Lower Higher Plants Taxonomy

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Unit: Plant taxonomy

In this unit you will learn about:

Lower plants Red algae = Rhodophyta Heteroconts = Heterocontophyta Euglenoids = Euglenophyta Green algae = Chlorophyta Bryophyta hornworts, liverworts, mosses Higher plants Sporophyta Lycopodiophyta club mosses, spike mosses Horsetails = Equisetophyta Ferns = Polypodiophyta Spermatophyta Pinophyta Ginkgopsida, Conifers = Pinopsida Magnoliophyta Dicots = Magnoliopsida, Monocots = Liliopsida


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LLOOWWEERR PPLLAATTSS==TTHHAALLLLOOPPHHYYTTEESS

Characteristics:- there is no specialization of the algal body (root, stem, leaves)- the body is called thallus (unicellular or multicellular) = RHIZOID + CALOID + PHYLOID-

do not have vascular tissue- contain photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a + b ora+ d ora+ c and accessory pigments:carotenoids,

- requires a wet or very moist environment to exist and reproduce

ALGAE

Reproduction:

1. asexuali. MITOSIS

ii. BY FORMATION OF SPORESiii. BY FRAGMENTATION OF THEIR THALLUS

2.

sexual (by fusion of gametes)i. ISOGAMY equal sized motile gametesii. ANISOGAMY motile gametes that do not have the same size & form

iii. OOGAMY small motile male gamete + large non-motile female gamete- they are typical formetagenesis = alternation of generations

Spore (n) mitosis gamete (n) fusion of gametes = zygote (2n) meiosis spore (n)

Classification:They have been classified on basis of:

photosynthetic pigments type of photosynthetic product presence of motile with flagella composition of the cell wall

Division: Red algae = RHODOPHYTADivision: HETEROCONTOPHYTA

Division: Euglenoids = EUGLENOPHYTADivision: Green algae = CHLOROPHYTA

SPOROPHYTE phase that producesspores by meiosis (asexual) GAMETOHYTE phase that produces

gametes by mitosis (sexual)


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Red algae = RHODOPHYTA

Characteristics:- usually multicellular algae- no motility stage- thallus: filamentous-photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, some of them also contain chlorophyll d- accessory pigments: carotenoids, phycoerythrin (red)-product of photosynthesis: floridean starch (food reserve)- composition of cell wall: cellulose, agar and carrageen

Occurrence:

a) fresh water (about 50 species) Batrachospermum moniliforme (abie sem) TANAP,PIENAP

b) marine macro-algae (seaweeds) warm, tropical, deep water (100 m)- play important rolein coral reefs Gracilaria confervoides

Uses:

- source of food- medical use-production of agar (part of the slime that algae produce) important for cultivation of MO

Gracilaria confervoides (Sea moss)- agar is also used for preparation of gelatine in food industry


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Heteroconts =HETEROCOTOPHYTA

Characteristics:- usually motility stage with flagella is present- contain 2 unequal flagella- thallus: unicellular (micro- algae) or multicellular (macro-algae)-photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a + c- accessory pigments: brown carotenoid = fucoxanthin

Occurrence:

- fresh water and marine representativesSystem of hetecontophyta:

Class: Golden brown algaeClass: Yellow-green algaeClass: Diatoms = BACILLARIOPHYCEAE

Characteristics:

- unicellular micro-algae- live alone or form colonies- cell wall is impregnated with silicon dioxide and forms structure(shell)called frustule that is why the diatoms look like Petri dishes

with radial symmetry

with bilateral symmetryReproduction: asexual division

Occurrence: fresh water, sea, soils

Uses:

- indicators of water quality- formation of biomass- soil formation

Class: Brown algae = PHAEOPHYCEAE

Characteristics:

- multicellular thallus that is most complex- usually marine macro-algae (several meters long)

Uses:

- as manure and fuel- is used in chemical industry for preparation of potash, soda, iodine- source of food in Japane.g. Sargassum, Bladder wrack


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AALLGGAAEE


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Euglenoids = EUGLEOPHYTA

Body structure:

Characteristics:

- one of the oldest living organisms on the Earth- unicellular- they contain 1 or 2 flagella- can be autotrophs & heterotrophs-body is covered by unique cell surface pellicle consists of protein plates underlie the cell

membrane, it is rigid and flexible structure- some of them can form shells-photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a + b- one structure of cytoplasm is called stigma = eyespot it contains carotenoids and is sensitive to

light- are part of plankton

Occurrence:

- fresh water, marine water, water holee.g.Euglena viridis

1 nucleus

2 mitochondrion

3 stigma

4 pellicle

5 chloroplast


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Green algae = CHLOROPHYTA

Characteristics:- the largest and very diverse group of algae- are closest to the higher plants-photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a + chlorophyll b- accessory pigments: -karoteniod, xanthophylls-product of photosynthesis: starch- composition of the cell wall: cellulose

Occurrence:

-predominantly freshwater, some marine- can live in symbiosis with fungi = lichens

Body structure:- unicellular types, colonial forms, multicellular thallus (leafy) forms are seaweeds

Taxonomy:

Class: PRASINOPHYCEAEA

Class: Fresh water green algae = CHLOROPHYCEAE- they come in a wide variety of shapes and forms, including free-swimming unicellular species,

colonies, coenobia (are colonies with fixed number of cells), non-flagellate unicells filamentous

species

- great varieties of thalluse.g. Volvox, Chlorela,Pandorina, Sea lettuce, Halimeda, Cladophora

Class: Conjugatophyceae

- filamentous algae- have specific type of sexual reproduction = conjugation (two individuals are united by a tube

formed from one or both of the cells, genetic material from one cell then passes through the tube

into other cell)

- only fresh watere.g. Cosmarium, Spirogyra

Class: Charophyceae

- macro-algae about 1 m long- the highest level of the green algae

e.g. Chara fragilis


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HHIIGGHHEERRPPLLAATTSS

Characteristics:

- contain body = cormus with differentiated parts: ROOT, STEM, LEAF, FLOWER- have vascular tissue- sporophyte is dominant generation

Division of higher plants according to the type of reproductive particles:

A. SPOROPHYTA (not taxonomic unit)

Division: BRYOPHYTA = Mosses and Liverworts

Division: LYCOPODIOPHYTA = Lycopods

Division: EQUISETOPHYTA = Horsetails

Division: POLYPODIOPHYTA = Ferns

B. SPERMATOPHYTA (not taxonomic unit)

Division: PINOPHYTA (gymnosperms)

Division: MAGNOLIOPHYTA (angiosperms)

Division: BRYOPHYTA = Mosses and Liwerworts

Characteristics:

-photosynthetic, non-vascular plants (if they contain vascular tissue, it is not well developed)- cell wall is made of cellulose-photosynthetic product: starch- sex organs: = archaegonium sg./ archaegonia pl. (contains ova), = antheridium

sg./antheridia pl. (contains spermatozoids or sperm cells)

- GAMETOPHYTE: green part of the plant, independent- SPOROPHYTE: depends on gametophyte because it is not able to perform photosynthesis

1 = SETA (stalk)

2 = CAPSULA

3 = CALYPTRA (cap)

- heteromorphic metagenesis represents type of metagenesis, in which gametophyte takes longerduration than sporophyte

- they are the onlyland plants with dominant gametophyte- regressive evolutional stage of plants- types ofthallus:a) THALLOSE

b) LEAFYc) DIFFERENTIATED - mosses

liverworts

ab

c


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Occurrence:

- can be found everywhere but they prefer humid places, some of themcould be on the other hand xerophytes

Reproduction:

a) ASEXUAL FRAGMENTATION pieces of the gametophyte breaking off by GEMMAE pl./gemma sg. specialised propagules are produced mitotically

b) SEXUALUses:

- to protect the soil against drying off- to hold loose dirt in a place thus preventing landslides- to regulate humidity of the air they affect climate- soil formation by decomposition of their bodies likePrairie sphagnum

Taxonomy:

class: Hornworts

class: Liverworts = HEPATICOPSIDA

e.g. Common liverwort

class: Mosses = MUSCOPSIDA

e.g. Prairie sphagnum, White cushion moss, Dicranum moss, Harts- tongue thyme-moss, Common

hair moss


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Life cycle:

description:

1 spores

2 PROTOEMA

3 antheridium

4 archaegonium

5 spermatozoid

6 seta

7 capsule

S sporophyte

G gametophyte

R! = meiosis


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Division: Lycopodiophyta =Lycopods

Characteristics:

- herbs or fossil trees- are typical of small 1 vein leaves = microphylls spirally arranged around the stem- reproductive structures: spores that are produced in sporangia- leaves that bear the sporangia are called sporophylls group of sporophylls = strobilus- some of them contain lingula to receive rainwater

e.g.Running club-moss, Club spike-moss are protected by law

Uses:

- their spores are very flammable so they are used as fireworks- they produce some chemicals that could be used as a possible treatment for Alzheimers disease- fossils are abundant in coal deposits

Division: Horsetails = Equisetophyta

Characteristics:

- herbs and fossil trees about 20 30 m long and 1 m wide e.g. Calamites formation of coaldeposits

- have erect, hollow, jointed stem consists ofnodes and internodes (part between two nodes)- nodes are clearly defined by whorls of leaves- leaves are scale-like , without any photosynthetic pigment only the stems and branches are

photosynthetic organs

- cell wall is impregnated by silica (SiO2) that is the reason of rough texture of the stem- sporophylls of strobilus bear sporangia- spores = 4 are associated with 4 coiled elaters = 3

strobilus


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Common horsetail is characterized by presence of two types of stem:

a) fertile stem is not green, brown coloured, non-photosynthetic; growsin the spring time, has sporangia = 2

b) sterile stem green, photosynthetic; grows in the summer time; organicsubstances are stored in its roots for next vegetation = 1

Marsh horsetail

Wood horsetail

Occurrence:

- grow in barren, sandy soils

Uses:

- were used to polish metal because they have gritty stem- in medicine (to stop blood bleeding, tuberculosis, treating diseases of

urinary system, )


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Division: Ferns = Polypodiophyta

Characteristics:

- green, non-flowering land plants- mainly herbs- their body consists of:

a) rootsb) rhizome swollen underground stemc) leaves

usually large pinnately compound called fronds grow directly from rhizome young once are typical ofcircinate vernation they are coiled

into a spiral to protect themselves

on the underside of a fern frond there are sori pl./sorus sg. =clusters of sporangia

Occurrence:

- damp, shady places in woods- in the cracks and overhangs of rock cliffs

Examples:

Common male fern, Lady fern, Ostrich fern, Common polypody, Maidenhair spleenwort, Bracken fern,

European water-clover, Harts tongue

Uses:

- usually for decoration to arrange flowers- the dense root systems are widely used as a substrate for growing orchids- in medicine

sori

frond

circinatevernaton

rhizome

root


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Life cycle:

1 adult plant, 2 sporangium, 3 spores, 4 germinating spore, 5PROTHALLUS (heart shaped) with

archaegonium and antheridium, 6 ovum, 7 sperm cells, 8 young plant

Description:

S

G


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1

23

45

6

78

9


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RREEVVIISSIIOO

Task 1

Fill the information missing in the table.

club mosses, spike mosses ferns

Higher or lower plants?

Where they grow?

Are they protected by law?

Use

What is the name for thestructure that grows from spore?

Task 2

Match the terms with their meaning.

whorl (n) plant that lives more than two years

perennial (n) parts of plant which could be used for reproduction

circinate vernation having rough surface

to polish circular pattern of leaves on a stem

combustible coiled young leaves of ferns

abrasive to make something smooth, bright

spores able to burn easily

Task 3

Answer:

1. What is the difference between the mosses and club mosses?2. What is the reason for using horsetails as polish?3. What are they called?


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SSPPEERRMMAATTOOPPHHYYTTAA

Characteristics:

- multicellular plants that are on the highest level of the plant evolution- reproductive organs are located in the flower (modified leaves)- their body consists of roots, stem a leaves with well-developed vascular system- is hard to distinguish metagenesis because gametophyte is completely dependent on sporophyte

and is never free living

Division: Pinophyta = Gymnosperms

Characteristics:

- trees or shrubs that bear their seeds in cones- usually evergreens- have tall, straight trunks and narrow branches- there are male = microstrobilus (is light and powdery) and female = macrostrobilus cones- O DOUBLE FERTILIZATIO to produce endosperm- seeds are not enclosed in an ovary- pollination is always by wind- contain collateral vascular bundles arranged in to the circle

Taxonomy:class: Ginkgopsida

- there is only one speciesGinkgo biloba = Maidenhair tree

dioecious and deciduous tree with noticeable dwarf shoots and bilobedleaves with dichotomous venation

- is used in medicine - used to treat for instance respiratory problems likeasthma, bronchitis, hearing loss, coughing, tuberculosis, poor circulation,

memory loss, gonorrhoea, stomach pain, skin diseases, high blood

pressure and anxiety

class: Pinopsida = Conifers

- trees, shrubs- usually monoecious exceptyew, juniper- have simple needle-like (pine, fir)or tiny scale-like leaves (thuja, western red cedar)- leaves grow individually or in dwarf shoots (a lateral branch that is much smaller than the main

one)

-

seeds are located in:a) woody cones fir, spruce, pine


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b) berry-like cones -juniperc) fleshy arils-yew

- embryo has 2 15 cotyledons- 50 genera, 600 species but only 9 are our indigenous conifers :

White fir, orway spruce, (2) Mountain pine, (5) Arolla= Swiss pine, Scotch pine = Forest

pine (2), European yew (is toxic because it contains alkaloid taxin), European larch, =

Common Juniper, Juniperus Sabina

Cedar, Western red cedar = Thuja, Blue spruce, Giant sequoia, Douglas fir

Division: Magnoliophyta = Angiosperms

Characteristics:

- they are phylogenetic younger plants than conifers- trees, shrubs and herbs- have true flower- ovule is enclosed-pollination is done by wind, water, animals- double fertilization to produce endosperm- seeds are located in fruits

Taxonomy:

class: Dicots = Magnoliopsida

class: Monocots = Liliopsida

class cotyledonsleaf

venationflower parts

vascular

bundlesroot system

secondary

growth

DICOTS 2 pinnate andpalmate in multiplesof 4 or 5 are in a ring taproot present

MONOCOTS1 parallel

in multiplesof 3

are scatteredfibrous =

adventitioususuallyabsent

floral formula - is a way to represent the structure of a flower using specific letters, numbers, andsymbols. It is used to represent the flower structure of a plant family rather than a particular species.Symbols for the parts of a flower:

K= calyx

C = corolla

A = androecium (* = a staminode, sterile stamen)

G = gynoecium

a straight line below the G indicates a superior ovary, a straight line above the G indicates an inferior

ovary, -G- indicates half inferior

& are used to designate male and female flowers

umbers of parts:

Superscript numbers are used to designate the numbers of each parts:

K5 = 5 free sepals

C0 = corolla is missing, no petals

x = variable number

(infinity) = a high unstable number; over 20


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numbers in brackets [ ] = sometimes or rarely, e.g. A4[5] means androecium usually 4 stamens, rarely

5

Fusion of parts:

Connation, fusion of like parts, is indicated by parentheses ()

C(5)

= 5 fused petalsA

(9)+1 = androecium of 10 stamens, 9 fused together, one free

Curved lines may be drawn above or below a number to indicate fused only at the top and fused only at

the bottom.

K C A indicates the calyx, corolla and androecium are united at their bases (hypanthium)

Symmetry - lower case subscripts are used with the calyx and corolla to indicate symmetry (I made

these up to conform with the Jepson Manual terminology):

a = asymmetrical - irregular, not divisible into identical mirror image halves

bl = bilateral - divisible into mirror image halves in only one way

br = biradial - divisible into mirror image halves in two ways

r = radial - divisible into mirror image halves in three or more ways

Ka means the calyx is asymmetrical, KrCbl means the calyx is radial and the corolla is bilateral

e.g. the formula below translates to a flower with a calyx of 5 separate sepals with radial symmetry; a

bilateral corolla of 5 petals, 2 joined together, two forming a pair and a 5th different from the rest;

androecium of 10 stamens, 9 joined by their filaments, the 10th free; gynoecium unicarpellate, the

ovary superior.


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Task 1

Try to name the following examples of the division Pinophyta.


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Task 2

Complete the missing information:

a) type of leaves:

b) location of seeds

Task 3

Fill the table with suitable characteristics.

class cotyledons leaf venation flowerparts vascularbundles root system secondarygrowth

DICOTS

MONOCOTS

Task 4

Which of them are monocots and which of them are dicots? Use the characteristics in the table above.

...........................

...........................

........................... ........................... ...........................


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Class: Dicots = Magnoliopsida

family: magnolia family = MAGOLIACEAE- trees or shrubs- acyclic flower, corolla and calyx are not differentiated perianth- stamens are ribbon-like, spirally arranged- fruit: follicle or samara- uses: as ornamental flowers, timber; bark, leaf, and fruit teas have been

used to treat fevers, rheumatism, and stomach ailments- representatives: Tulip tree, Southern magnolia

family: Buttercup or Crowfoot's Family = RAUCULACEAE

- annual or perennial herbs, few shrubs or vines- contains lots ofalkaloids poisonous- fruit: follicle or achene- uses: as ornamental flowers; in medicine as drugs for treating

cardiovascular disorders- representatives:Meadow buttercup, Creeping buttercup, Lesser celandine,

Wood anemone, Pasque flower, Columbine


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family: Poppy family = PAPAVERACEAE

- annual or perennial herbs with milky sap because oflaticifers- contains alkaloids as morphine, codeine, papaverine many are

poisonous and can cause drug addiction- fruit: capsule with pores- uses: as ornamental flowers; in medicine to relieve the pain (morphine), to

suppress the cough or as sedatives; for baking- representatives: Corn poppy, Opium poppy, Greater celandine


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family: Beech family = FAGACEAE

- trees or shrubs- flowers are unisexual staminate flowers are in catkin, pistilate flowers

are solitary or few in clusters- fruit: one seeded nut = achene common oak = acorn- uses: some of them are used for production of cork, source of food for

wildlife, as lumber, ornamentals, could be used in medicine because theycontain chemicals which have antiviral, antiseptic and antitumor

properties but they are also carcinogenic- representatives:European beech,Penduculate oak,Durmast oak, Sweet

chestnut


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family: Mustard family = BRASSICACEAE

- annual, biennial and perennial herbs- are typical of strong odour because they produce mustard oil glycosides

by idioblasts which defend the plants against microrganisms and animals- their corolla is specific because it contains 4 petals arranged in a cross

Cruciferae

- fruit: silique (long), silicle (short)- uses: are economically important plants = vegetables (Brussel sprouts,Broccoli, Cabbage, Cauliflower) ornamentals, in medicine to preventcancers, leaves used for rheumatism, toothaches, seeds for headache

- representatives: Oilseed rape,Radish,Red cabbage,Horseradish,Shepard's Purse,Pennycress


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family: Rose family = ROSACEAE

- herbs, shrubs and trees- calyx, corolla and androecium are attached to the

hypanthium (cup-shaped structure)- flowers are pent numerous- fruit: achene, follicle, drupe, pome, berry- uses: ornamentals, food industry, in medicine- representatives:Dog rose, Common almond,

European strawberry, Wild cherry, European crab

apple, Goose grass, Apricot, Pear, Peach, Blackthorn, Red raspberry,

Common hawthorn


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family: Bean family = FABACEAE

- trees, shrubs and mainly herbs- are typical of symbiosis of their roots with nitrogen fixing bacteria- their flower is specific pea flower: standard, wings, keel

- fruit: legume- their seeds contain a lot of proteins that have nutritional value- uses: source of food, ornamentals, green manure, some of them are

melliferous plants (False acacia)- representatives:False acacia, Golden rain tree, Indian pea,Lupine,

Lucerne, Common mellilot, Garden pea, Red clover, Lentil, Vetch


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family: Carrot family = APIACEAE- biennial or perennial herbs- bisexual flowers are arranged in inflorescence usually umbel or

compound umbel- fruit: achene- uses: economic importance source of food, for flavouring food, in

medicine - to treat a variety of ailments, but some of them are toxic suchasPoison hemlock

- representatives: Wild carrot,Poison hemlock,Dill,Parsley, Caraway


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family: Potato family = SOLAACEAE

- herbs, shrubs, trees, and vines- contain alkaloids toxic- fruit: berry, capsule- uses: economic importance source of food, as spices- representatives:Jimsom weed, Tobacco, Tomato,Potato,Pepper,Deadly

nightshade

family: Mint family = LAMIACEAE

- herbs with square stems- contain aromatic oils- fruit: pixys- uses: economic importance for flavouring food Basil, Thyme, making

perfumes Lavender, ornamentals, medical use have antibacterial andantiviral properties

- representatives:Dead nettle, Rosemary, Lavender, Mint, Sweet basil,Thyme, Salvia


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family: Aster family = ASTERACEAE

- mostly herbs- their typical inflorescence is capitulum which contains lingulate floret

(sterile) and tubular floret (fertile)

- fruit: achene- uses: economic importance oil production Sunflower, ornamentals

Chrysanthemum (chryzantma), in medicine for treating common coldor influenza, to improve immune system

- representatives: Sunflower,Milfoil = Common yarrow, Aster,Chrysanthemum,Pot marigold, Common daisy, Common dandelion,Coltsfoot, Dahlia


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Class: Monocots = Liliopsida

family: Lily family = LILIACEA

- herbs with rhizomes, corms or bulbs- contain alkaloids, glycosides- fruit: capsule, berry- uses: economic importance some of them are used as vegetables

Onion, Garlic,Leek; ornamentals, in medicine - a wide range of internaland external uses

- representatives:Autumn crocus ,Lily of the valley, Wild asparagus


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family: Amaryllis family = AMARYLLIDACEAE

- representatives: Snowdrop, Daffodil, Spring snowflake

family: Iris family = IRIDACEAE- - herbs with rhizomes, corms or bulbs- contain alkaloids, glycosides- fruit: capsule- uses: ornamentals- representatives:Iris, Saffron, Gladiolus

family: Grass family = POACEAE- perennial or annual herbs- stems = culms (steblo) are erect, hollow with nodes and internodes- leaves are composed of an open sheath, ligule and blade, sheath encloses

the culm

- flowers are arranged in inflorescences basic unit is the spikelet


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- fruit: grain = caryopsis- lodicules are specialized structures that have important in opening of the

floret- uses: economic importance source of food, ornamentals (grasses), in

medicine - as diuretic, for treating diarrhoea, sore throats- representatives: Oat, Wheat, Common rye, Barley,Maize, Millet, Meadow

grass, Tall fescue

Documents

Lower Higher Plants Taxonomy