad, the сhest,

the сroup, the limbs. He is appar-еntly сlassifying them as сontrast.ing elеments of design'

A foal's proportions are notiсe-ably different from those of thеmature horse. Short in the bod1,and neсk, and very long in the]ower bones оf the legs, it has tospread its fore legs to reaсh thesround with its mouth.

Therе are, оf сourse, innumerable other differenсes be-tween a foal and a horse, as there are Ъetween a сhilсl and aman. The shape of the sku]l anil setting of the eyе: the up-right mane and. mattеd tail: the shoгt thigh bone: the largеartiсulations so notiсeable at the knee and hoсk. It stands toouРon its toes, with upright pasterns, and has a sprightly aсtiona-11its own.

Grotоth of Thе ilirесtions of the growth of the hair on thе differenttltе l]air parts of thе body of a horse are vеry interesting. Generаl.lт

downчrarils to shеd moisture, it сhanges its direсtionaссоrding to the shape of the limbs and parts of the body;the different streams meeting in piсturesque-whirls and fanshapеs.

The lie оf the hair affeсts the appearanсe of a horse inthat it influenсes the shape and pоsition of the high lightsas in sunshine; and affесts the aРPеaгanсe of the hoгsеwhеn wet, whеther from rain or from sweat. For a horse.

Proportiоnsun-like a dog, sweats through its skin and sweats itself wring-lng wet.

As one usuаlly Sееs a horsе from its own levеl, onе only seesit in elevation, as the arсhitесts would say. oссasionally onеsеes a horse fr,om above, as from the boх of a сoaоh, but howoften d.oes onе sit on a сoaсh? When one rides a horsе onesеes litt]e more than its neсk and ears, and a sharp perspeсtiveof its shoulders. Here instantanеous photography helps us inсrpеrienсe, for it gives us opportunities of Ьeсoming familiarrrith unusual aspeсts of a horse,s shapes through the snapshotsto be seen in the papers of horses falling at jumps, turninghеad over heels, anс]' even brеaking their neсks.

87

Photo5rаphsof Horsеs

( i.Li\(

к.'\'{",l$ж

Horse in the ulеt: shoшing lie oif the hаir

Сhaptеr YI. Movеmеnt1l

ta

:)- g4'\i\

--\ - t--

When we сome to draw the horse in movemеnt anatomr-must not stand in our way. Мovement produсes a-lterations inthe appearanсe of form (еlongations, сurvatures, distortions)whiсh are not merely suЬjeсts for сurious notation, but areеssentia-]. ingredients of the beauty anсl the rhythmiс ilesignthat are сreated when the сreature moves. A limb may aPPearlongеr or thinner or more сurvеd than тrhen it is at гest,whiсh is as .true' as is the effect of a сirсle produсесl by a

Ъright objeсt sчrung round. and round in the air, or thе ap.

Pearanсe of a rapiilly rotating rмhеel as a rim without spokes,an aPрearanсe so evident to us all, that we aссePt' nay demand.a rim without spokes as its ProPer representation. ,d littlеmore suЬtlety of obseгvation would make other сhanges ofаPPearanсe еqually familiar, anсl the artist сoulсl then usеthem in a piсture without Protest from the sPeсtator.

There is so muсh misunderstanding on this question oi.truth' in art that I must touсh upon it, though it has beеndisсussed muсh too often.

I am not refеrring here to the rviсleг truth, the truth to88

Movеmеnt 89

-naginative сonсeption.whiсh in the unity of sorne great work Instа,ntаn.оf art justifies frank сontradiсtions of faоt: for instanсe, Ru- еousLеns' landsсaPе in whiсh shadows fa]l both a.way from and Photographstoтr'ards the sun. I refer to the truth of observation of the.'гorld we see-or rather the worlсl .we look at and d.on't see.Гor most of us neither look nor trust our own eyеs. Anсl there.оrings up in consеquenсe a faith in the photograph, a belief:lrat it is true beсause it is .sсiеntifiс', for nowadays sсienсe:ather bullies us.

The instantaneous photograph, true as it is in one sense, isq uite untrue to what we seе; as untrue to what wе see as is theХ-ray photograph. our eye сan no more sеe the seParate

рhasеs of a rapiсl movement than it сan perсeivе Х-rays. Whythеn is the artist to follow the instantaneous photographs anymore than he is to follow the Х-ray photographs? Beauty isЬut skin deep, says the X-ray сamеra' let me show you horvr-our w,ife really looks, and in your belief in sсientifiс truthvou shoulсl сomplain of the ordinary portгait paintеr rмhopaints only her outside for you.

Thе сamera, Poor thing, is blinсl-blind to the beauties weеnjoy. When to our еyes horse and rideг swing beautifuПyand rhythmiсally aсross the turf, thе сameгa 1ggg1fl5-!t sees,;[a1 |5-a smudge, if its aсtion is not rapiсl enough, or, if it issuссеssfully instantanеous' a frozen and сhanсe attitude! ItIlеver sees moYement, for moYеment is seen only by an aсt ofmemory, through rесoПeсtion. You hear a tune bесause youгесall notes that havе passed, and link notes heaгd at differenttimes with eaсh othеr and with those that are sounding at themoment: this is in faсt the methоd by whiсh you understandthis rvritten sentenсe. And in гesult the human еye Sees anrovеment as a direсtion, vrhiсh is why we сan read descrip-tive gestuгes made in the air.

The graсе of a d.anсer is сomposed of the phases whiсh yourсanlera reсord.s as .sti.].ls'. And if these .stifls' are used in series,

Iпstаntan-eous

Photographs

90 Mоvеmеntas in the сinematograph, your eye, seеing thе suссession ofсhanфng shapes, gets a sensation similar to that whiсh it getsfrom naturе and by means of similar impressions.

The artist сannot, like the сinematograph, use сhange torePresent moYement; he has to rend.er it in fixeсl and' un-сhanфng materials. And therein lies his strength, for his pur.pose is not to reсonstruсt nature, but to exPress and сommuni-сate his own emotion and interest, whether his art bе rea-listiсor so abstraсt as not to be rесognizably сonneсteсl withnatural aPPearanсe.

Too muсh importanсe has bеen attaсhесl to thе сamera'sсlisсoveries. The human eye frequently sees .instantaneous'

phases of movеment. I still retain an impression reсеived as aсhilсl, of a foх tеrrier gailoping *ild]y after a ball. It disap-peared suсlсlenly behinсl a rмall, lеaving in my eye an .instan-

tanеous' image of its attitude, rмith its hinсl feet, as I notiсedwith some surprise, thrоwn forward beyonсl its сhest. .Instan-

taneous' attitudеs were seen before the сamera was invented.Many of thе horses in the Parthenon Frieze arе in attitudesvery сlose to the сamеra's reсords, but they arе woven into arмonilerful rhythmic Pattern. Мeissoniеr, by patient study,sa.w suсh attitudеs a-lso and is often applauсleсl for it; but hisaсlileсl knowleсlge diсl not чriсlen his powers of еxpression, for,laсking rhythmiс sense, he failed to notiсe the essentiаJ. qual.ity of the aсtions he observеd.

A little attention will show you that your еyes are сon-stantly reсeiйng suсh instantaneous images, иrhiсh generаllypass unnotiсed.

Instantaneous photographs are the anatomy of rnovement:very interesting to study, vеry useful for sсientifiс purposes;to show how a birсl flies that you may improYe your aеroplane,or for watсhing the exit of the shеП from the mouth of thеgun; useful a]so to us for thе better und.erstanсling of whathappеns in a horse's aсtion, for suсh stuсly is in its essenсe

Mоvеmеnt 91

=сientifiс' But to the artist an isolated instantaneous photo-зraph is not of usе in his partiсular kinсl of observation ofпrovеment, for rarely does an instantaneous photograph сap-ture a rhythmiс Pattеrn' and it is by rhythmiс pattеrn thatjnovement is expressеd in rлrorks of art.

But what of the ridiсulous attitude aссepted in old piсtures?ехсlaims the Aсlversary' generаlly a man of sсienсe. The tub-iike сreaturеs raised. on their hind legs pawing towards the sky!Тhe outstretсhed raсers suspended aЬovе the ground withtheir fore feet impossibly in front of their nose! They're justсonventions, symЬols тмithout sense' сonseсrated by tradition !

Sсiеntifiсally and faсtuаlly they aтe wТong of сourse. Butare they rhythmiс? Thе appeаl is to the сourt of art, and thetouсhstone of our juсlgmеnt is ,truth' of impression, not truthto faсt; and wherе the piсtoriа.l intention is the eхpression ofmovеmеnt, all fail аlike, photographiс image, tub-like pranсer,outstrеtсhed raсer that have not rhythm. Rhythmiс pattern is.true', Ьeсause it is true to human йsual impression; beсauseт\-e See rhythmiс pattern as a сreature moYеs' as the rд,.ind runsaсross the сorn, as the water florмs anсl ripples. Antl so, by fun-damenta] assoсiation чrith visua] eхpеriеnсe,1 piсtoria.l rhythmrs the true means of eхpressing the dеsigns and beauty whiсhare born only of movеment.

onе of the sourсes of our pleasure in rhythmiс movеmentis the сresсend.o and diminuеnd'o withits Sеnse of сlimax, how-еver slight; you feel it at еaсh striile of a horse evеn in a flo.w.ing uninterrupted gallop.

Even simple aсtions have a multipliсity of rhythms of differ.еnt spеeds moйng in сlifferеnt direсtions rnore intriсatе tharrthose of an elaborate musiсal сomposition. Parts of a Ьodv arе

rPossiЬlythеassoсiationsатeraisedЬytheaсtionoftheeye,musсu]a.roтotЬет::.following thе гhythmiс shapes aсгoss thе suгfaсe of the Piсture' and fo1loв.il'g ilа:: .-imagirration Ьeyond the piсture plane into spaсe. Is thетe possiЬly an a].teтa:o:. ::foсus in looking fгom foгegгound to distanсe in a piсture, in spite of йеiгЬеЬE :-the samе plane, as theгe is in looking at near and distаnt oЬjects Ь геaliп.?

Rhythm

RlrythmiсPаttеrn

92 Мovеmеntadvanсing, while others arе reсed.ing, others stationary; partsrise whi.lе others faШ. And to adil to the intriсacy, oЪjeсts thatare moving too fast to be visibJ.e, like the spokes of a rapiillyrotating wheel, may Ьeсome visiЬle because.we are not follow.ing them with our eyes.l In сonsequеnсe things aPPear сurved',distorted, еlongated, and.,.when suсh afterations of aPPearanсeare essential ingтedients of thе сlesign, thеy must be aсоepted

and usеd.Rhрhmiс pattern gives the sense of movemеnt in a piсture,

еvеn if lookeсl at upsiсlе down. It is a vеry subtle instrument,anсlit сan be so designed as to сonvеy a sense of movemеnt ina partiсular direсtion and. at a particular speed. How potent itis is shown in a piсture I have in mind. A group is representedas pulling to the left, Ьut they form a сlesign of whiсh therhрhmiс patteгn, no douЬt unintentio.fly, gives a sense ofmoйng to the right. Rеason Says one thing, but to a sensitivespeсtator thе pattern says the opposite, antl the Patterndominatеs.

Sinсe, then, sеnsiЬility to rhythm is the sourсe of our en-joyment, knowlеdge of what oссurs' that is, knowlеtlge that issсiеntifiс in its essenсe, ileriveil perhaps from camera or dis.seсtion, must be without arroganсe, subserйent to sensibility,willing to be set aside rмhеn it interferеs.

lSеe Сhap. iх' p. 115.

Сhaptеr YII. Art.The only PurPoSe of an artistiс anatomy is to help the artist.n the obsеrvation of form'. This, the opеning sentenсe of:his Ьook, I should like now to moсlify, by sфng that it сanonly really do this if it helps the artist to a grеater aеsthetiсеnjoyment of form.

For art is not an observation and rePort of naturа.l aPPеar-anсe aссurate in a sсiеntifiс sense, but, likе Poetry, is the eх.prеssion of еmotional eхреriеnсе; poetry whiсh is .not lesstrue to nature, beсause it is fa-lse in point of facts'. A phrase ofHazlitt's, who in his leсtures on the Еnglish Poets begins bysaйng, .Tlre best general notion whiсh I сan givе of poеtry isthat it is the natural imprеssion оf any oЬjeсt or event, Ьy itsr.ividness eхсiting an invo]'untary movemеnt of imaginationand passion, and produсing through sympathy a сertain mod'u.]ation of the voiсе and sounds expressing it.'

Involuntary! Apparеntly artistiс сonсeption is as invo].un.tary as really fаl.ling in lovе, varying likе lovе in purity, depth.degree. It is often slight, trivial, tempоrary, whiсh is perhapswhy great artists are as rare as the world's great lovеrs; for tobe eithеr demands great passion, сlepth and. сonstanст. Inmod'ern opinion the fount of a rмork of art is the suЬ-со::-sсious. It is there that its сonсeption oссurs anil the gегni i^:.is

the ingredients and knowledgе that it rеquires for its dе: .. - :.mеnt. So, if our knowlесlgе of anatоmy is to be of artis;.: -^...

it must pass into thе suЬсonsсious and. suffer a сhar3е. 1: -:-.-

deed muсh ordinary experienсе and muсh of our toI.:" - ' _:-.;

aсquired knowlеilgе has а-lreaily d.onе.Not оnly is the intеllесt not the faсu]tv throu::. .l;:- -- :

93

94,

сreate art, musiс, or Poetry, .it сannot even be trusted. to re-

сognize Poetry when produсed and may even hindеr its pro.d.uсtion'.l The intelleсt's proper offiсе in paintirrg is in thеpraсtiсal exeсution of a rмork. For as our spirit is lodgeсl in amateriа.l boily, so poetry, musiс, painting must for their eх-pression use the earthy forms of words, gut, сoloured muds.There is sсienсe in the ехесution of a work of art, and suссess.ful exeсution is the са]сulation of mеans to an end', howeveгautomatiс it may apPear, however unсonsсious it may beсomeby praсtiсе. The tliffiсulty in eхeсution is the adjustmеnt ofthesе two еlements, intelleсt and imaфnation, that is, so toсontrol our earthy tools and meсlia that wе do not fa]l out ofthe statе of imagination and passion; otherwise the shapes,сolours, strokes or brushwork are no longer modulated intothe unity of a work of art, and our piсture beсomes сold-blooiled and litеral.

rn art, justifiсation is Ьy faith, there is no justifiсation Ьyaссuraсy of faсt or measurement, and our study of anatomуmust not Ьeсome a measuring stiсk, a narrow сonsсienсethwarting our imaфnation, but must Ьe so weШ understood'and digesteсl that wе use it unсonsсiously anil deny it whenneed is.

In drawing the artist feels thе other side of the boсlу whilehe is drawing the sidе that he sees; so let our anatomy Ьe to usan inner eyе, that we may wand'er in imagination beneath thesurfaсe of the boilу, enjoying aesthetiсa]ly the dеsign, thеrhythms, the interplaу of the parts of its mobile arсhiteсturе'and a nеw reаlm оf aгtistiс experienсe anil enjoyment beopened to us.

rA. Е. Housmаn, The Namz аn.d Nаture of Poetrr,

Art

Сhapter YIII. Glossary

Poll ot NчеNе"hЕar

З.oуСhеh Ь:I

l|'/J'ьPoinl

tАe SЬouIZzr-- -

Shoцllэс

E|Ьoуу

Forеarnt

Kdес

Cannon Bone

Poilt+ 'ф !еBцt'oсz

ThigЬ

stiflе

F7аnh

Leq orEoЪhiъ

ChеsnuI

HoсkConnoъBoпе

FеtIoсh

CoroпеtCo"onеt

---------=|7.Hoof----1-Pаrts o1f thе Irorsе

Аbdomеn. The сavity of the body posterior to the ilia.phragm, whiсh сontains the stomaоh, thе intestines, the liverand other organs.

АponeurosЬ. A broaсl fibrous sheet whiсh serves as a tend'on.Аrrn. A term aPPlie.lto the ЕIumerus.Аstrа6alus (a puПey). Thе Ьone whiсh forms the .wheel'

of thе hoсk joint. See Chap. II. pp. 28 and ,!4.

Вursа. A synovial Ьursa is a simple saс lubriсated inter-nаll.y with sуnoYia] fluitl, whiсh is plaсeсl at points of pгеssure,as where a tend.on passes over a bone.

9б

96 GlossaryCаlсаneum: Оs CаIсis. Tеrms for the point of tlrе lroсk, the

heel. Sеe Tarsus.Cаnnon Вone. See Мetaсarpus, and Metatarsus.Cariniform Cаrtilа6e. It may be d.еsсribed as thе prow of

the breast Ьone. It сan be felt between the Anteriоr Super.fiсial Peсtorа] musсles (55): see illustratiоn of the Thorax, p.27,С}пap.II,

Carpus. The so.сalleil .knee' of the fore leg. It reаlly сorres-ponds to the human wrist and is сomposed of seven bonеs intwo layers. The Pisiform bone at the baсk does not сarry anyweight, Ьut servеs as a sеsamoid bone, enabling the flexors towork morе effiсiently. See pp. 4,4 and,46, anсl Pl. 6' P.62.

Cаrtilаgеis gristle. It is a firm elastiс substanсe тrhiсh oссurson the end of bones, ab in joints or in the prolongation of the]ower ends of the ribs, being bonе in a transition state. Thесartilage on the top of the shoulder blade forms an elastiсattaсhment for the musсles. See RhomЬoiсleus (52).

Cеnlical vertеbrr. Thе sevenЬonesof theneсk. SeePl. 1,

P.t2.Ceruiсаl Ligament. The elastiс сord and Ьands whiсh sup.

Port the hеaсl anсl neсk. Seе Pl. t,p. L2.Chеsnuts. Horny knobs whiсh oссur on the inside of the

fore legs aЪovе the knee, and on the insiсlе of the hoсks. Poss.iЬly the rudiments of сliфts.

Cocсуgeаl vertebrа. Thеy vary from fourteen to eighteenin number, from thе Гlrst vеrtebra behind the saсrum to thelast one at the tip of the tail. When a horse is сloсked, aboutsiх vеrtеbrаe are kept.

Cofi'n Bonе. The thirсl phalanх; it is hidden in the hoof.Conфle. Thе term applieil to the enсl of a bone that is

some.what сylindriсal in sеction, forming a hingeсl joint, suсhas the еlbow. Cf.Head of bone.

Coronet. The boriler or rim round the top of the hoof.

Glossary 97

Corаcoid Proсеss. Thе knob at the lorмer end of the shoul-сler Ь]aсle in front of the shoulder joint from whiсh thе BiсepsBraсhii musсlе (4.7) arises.

Cozв, Оs Cotc, the hip bone, whiсh is сomposeil of theIlium, Isсhium anсl Pubis' The Tuber Coxr forms the knobof the haunсh, whiсh in a сow is so very notiсeable. It is theoriфn of many important musсles of the hinсl leg.

Crеst. A ridgе, an elongated tuЬеrсlе. The oссipital сrestis at the top of the skull where it joins the neсk.

Croup. The upper part of the hind quartеrs formed b1, theМitldlе Glutaus musсle (68) and the inner angle of the Ilium.See p. 95.

Cuneiform. Wedgе-shapеil.Digit, The digit сonsists of thrеe phalanges (the pastern

bonеs) and the sesamoid bones. The horsе has only one d.igit,whiсh сorrеsponds to our midсllе fingеr.

Еlboul. See Ulna, anilRadius.Еrgot. A knob of horn situated just behinil the fetloсk

joint, perhaps the vеstigе of a digit.Е,rterвor. A musс]e that ехtеnds, opens or straightens a

joint as against a flexor whiсh сloses it. In the сasе of the fet.loсk, rмhen the foot is supporting weight the joint is .overex.

tended', as thе pastern bonеs are pulled beyonсl the ]'inе of theсannon bone. Flехjon of thе fetloсk сonsequently bringsthem into line with thе leg Ьeforе it сloses the fetloсk joint.oссasionа.]'ly extеnsor and fleхor musсles trespass on eaсhother's сlomain.

Fаsсiа. A sheet of сonneсtive tissuе. oftеn, like the Fasсialata of the thigh, it aсts as an aponeurosis, transmitting thеpull of the musсlеs to thе bones.

Fеmur. Thе thigh Ьone. It is artiсulateil with thе hiрat thе top; its lo.wer еnd forming with the tibia and knee.сapthе stifle joint.

Plаtе 10. Musсlеs of the Chest and Nесk|The numbers printеd фer thе nс'mes o1f musclеs аrе the numbеrs oif thе othеr plаtеs in шhiсh thе mwcles appeаr.

Thе plаtes in u,hich the musсles аre bеst shouln аie numbеrеd' in heаuiеt. tуpe.f

Nшnbersaпd. Colюurs

of thе Musclеs19. Yellow Sterno-cephаlicus. P|' 7, 2, 5.

tба' B|ue StеrnoThуrro-Irуoideus'15D. Мauve Оmo-Hуoideus,P|' 7,2.76а, Green Culаneous musсle o1f the nech.P|.5.19. Yellorм Splеnius.PL. |, 5.

б0с. Gгeen Eэternаl obliquе o1f the .,Ibdomen.Pr.215,7rg.

55. Gгeen Lаtissimtas Dorsi. Pl. 5' 4',5.б,s. Red Mаstoido-Irumerаlis.P|' 1,5,+'5, 54. Green3б. Yellow z('nterior SupeфсiаI Peаorаl, P|, 2,

5,5. б5- Yellow56. Blue Postеior Supeфciаl Pectorаl. Pl. 5, 6.б7' Green Аntеrior Deep Pеctorаl.P|, 2' +, 5.38. Red Postеrior Dеep Pесtorаl.PI,2,5'4.,5.41. Blue 9uprаspinаtus.Pl.2,4..l2. Red Infrаspinаtus'P|. 2, 4.

Nшnbеrsand, Colours

of tln Muscles,15. Red46. Мauve47. Green49. Blue50. Mauve51. Yellowб5. Mauve

59. Blue

92b. B]гшe

Terеs Mаjor. Pl..|..Corаco-brаchiаIis. P|. 4.Bicеps brachii. P|. 2, 4, 6, || .

Brаchiаlis Аntictls, PI, 2, 5, 4, 6.Tensorfаsciе аntibrаchii, Pl. 4.' 6.Triсeps Brасhii.PI. 2,52 4, 6' 77.Ertеrnаl RаdiаI Erterвor (Eп. cаrpi

radtаIis), P|. 2, 5' +' 6, |1,Common Digitаl Ertensor (Ezt, pedis).

Pl.215, +r 6,71.Lаtеrаl Digitаl Ertеnsor (Ezt. digiti

quinti).PI.2'5' 4,,в.Eлternаl Flegor oif thе Metаcаrptts

(Ezt. cаrpi ulnarts). PI. 2, 5, 4., 6.rugulаr Геin, P|. 7, 2, б,

tlсeps 17

Аnteiloс oееP Peсtorol 37

5UрrospiпotUJ 4,

lпfrospino|цs 4z

Д1o5toido.нumеro|is з4

lulu|or vеln -ЧlD

sGtno-Сеpholiс!s I

Cutoпеous musсJeo[ thе Nесk u|6o

Мosrotdo'11umerolв 34

^n|е|ю.\upcrГ|(|oIPесtoro! 35

Posrеrюr Super|о9!:--Peс|aIol зЬ

Ехrerпol Rodю! 5З/Ехtеnsor

^ntr. Deеp

Peсtorql 37

rслsoг FosсioеАntibroсhii 50

теrcs |Аojor 45

iolis 46

lotissimus Dorsi 3l

Deep Peсtorol J8

Еxtаrлol ob,iqueof t}re AЬdomел З0o

triсeps Brochii 5|

Braсhioli| 49 An|е||oI

C ut oлeou s

o[ lhe

supеrr|сiolPeсtoroI J5

вiсеps 47

Lol.rol,

ЕXtеrлolRсdioi 5]Еttелsor

Ехterлo l

fleхor 59

Ехteлsor 55

oп Dig/Ехteosor 54

Glоssary 99

Fеtloch. The joint Ьetrм'een the сannon Ьorre (the metaсar.pus, or metatarsus) antl the upper pastern (first phalanx); thesesamoid Ьonеs lie Ьеhinil it.

Flеror. A musсle that flexеs or сloses a joint. See Eхtensorabove.

Fibutа. A thin Ьonе about twо-thirсls of the length of theTibia to the outer siсle of .whiсh it is attасheсl.

Foreаrm. Its bones arе the Radius, and the Ulna.i'ossa. A Ьasin-shapeсl d'epression.Fro7. The weсlge.shapeil form at the baсk of the sole of the

foot; it is formed. of the most flexible horn of the wholе hoof.Gаshin, Thе part of the hind leg bet.ween the stifle and

hoсk, of чrhiсh the Tibia forms the bone.Glenoid Cаllitjr. The sha]low soсket at the bottom of the

shoulder blade whiоh artiсulatеs with the head. of the hu-merus; or the grooYe оn the skull мrhiсh rесeives the сonсlyleof the jaw bone.

Hаnd. A term of measurеment; it equals four inсhes.Hеаd of а Boпе. A rounсled knoЬ that forms the artiсula-

tion, as opposeсlto a сondyle whiсh has a long bearing.Hoch. The joint on the hinсl lеg bet.wеen the stifle and the

fetloсk. The point of the hoсk is thе Ъig lever of the hind les.Seе Tarsus and Саlсaneus.

Hoof . The horny substanсe of thе foot on whiоh thе horsestand.s. It сorrespоnd.s to the nail of our third fingeг.

Iliurn. The large bone whiсh forms thе siсle of the pelйсgirdle. At the top it joins thе saсral vertebrre forming a rigiсlmass чrith thеm. Its point, the Tubеr Coxe, makes the point ofthe haunсh, and it forms with the Isсhium and. PuЬis theсavity in .whiсh the head of the thigh bone turns.

Ischiurтt,. The еntl bone of thе pelйs whiсh forms the pointof the Ьuttoсk.

,Knee,. Seе Carpus.Knee-Cаp. Sее Patella.

100 GlossaryLigamеnt, Ligaments are the binсling banсls whiсh tie the

bonеs together. The intriсaсy and ingenuity of thеir arrange-mеnt at the joints is vеry striking. Though flеxible they are inprinсiple inelastiс. Certain ligaments are elastiс, suсh as theСerйсa] ligament (11) anil the Sesamoidean Шgaments, whiсhЬy their elastiсity lift the foot as soon as it leaves the grountl.

Lumbаr vеrtebrr. There arе six just in front of the saс-rum. Thеir transverse Proсesses are Yery developесl for theattaсhmеnt of the strong musсlеs whiсh form the shape of theloins (see illustration , p. 53, Chap. II).

Mеtаcаrpus. The large bone of the fore leg between the.kneе, and the fetloсk joint. It is сa]led the third metaоaгpalbone, thе inside and outsiile splint bones attaсhed to it Ьeingсa]'leсl the seсond and fourth metaсarpals Ьeсause thesе bonesсorrespond to the three middle bones whiсh fоrm the Ьaсk ofthe human hand, the bones of the seсond, thirсl and fourthfingers, thе thumb anillittle fingеr having disappеared in thеhorse.

Metаtаrsus. Thе сannon Ъone of thе hinсl leg. The largebone Ьetween the hoсk antl the fetloсk. It is сa]lеd the thirdmetatarsal bone, the inside and outside splirrt bonеs attaсIredto it being сallеd t]rе sесond and fourtlr mеtatarsals. Thеsеbones сoгrespond to the three midille bones of the frve whiсhform the instep of the human foot.

Nаaiculаr Bone. A sma.].l sesamoid Ьone whiсh liеs Ьehindthe artiсulation of the seсond pastern and сoffrn bones. ThePerfoгans F]exor (61' 87) plays over it.

, Nеаr'. The neaг sid.е of a horse is a tэrm for thе left side.the siсle on whiсh a horsе is usuаlly mounted.

Оccipitаl Bonе. .The highest part of thе skull whiсh artiсu-lates behinсlrуith the atlas bone.

,off'. The off siсle of a horse is a term for its right side. Sсe.Nеаr'.

Glossary 101

Pastеrп. See Pha]anx.

PаtеlIа. The knee-сap. The sma]l Ьone whiсh plays oveг

the front of the lower еnсl of the thigh bone (femur) to faсili-tate the aсtion of the tendons that eхtenсl the stifle joint, inwhiсh it is embeсldetl.

Phalаnz, or Pastern. The three bones Ьeloтr the fetloсkjoint, whiсh сorrespond to the thrеe end joints of our midillefinger.

Pisiform Bonе, or Aссessory Carpal. Sеe Carpus.

Proсess. A general term for a prominenоe' more exaсtly a

prolongation of a bone.Pubis. The bone that forms the base of the pelviс giгdle.

See Ilium.Rаd,itls. The large bone of the forearm to whiсh the ulna

is welсled. These two bones in thе human arm are seParate'

whiсh gives us the power of turning the hanсl over (see P. 58).

Rlbs. There arе usually eighteen on еaсh siсle of the horse.

Artiсulated with thе baсkbone at the top, thеy aтe сonneсted.

by сartilage to the brеast Ьonе and eaсh other, whiсh фvesthem liЬerty of movеment as in breathing.

Sаcrurn. It is a solid mass of fivе verteЬra to rмhich theilium is firmly attaсhed.

Scapulа, The shouliler blade.Sеsаmoid. A term for bones that give lеverage to the aсtion

of the musсles; more espeсiа.lly the smа]l bonеs Ьehind' the

pasterns-whiсh help the play of the tendons. They moYe baсk.ward's and forward's on the fetloсk joint, being attaсhed to thefirst phalanх.

Sesаmoideаn Ligаrnеnfs. See Ligament.Shoulder BIа.dе. The top bone of the fore limЬ, the sсapula.

Sinиs. An aiг сavity in a Ьone, suсh as the large сaйties inthe skull, тrhiсh сommuniсate with the outer air, сlireсtlу oг

intlireсtly thгough thе nose.

ro2 GlossarvSkull.Is reаJ.ly formеd of several bones, but from the artist's

point of йеw may be сonsiderеd a unit.Spine.Is a pointed proсеss.Sp|int Bonе. See MetaсarPus and Меtatarsus.Sternurn. The breast bone.Stiflе. The joint bеt.ween the femur and the tibia. It сorres-

pоnds to our knеe joint, being the true knee, тrhiсh the .knee'of the fore leg is not.

Sуmphysis. The union of tтмo simi-lar bones joined Ьyfibrous сartilage, as the Symphysis Pubis.

SjrnouiаI shеаths and rnembranes are ]ubriсated сhannelsfor the tendons, and сoverings for the joints.

Tаrsus, or hосk, is сomposed of six bones. This сonstruсtiongivеs it elastiсity to meet the tremend.ous strains to тrhiсh it issubjeсted. The Astragalus bone, the pulley, is the nearestapproaсh to a wheеl that .we finсl in the сonstruсtion of thehorse (sеe pp. 28,44.).

Tеndon. It is the inelastiс string or band Ьy whiсh a musсleis attaсhed.

Thiуh. Sее Femur.Thorаz. Thесhestof thеhorse (seе p.27).Tibiа. The bonе that liеs betrru.ееn the stifle

hoсk. Sее Fibula.Trochаntеr, A name

fеmur.Trochlеа. A рulley-likе artiсulation. See for instanсe

Tarsus.

luber. A large rounded projeсtion, as Tubеr Calсis, thepoint of the hoсk.

Ulnа. The bone whiсh forms the elbow. See Radius.vertеbrв. The bonеs whiсh сo,,'Pose the vertеЪra] сolumn

from the top of the neсk to the tip of the tai]. The vertebrаlсolumn.is for сonvеnienсe tliйiled into the following seсtions:

joint and the

for big prominenсes, е.g. on the

Glossary 705

seYen сerviоa] verteЪrre of the neсk; eighteеn thoraсiс vеr.tebrr тrhiсh сarry the i:ibs; six lumbar vertebra whiсhform the loins; five saсral vertebrre rмeldеd into a solid nrass;

si:сteen сoссygeal on an aYerage, whiсh inсluсle the tail.Xiphoid Cаrtilаge. The posterior tip of the stеrnum, it fa]ls

und,er the фrth.

Weight onForе аnd

Hind Lirnb

TIlе lшmp

Сhapter Ix. Notes on the TeхtFromChаpter I,pаgе 1.

The proportion of a horse's weight сarгied by the fore feetanсl hind feet is approximately 5 to 4. And the fore legs alsoсarry two.thirds of a rider's weight, if the гiсler is sitting Ьack,and even more of a joсkey's weight, sinсe jockeys took toperсЫng like monkeys on the тdthers, a sфe introtluсeсl Ьythe suссessful Ameriсan rid'er, Toсl Sloan, towards the end ofthe nineteenth сentury.

The position in whiсh thе horse's heaсl is helсl сauses, it isstated, сonsideraЬlе variations in the wеight сarriеd by thеfore lеgs. If thе read.er is interested to pursue the suЬjeсt fur-thеr he чri]l fintl it disсussed at length in Goubеau and Bar.rier's Ertеrior of the Horse.

From Chаpter II, pаge 14,Instantanеous photography has made оlear what really

oссurs in animal motion. It shows that a horsе does not employth.e jump when he gailops, as fast-running anima]s suсh asd.eer, hares and greyhounds do, meaning Ьy a i,,.P the aсtionin whiсh the hinсl legs are the last to leave the grountl (1) Ьe.fore the period of suspension in the air (9), anсlthe foгe legsthe first to тneet it again (3). It is in this order that a horseemploys his legs.when he aсtuаlly jumps, wherеas he сloes thе

Notеs on thе Tеxt 105

opposite rмhen he gallops; for then his fore legs are the last to Tfu Gа|lop

leave the ground bеforе the peЁod of suspеnsion, and his hintllegs the first to strike it again.

The advantage of this latter methotl of progression is that

only a short рart of the striсle is spent in suspension in the air,

the horse being suppoгted' on the grounil duЁng the rest ofhis striile sometimes by two legs, sometimes by one. A stride

is the distanсe сovеred betrмeen one footfа]l and the next foot-

fа]l of the same foot. The following is a Ьrief statement of ahoгse's giloP, whiсh the sketсhes rмi]l help to eхplain.

After his period of suspеnsion in the air (4.) a horse lands,

let us say' on his right hinсl leg (5)' anil is supporteсl by italone until he puts down his lеft hinсlleg (6)'.when he advanсеs on the two to.gether; as the right hinil leg leaves thegтounсl, the left hinсl lеg is at the point

at whiсh it passes from the position of support to that of pro.pulsion, so at this moment he puts down the right frontleg (7) and tгavels on the tмro legs togetheг, until at the momentthat the fore leg becomes upгight, the left hind leg in its turnleaves the ground (s). Now hе is supported by the гight foreleg alone, until he puts down the otheг fore leg (9), when headvanсes on both togetheг up to the time of the last phase (10);

Thе Gаllop

Асtion of theGrеyhound

106 Notеs on thе Tеxtthen the right forе leg is lifteil, lеaving thе left fore legto finish the stridе by itself and сomplеte the projeсtion ofthe horsе into the air for the pеrioсl of suspension, after whiсhhе lanils on his right hind iеg again (5)' to rеPeat the seriеsof movements.

Thе legs whiсh mad.e thе grеatest efforts werе the righthind leg and the fore leg, the .leading'leg, whiсh was the lastto leavе thе ground, for they in turn suPportei the horsеиrithout help. Thеrefore a ridеr makеs his mount сhange fromtimе to time the leg on чrhiсh he leads, to фve the legs anequаl share of .work.

It is beсause he is supported in this way, and his body travelsmost of thе time on the same lеvel, that a horse сombines en-d'uranсе so rеmarkably with speed. Thе grеatеst еffort inanimаl loсomotion is thе throwing up and сatсhing of thеboсly during thе pеriod of suspеnsion; for чrhiсh reason a grеy-hound tires quiсkJy, having two pеriods of suspenqion in a

stridе, one of them of great lеngth.Lеt us look at thе sequenсe of a greyhounсl's movements,

beginning with his longer pеrioсl of suspension in thе air (11).

Sinсe it is a true jump, he lands on one of his fore legs (12),

quiсkly puts down the othеr forе leg and immediately, beforеhis hind legs сan rеaсh the grоunсl, projeсts himself into theair again (15) for his sесond and shorter pеriod of suspеnsion.This time his aсtion is in prinсiple thе same aS that оf thehorsе, for it is his fоre legs that have liftеd his forеhand intothe air, anсl his hinсl lеgs that сatсh him on lanсling. This

Notеs on the Tеxt to7sесond period of suspension (r4.) is very short, however, forthe hind lеgs, having been Ьrought right in front of his forelеgs by the arсhing of the loins, take the ground a.lmost im-mесliately. This position, whiсh is illustrateсl in sketсh (15), isvery сharaсteristiс of a greyhound.'s aсtion. He is bent ]ike aspring in preparation for the Ьig j,.P, his longer pеrioil ofsuspension, whiсh forms hаlf of his stride (11). For when he]ands on his hinсl legs after his lessеr suspension he does notrun smootШy, on hind legs and fore legs in sequenсе, as a horsedoes, but straightway jumps from his hinсl legs into the air,lifting himsеlf a сonsidеraЪle height from thе ground' Hisjumping aсtion makes him a good sprinter, vеry quiсk offthe mark, but it tires him very rapidly.

A greyhound. сovеring ten feet in his total stride сovers fivеfееt in his .juтrrp' (11), two feet between thе footfalls of hisfore lеgs (19), two feet in his neхt suspension (14), followесl bya steP of a foot between his hinil lеgs (16). Thus he is in theaiг тrith a]l his legs off the ground for an aggregate distanсe ofseven feet out of the ten!

Aссording to Muybridge, a horsе strid'ing 22 ft. 10 ins.сovers 6 ft. 6 ins. in thе air (a),3 ft. 10 ins. bet.rveen his hintlfeet (6), 7 ft.6 ins. betweеn the hind foot and the diagonal forefoot (7), and 5 ft. between his forе fеet (9). Thus he is in the aironly for rather more than a quarter of his total stride. As thetotа] striсle is given as taking ,44 of a seсond., anсl thе perioсlofhis suspension as .088, he travels in the air at a rate that isquiсker than his aYerage rate when he is in сontaсt with theground, anсl his susреnsion takes only a fifth of the totа.ltime of the stride, less than one-tenth of a seсond. Thelift required to сarry him over so short a pеriod of sus-pension is very small, hardly ilisturbing the level florм of hisaсtion.

It may make some of the aсtion сlearer if we think of thefore and hind quartеrs as separate units, like the two aсtors

Аction of thе

Grеjrhound

Period ofSuspеnsion

Plаtе 11 . Diagram of thе Musсlesof thе Fоre and Hind Limbs

|The numbers printed фer the futmеs o1f muscles аre thе numbеrs of tfuother plаtes in uhich the mltscles аppeсtr. The plаtеs in tоhich thе musclеs

аre bеst shou-,n аre numbered in hеаuiеr t2,pе'f

Nшnbersand, Colours

of t}е MusсIеs

59D. Мauvе Serrаtus Thorаcis.Pl.2,5' +, 5.47. Green Biceps brаchit.PL.2, 4, 6, |0.

51a. Yellow Triсeps, long head,PI. 2' 5, +, 6.51D. Yellow Tricеps, eэternal hеаd.P|.2' 5, +,6, L0.52. Red Аnconeus. Pl.,l.,6.55. Мauve Ezternаl Rаdiаl Eztensor (Ezt. cаrpirаdiаlts). PI.2,5,+,

6, 10.54. Gгеeц Common Digitаl Eztensor (Ezt. pеdis), P|. 2' 5, +, 6' |o.60. Red Superficiаl Diфаl Fleror (Peфrаtus) аndcheсk ligаrnert,

Pl..+,,6.61 . Maцvе Dееp Digitаl Flеtor (Peфrans) and check ligаment. Pl. 4' 6.69. Blue Suspепsoryr Ligаrnent.Pl, 6.66. Мauve Tensor1fаscir lаtr. P|. 5' 7, 8.

68a. lvlauve Middle Glutrus.Pl. 2, 7 I 8.70. Red Bicеps Fеmorz.s. Pl. 5,7'9' ||.71. Greеn Semitеndtno.szs. Pl. 2, 5'7, 8, 9.72. Bhte Semimembranosns. Pl. 917rEr9.

79a. Red Rectus Femorls. Pl. 21 5, 7 ,8, 9.79D. Yellow Erternаl vаsttts (Г. lаterаlis). P|' 2, 5, 7' 8, 9.80a. Blue Gаstrocnеmius.P|.2,5,7,8'g.80D. Blue &l ----

ft; *

JTendo Асhillis, see Gаstroсnemius (80а) p.77 .

81. Red Solэus.P|,2'5,7'9.82. Red Pеronrus TеrtЙв. Pl. 7, 8,9.84. Green Long Digitаl Eztelвor.Pl.2.86. Red Supeфciаl Digitаl Flеzor (Peфratus). Pl. 7' 8' 9.87. Мauve Deep Digital Flеzor (Peфrаns). PI.2,5,7,9.89. Blue Suspеrвory Ligапzеnt.P|.9.

Мlddlе Clutoeus 68o Hip joint5houldсr-blodе

СorocotdProссs s

duФсr!' ..

Biсеps 17...I r|сеDs| ..

Сonnon Boлс..

Сommoo DigttolЕх|еnsor 51

((u( )

( Pho|oлхPo'tс.nJ]

L ,.

e' Jgb

. frrcеps'Lonв hсod-' 5lo

Rссtus fеm

Ехterno| .-vosШs 79b

-..':.. &iссps: ... .еФo||s /U

fеndo Achil|вGosIro(rcпl!5

SemtпreлDaonosus

72

Ыcсpt 70

Solеus 8I, FlехotPerforotus 86

Pеrfo|o|ц5 Eь

.'Pсrforoлs

.ond Сhесk

Ligomсnr 87

5сsomold-. 8oлe

Еlt.еrnol hеod 5lo

Aлсonсus...\)

Rodius

Pеrforotus 60.-.- ond Сhссk." Ligomrnt

Dссp fleхol

-Pсrfolons 87

PcronoеusTerrius 82

IпIl

Pсrforoлs 6Ioлd СhеckLtgom.nl

suspеnsorуLigoпent 67

5еsomotdEoле

5uJpсл5orfligсmeлt 89

Long Digito!Ехtensor 84 (сut)...

I PholoпхPoslсrлJt

::

,И

Notеs оn thе Tехt 109

сonсea]ed in the stagе donkey, though, of сoursе, morе сloselyсouplеd and interd.еpendent.

In a trot the рartnеrs run with oppositе legs. Bi]'l's right legto Tom's left, Bill's left to Tom's right. It is thе smoothestway for two men to сarry anything.

In a galloP Bi]t and Tom aсt at different times, Tom thehind quarters lеaping first, BiЦ stepping out widely as he feels

Tom сatсhing him up, leaping in his turn Ьefоre Tom hasretuгned to thе ground, so that for a momerrt they are bоth inthe air togethеr. Their movеments rePresent a horse's aоtionvery сlоsely, for a horse,s fore legs hurry, just as Bill.lid, whеnthe quartеrs, thrown up anсlfor.ward with addеtlmomentum,press forwards on to theтn. Photоgraphy anil the position ofhis footfa]ls sho.иr that at eaсh stride the fore feet take a сonsid.eraЪly wider step than сlo the hintl feet. Thus, in a gallop, as

оpposed to a jump, it is apparently the forе lеgs whiсh under-take the aссelerated propulsion оf the forehand. In a jump, orthe long period of suspension of a greyhound.'s aсtion, theforе legs, when raising the forehand, сannot really add to itsaссelеration, as they must сonform to the speесl of the hinсlчuarters, whiсh are in the air or just taking the grountl; thusthе forehand has to .wait in the air for the thrust of the hinсlquarters to add to its aссеleration. Bill, that is, jumps into theair and Tom prope]s Bill's weight as wеll as his own.

Thе advantage of a horse's method of galloping is that Ьothfore and hind lеgs sharе in the dutiеs of supporting and pro-pelling the body.

Thе stiffness of the сonstruсtion of a horsе's baсk and loins,-whiсh suits his aсtion, as a greyhound's suppleness suits hisundulating lеaps, rnakes it possible for a horse to сarry theweight of a rider.

Thе aсtion of a сanter is similar to that of a gallop, in thatthe horse on landing aftеr suspension is on one hinсl lеg andЬefbre suspension on one fore, but it differs in that he has at

rump аndGаlIop

The Cаnter

The Trot

Thе WаIh

Legv.Wheеl

Horse-Pousеr

110 Nоtеs on thе Tеxttimes three legs on thе ground, whiсh never oссurs in a gallop.Thе sloчrer the paсe the greater the neеd for support.

In a trot eaсh fore foot, тrith a сliagonal hind foot, is lifteсlalternately; the horse being, in a fast tгot, twiсe оffthe groundin a striсle. As it is a very level motion, the horsе оan keep upa trot for a long whilе.

In a walk, as it is the slorмеst Paсe, a horsе requirеs a greatamount of support, and is on thrеe lеgs anсl two a.lternately;in a very slow walk he lifts only one leg at a time, havingalways three and, somеtimеs eyen four feеt on the ground.

Мonsieur Мarey, by an apparatus attaсhed to a horse's feet,plotteсl exaсtly the time that each foоt was on the ground inthe сlifferent PaсeS. Some of his diagrams are given in Gou.Ьeau and Barrier's Ezterior of thе Horse, if the read.er чrishesto pursue the subjeсt. I think thе artist is Ьetter employed inwatсhing the paсes and seeing what they looh lihе to him.

From Chаpter II,pаgе 76.

It is beсause it is liftесl at every stridе thаt the leg has thisfreedom of movement, thereЬy gaining an advantage over thewheel; for thе prinсiple of altering their relative positions сan.not be applieсl between the hub of a тrheel anil the Ъoily of aсar, sinсe the propulsive agent, the сlriйng wheel, is uninter.ruptedly in сontaсt with the ground.

From Chnpter II, pа5e 79.

Horse.poweг: .II.P.'is so familiarly usetl nowadays in rela-tion to motor сars that it is interesting to learn that a horse, avaguе enough term, сan devеlop 27 h.p.

In Amеriсa they havе сompetitions, whiсh, it is stated,exсite еnormous intеrest, to test the рoмrer of draught horses.A .Traсtor Dynamometer' is used, to whiсh the horses arеharnessed. It reсoгds the total Power exerted, by a team ofhorses and а]so that of еaсh membеr of the tearrr.

Notеs on thе Tеxt LI|It is argued that сlraught.horse brеeding has not made the Horsе-Pousеr

same Progress as raсehorse breeding beсause the dams andsires arе not сhosen for aсtual performanсe. Raсehorses aresеlесted for stud on theirknown qualities of speеd,enduranсe, еtс.' these Ьeingjuсlgeсl on thе reсorded per-formanоes of themselves andtheir forbears. Draughthorses hаvе Ьеen sеleсted onthе opinion of juсlges uPontheir сonformation, withoutthе correсtive of сompetitionand the tеsts that suсh amaсhine would givе.

From Chаptеr II, p. 21.

The aсtion of these mus.сles is a gooilinstanсe of howdiverse thе appliсations ofthe forсe of a single mus.сle сan be.

The Biсeps femoris (70),for instanсе, has four pointsof attaсhment (see Pls. 8, 11)originating from the rumpand buttoсk: it is insеrted (a)on the Ьaсk of the femur; (D)on the knee-сap; (с) on the tibia; anil (d) sends a tendonto the hoсk.

Though at frrst sight its pull at these various points mayapPear сontradiсtory, they really all сontribute to the eхten.sion of the hind leg; starting with the foot as our fixed pointwе sее that thе tendon (а) ьy pulling on thс hoсk ехtеnds thе

MultiplеАction of аMusсle

Bicеps Fеtnoгis(o, b' c. с'' d)shoan thtrc

-Sепitеn.dinosu,sshoуn ttrш _

Rise аndFаll ofFetloch

rt2 Notеs on the TеxttiЬia on the сannon bone ; neхt (с' c) pulling the tiЬia, antl (D)

pulling the knеe-сap to.wards thе Ьuttoсk, extends the stiflejoint anсl a]so eхtenсls the hip joint; (") by pulling Ъaсk thefemur extends the hip joint only.

Thus thе Biсeps femoris, aсting by itself, сan extеnd. aШ thejoints of the hinсl leg simultaneously.

The Semitеndinosus (71), though less сomplex than thepreсeсling musсle, eхtend.s hoсk, stifle and hip joints simu]-taneously. Its insertions on the сrest and thg fasсia of the tibiaaсt like seсtions с, c of the Biсeps, and its tendon to the hoсkaсts likе the Biсeps' tendon (d).

From Chapter II, pа6e 26.

The rмheel tloes not have to dea] with the .сrutсh' or.broomstiсk' tliffrсuф, sinсe its .legs', the spokes, trеail, so to

speak, on thе тim and so maintain thе axle always at thе sameheight aЬove the ground.

In the first skеtсh three positions of the lorмer enсl of theсannon bonе anсl of the tip of a spoke are сomParеil with eaсhothеr. the risе anсl fall of the сannon bone in rеlation to th.е

,1..

Notes on the Tеxt 775

ground bеing effeсtесl Ьy the play of the Pasteгns' as thе rrse

anсl fall of the spoke is by thе сurvaturе of the wheel.Foг i.]'lustration's sakе the hoof is d'raтrn in threе fifferent

positions on the grounсl, whiсh of сourse do not oссur in a singlestride; the movements ofthе pasterns and fеtloсkjoints rеally take plaсeoYer a statiоnaту hoof as

in the seсond. sketсh.

From Chаpter /I, pаge 9 2 .

I mention this to test

)rour Powers of oЬserva-tion. The phenomеnon isoffered you еvery timеyouare among wheeled tгaffiс.

I arn not referring to the momentary visibilф of thewheеls of a passing сar, whiсh, I think, everyone must havеnotiсed, whiсh is due to a sudden moYement of уour head,and is eхplainеd as follows. When уou folloul a сar тvithyour eyes, the image оf thе wheel is held сontinuоuslу onthe samе part of thе retina, so that the йsua] impгessions re.сеived' from the spоkes are superirnposed on the after im-agеs of previous impressions, resulting in a Ьlur. If уourhеatl is sudilеn.ly displaсetl Ьy a jerk (the shoсk of the im.paсt of your foоt uPon thе grounсl is often suffiсient), theimage of the wheеl is transfеrred to a fгеsh paгt of theretina, whiсh bеing free of its after images gives an .instan-

taneous photograph' of thе чrhеel чrith its spokes dearly se-

Parate' to be foШoчrеd immесliately bу the norma-l impгessionof blur.

Thе partiсular phenomenon to whiсh I гeferred, as a testfor your powers of observation, is as follows, and I shall be

surprised' if you have notiсed it.

ltsibilitу. ofWheеISpohеs

774 Notеs on thе TехtГisibilitу of When a сar or biсyсle is apprоaсhing fix your eyes uPon

Spokes some point on thе road near its сourse, seleсting the spot sothat the vehiс]e will pass т.ithin your fielсl of йsion. To keepyour еyеs steatlily on the road may nееd. some determirratiorr,Ьut if you suссеeсl you rмill seе the spokes quite distinсф atthe Ьottom of thе rvheel. They may aPPеar сurved, or even toсriss-сross a little, thеre are variations of aPPearanсе due todifferеnсe of speеd and other faсtors, Ьut you will sеe thespokes distinсtly, even spokes as thin as those of Ьiсyсles.

Above thе huЬ I have not seen them. This is not duе, Ithink, to their Ьeing lost by сoming against the botly of theсar, for the spokеs of Ьiсyсle wheels, whiсh have the same baсk-ground aЬove thе huЬ as below it, are not visible at the top.

The invisibility of spokes at the top is due to the сyсloitlmovemеnt of the whееl, rмhiсh сauses its upper hаlf to advanсe

-not rotate-more rapiсlly than thе lowеr half whiсh is inсontaсt чrith the road.

Another effeсt сaused. by thе cyсloiсl movement is that theтim of the wheel appears as if flattened along the roail some-what like the sketсh,anсl if seen more fromabove like the seсondskеtch. These aPPear.anсes are not due to anyaсtua]. flattening of a pneumatiс tyrе, for they are equallynotiсеable with the iron t5ггe of a horse-drawn vehiсle.

As .we havе gone so far, it may be interesting to seek theсause of thеse aPPearanсes.

Sinсe the eye is fixeсlly watсhing a spot on the гoad., the сaгсrossеs our visual fielсl, anilblurring, due to the superpositionof images, is eliminated, beсausе the whee] is сontinually sеenЬy fresh parts of the retina.

It has Ьeen suggested to me that the aЬove eхplanation isprobably inсorrect, sinсе it is so сliffiсu]t for the human e)re

is,

Notеs on thе Teхt !1,5

rrot to follow movirrg oЬjесts, that it is almost сeгtain that trlisibilitу ofone's eyеs do folloчr the сar. Without going into iletail, let me Spohеs

say that this is not сonvinсing, as thе phеnomenon may bе

seеn simultaneously in vеhiсles going opposite ways !

If the еxpеrimenter finds great diffiсrrlty in pеrсеiving theseaPPеaranсes, it is possibly duе to his being untrained to payattention to visual imprеssions reсeived. near the pеriphery ofhis retina, to his bеing unable сonsсiously to notiсe what hiseyеs offer him, и.hiсh is, I think, one of the faсultiеs whiсhmake the artist. At any ratе Ьy this eхperiment lre сan test his

Po]л/еr of observation, and' if suссessful rea]ize how habituallyone сan fail to see what one'S eyes are сontinually rеporting.Whiсh disсovery shоulсl pеrsuaсlе lrim to trust the artist more,whеn he shows him effeсts that hе finds unfamiliar, and maylead him to disсovеr for himsеlf, that many of the сurvatures,еlongations, distortions of appеaranсe сaused. by movement arеas essential a part of its intеrеst and beauty, as is the apparеntaltеration оf a сolour aссording tо the сolours that surround.antl сontrast тrith it.

BibliographyThe Hеаd аnd Nеch of thе Horse, by o. Сharnoсk Braсlley.

Y\t. Green & Son, Еdinburgh.The Limbs of thе Horse,, by the same authоr.Thе Аnаtorrry of th'e Domestiс Аnimals, by Septimus Sisson.

W. B. Saunders.Тhе Eztеrior of thе Horse, Ьy Goubeau and Barrier.The Horse in Motion, by J. D. B. Stillman. osgooсl.Points of the Rасehorse, by Majоr.Generа-l Sir Jоhn ЕIills.

Wm. Blaсkтrood.The Horse: А Guidе to its Аnаtomу, Ъy ЕllenЬerger, Baum

anilDittriсh.Аtlаs der z{nаtomie dеs Pfеrdes,Ъу Sсhmaltz.

IndeхAсtion of fore leg,2, t4' I05;

сlf hinсl leg, 1, 18, 105Aеroplane, 9Alaг сartilage,55,56Artiсulations, 41

Astragalus - 26, 28, 4,4,

Atlas Ьone, 6,36, З7Automatiс suPPort of bосly,

t0, tt, 13, 25; of shoul-der, 16

Axis bone, 71 56

Baсk,5,28'29,37Baсk tendons,21Ba]l anil soсket joints, 45Barsr 56Baryе, 85Bell, Sir Сharles, The Аnа-

tomу of Еrprеssion,54Borres, of thе fore leg, 2' 75,

3+, 38, +З' 4.+14б; of thehind lеg, 2' З9' 4't, 43,++) 4,7,4.8

Bradley, The IIeаd аnd Nесhof tIш Horse; Thе Limbsof thе Hoтsе, |16

Сannon bone, 39

Сanter, 109Сarpus, 5Сerviсa] ligament, 99Chretodon Rostratus, 9

Сheсk tendons,24Сhest,27Сollar borrеs, 8Сorrespondenсe of forе arrd

hind limbs, S

Deer, 2+r 2'c, t0+Donkey,6Duhoussetr SSD[rer, 1

Еaglе, 10Еar, 80Есlipsе,84Elbомr,44ЕllеnЬerger, Baum and Ditt-

rich, Thr Horser lt6Еyе, 81

Faсe,55Fеet, 3Fetloсk, 2L' 25; oYеr.eХtеn-

sion of, 2!, 25r 96; andrim of wheelr l72

177

718Fibula,58Еoal, 86Footr3r 26Forearmr SSFore leg, 10r 7+) 48,49Frog, 14

Gallop, 105, 109Gоubeau and Barrier, Thе

Еrterior of the Horsе,I8, |7О, t16

Greyhound, 104,, 106

Hair, growth of ,87Hazlitt,95Hеad, 7, 5З; swirrg of the, 51;

measurement by'heads',85

HiIs, Sir John, Points of thеRаcеlюrse, |16

Hinil \e9r15,18,4,8Hinges,44Hip joint, 42,45Hoсk, aсtion of, 19, 28,4.2,

44r 4,7

Iloof,5,39Horsе-power, 110Housman, A. Е.' 94.

Inelastiс tissues, 10Intеlleсt, 93

Jaw, 6, З6,5+Joints, variety of ,4'2

Jump, 104

Knee, 5) tt15+, ++, 4,5r 4,6,

4,9

Knee-сap, 4.t' 4'8

Legs,7+,2t,З8Leorrardo da Vinсi, 1

Level mоvemеnt of body,26Ligaments, SS

Maсhines, made Ьy man, 9Marсh Viking, 59Marey, 18, 110Мaхilla,7Мeissonier.90Movement, Chap. VI,88Musсles, Chap. IV, 50; сres.

сend'o aсtion of ,521' of.

hinil limb. 112Tlre numbers ln brасhets

гefer to the desсriptions ofthe musсles on pp. 55-85Abilominal tuniс, (99)Adiluсtor Femoris, (76), 1gAnсoneus, (52), L7Biсeps Braсhii, (47)Biсeps Femoris, (70), t9,

48,51, tttBraсhialis Antiсus, (49)Buссinatoц (6)' 53Capsularis Braсhialis, (a8a)

- Fеmoris' (48b)Cerviсa] ligament, (lt)' 29

Index

Indех L19Musсles{сorrtinuеd)

Сomplexus, (21)Сoraсo-Braсhialis, (,}6)Cutanеous of the Abсlo-

men, (1Ob)

- of thе Nесk, (16a)Deltoid, (4,0)Digital Еxtensor, Anterior

or Lоng, (8+),2I

- Сommon, (5,l), t5,2|

- Lateral, (55), (55), 2\Digital Еleхor, Deep (Per-

forans), (6t)12t, 24

- Dеep (Pеrforans), (s7),2t,2+

- Long, (87с)

- Superfiсial (Pеrforatus),(6О), 2t,23

- Superfiсial (Perforatus),(86),21, 2+

Flexor Hal]uсis Lоnsus(Perforans), (s7-а)

Gastroсnemius, (80a), 19,2t

Gemelli, (78)Gluteus, Deеp, (69)

- Мiddle, (68a), t9, 5L

- Superfiсiat, (67)Graсilis, (74)Iliaсus, (64.b)Ilio-Psoas, (64)Infraspinatus, (42)Interсosta]s, Еxternal,

(25b)

1\4us сlе s-(сo rr tin u e d)Intеrtransvегsales Со]li,

(14)Latissimus Dorsi, (55), 15,

29Levator of thе Upper Lip,

/-\(c)Levator of the Upper Lip

and Nostril, (9)Longissimus Сapitis et At-

lantis, (20),52Longissimus Dor.si, (97),

29, З3Longus Сolli, (15)Lower Lip, Deprеssor of,

(5)Masseter, (7),7, 35, 5ЗМastoido-humeralis, (54),

19,31Metaсarpus, Еxternal

Fleхor оf, (59)

- Middlе Flexor of, (5s)

- oЬlique Еxtеnsor of,(б6)

Мultifidus Сerviсis, (99)Multifidus Dorsi, (gB)Nose, Laterа] Dilator of, (8)

- Superior Dilator of, (g)

- Transverse Dilator oi(10)

obturator Ехternus, (7 7 b)

- Internu s, (77 c)Oblique of the Abdomen,

Еxternal, (50а), З5

120

Musсles-(сontinued)oblique of the AЬd.omen,

Internal, (50b),З3oblique of the Heaсl, An-

teior, (24)

- pg51g.ioц(23)

Omo-hyoitleus, (15b)orbiсular of the Mouth, (1)Peсtineus, (75)Peсtoral, Anterior Deep,

(37), t5

- AnteriorSuperfiсial,(5 б)

- p951g1ior Deep, (58), 1б

- Posterior Superfiсial,(56)

Perforans, (61)' 15' 2I,2З,26; (87),21',2З

Perforatus' (60)' tЗ, 2t, 25;(86),24

Peronreus Tertius, (89),L5, t9,20r 21

Piriformis, (680)Popliteus, (88)Psoas Мajor, (6aa)

- Мinor, (65)

Quadratus Fеmoris, (77 а)

- Lumborum, (65)

Quadriсeps Femoris, (79)Radial, Еxterna]. Еxtensor,

(55)

- fn{g11al Flexor, (57)Reсtus AЬсlominis' (51)

- Femoris,(79а)

- Cфtis , (17)

ffiц5g|g5-(сontinuetl)Rhomboideus, (52), t5' ЗISartorius, (75)Semimembranosus, (72),

19Semitendinosus, (7 t), t9,

5L, ttlSerratus Сerviсis, (З9 а), t5,

ЗI' 52

- Thoraсis, (59b), 7 ^ t|,

t6,2+

- Posterior,(25а)Soleus, (81)Spinalis, (27а)Splenius, (19),52Sterno-Сephaliсus' (1 9)Sterno-Thyro-Hyoideus,

(l5а,)SuЪsсapularis, (44)Supraspinatus, (41)Suspensory ligamen t, (62),

(89)' 13' 2t,2ЗTenсlo Aсhillis, (80b)' t9'

2lr 4'8

Tensor Fasсir Lata, (66),25

- Anti-braсhii' (50)Teres Мajor, (4б)

- Minor, (43)Tibiаl Ехtensor, Anterior,

(85)

- Posteriorr(87b)TransversaLis Costarum,

(e6)

lndex

Musс]es-(сontinued.)Trapezius, Сerviсal part,

(18а)' \5

- Dorsal part, (18b), 16Triсеps Braсhii, Ехternal

Head, (51b), t7

- fn1grnal Head, (51с)

- Long Head, (51а),14,t6) 17

Vastus, Еxternal, (79b)' 18,19,4g

- Interna|, (79с), 18' 19,4,8

Zуgoтлatiсus, (4)Muybridge, I07

Natural llistoгy Museum,З5

Neсk, Ьonеs of, 5, 6' 29, 56Nostrils, З5'56,55,5+

ovеrехtension of thе fetlосk,27,251 26

Parthenon Frieze, 90Parts of thе horse, 95Pasterns, 2tr 25r 59, 4,7; and

тrheel, 119Pelvis, 25,32, ЗЗ' З8Persimmonr 26Photography, instantanеous,

89, go

Pivot pоint, 16

t27Proсessеs, 6, 29, 38; illustra.

tionrSS

Quarters, 10

Ribs,7, 29r67Rubensr 89

Saсrum, 6,25Sсhmaltz, Аtlas dеr Аnаtomiе

dеs Pfеrdе.s, 116Sсienсe, 1,91Sesamoid Bones, 23,4t

- Ligaтnеnts,96Shouldеr blade, 8; sliсling of

thе, 16Shoulder joint, +2, +3

Sisson, The z1nаtomjr of thеDomеstic Аntm'als, 50,r16

Skeleton, Сhap. III'35Skullr T, 55Sloan, joсkey, 104Spiral progression, 28Spоke, aсtion of forе |eg, 1'43

aсtion of hind leg, 19;visibility of moving, 115

Stifle, aсtion of, 19, 4+, +7

Stillman, Tlrc Horse in Mo-tioп,I16

Tail, bonеs of, 5Tangеntial aсtion of musсles,

r5

Indех

r22Tho'-aх-' 27TiЬia,58,З9Trait сlu Noril dгaught lrorse,

х.,20Troсhanter,41Trot, 109, 110Truth, artistiс, 88

Vеins,8бVerteЬrае, 5,29,37 , 102

Walk, 4.,51, LIOWeight on fore and hind feet,

10+Wheel, 110; anсl pasterns,

1.t2Withers,516138Wristr S

Yarмning,56

Indeх

aII

I

..[Thе author] is unеquallеd among living painters in the reprеsеntationof animals. Еxсеllent anatomiсal drawings.''_Neш Statesman and Nation

..Unusual in сonсеption, origiпality, stylе and interest . . . a treasurе for thеhorseman's |lЬr ar у.,' -Thе T im е s (Londoп) Litеrarу S u p p le me nt

This еasy-to-read text еxplains thе horsе as a maсhinе dеsigned for movеment.Using diffеrеnt сolors in his drawings, thе author not oпly desсribes with сlaritythe horsе's skelеton and the funсtions of various musсlеs, but also сreatеs imagеsthat havе the power to suggest movеment and stress. Morе than 75 illustrationsinсlude aссurate diagrams and сolor illustrations of thе horsе's anatomy, as wеllas metiсulously rеndered sketсhes of the еntire animal.

of valuе to students and tеaсhеrs of art, this book wil] also appeal to horse lovеrswho want a deеpеr understanding-without having to examinе thе anatomiсalсomplеxities of thе subjeсt_of why this animal is сapablе of moving with suсhgraсe and speеd.

Unabridged Dover (2003) rеpubliсation of thе edition publishеd by theСountryman Prеss, Woodstoсk, Vermont, l936' 67 blaсk-and-white illustratioпs.Index. Bibliography. Glossary. xiv+l46pp. plus 24-pagе full-сolor insert. 6Иx9И.Papеrbound.

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