Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

18031803

I. The Louisiana Territory had belonged to the I. The Louisiana Territory had belonged to the Spanish until 1802 when it was given to France in Spanish until 1802 when it was given to France in A secret treaty.A secret treaty.

a. Spain had given trade rights to The Mississippi a. Spain had given trade rights to The Mississippi and New Orleans in Pinckney's Treaty but now and New Orleans in Pinckney's Treaty but now those rights were being cancelled, The Mississippi those rights were being cancelled, The Mississippi and the Port of New Orleans were critical to and the Port of New Orleans were critical to American trade in the West.American trade in the West.

b. France according to Jefferson was a threat to b. France according to Jefferson was a threat to America because of the colonial ideas of its America because of the colonial ideas of its emperor Napoleonemperor Napoleon

c. Jefferson sought to acquire the Port of New c. Jefferson sought to acquire the Port of New Orleans and Florida from FranceOrleans and Florida from France

d. Congress authorized $2,000,000 for d. Congress authorized $2,000,000 for purchasepurchase

1. Jefferson authorized Robert Livingston 1. Jefferson authorized Robert Livingston to pay $10,000,000 for New Orleans and to pay $10,000,000 for New Orleans and West FloridaWest Florida

2. Napoleon controlled his New World 2. Napoleon controlled his New World empire from Santo Domingo empire from Santo Domingo

3. Slaves led by Toussaint Louverture 3. Slaves led by Toussaint Louverture staged a rebellion against the plantation staged a rebellion against the plantation owners and declared a republicowners and declared a republic

a. France sent troops that captured a. France sent troops that captured Louverture but could not regain Louverture but could not regain control of the island and it became control of the island and it became Haiti as the French were driven outHaiti as the French were driven out

b. Napoleon now had little hopes for b. Napoleon now had little hopes for an empire in America and as costs an empire in America and as costs rose in his war against Britain he rose in his war against Britain he chose to sell to America chose to sell to America

1. France offered all of Louisiana and 1. France offered all of Louisiana and New Orleans to the US for New Orleans to the US for $15,000,000$15,000,000

2. Monroe and Livingston posed the 2. Monroe and Livingston posed the deal to Jefferson deal to Jefferson

3. Jefferson was concerned whether he 3. Jefferson was concerned whether he had the power to make such a had the power to make such a purchase under the constitution. purchase under the constitution.

a. He did so under the powers to a. He did so under the powers to create treaty - 1803create treaty - 1803

New AcquisitionNew Acquisition

SlaverySlavery Governing Louisiana was more difficult than Governing Louisiana was more difficult than

acquiring it. Since the slave trade had yet to acquiring it. Since the slave trade had yet to be abolished, there were large slave be abolished, there were large slave populations in several slave states. Because populations in several slave states. Because of this, there were widespread fears that of this, there were widespread fears that American slaves would follow the example of American slaves would follow the example of those in Saint-Domingue, and revolt. those in Saint-Domingue, and revolt. Southerners wanted slavery legalized in Southerners wanted slavery legalized in Louisiana, so they could ship their slaves to Louisiana, so they could ship their slaves to the new territory and reduce the threat of the new territory and reduce the threat of future slave revolts. Jefferson agreed and future slave revolts. Jefferson agreed and allowed slavery in the acquired territory, allowed slavery in the acquired territory, which laid the foundation for the crisis of the which laid the foundation for the crisis of the union a half century later. union a half century later.

StatehoodStatehood

Example set by Northwest ordinance Example set by Northwest ordinance to ban slavery is ignoredto ban slavery is ignored

Missouri petitions for statehoodMissouri petitions for statehood

The Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise

In 1819, a time of serious economic In 1819, a time of serious economic problems, President Monroe was faced problems, President Monroe was faced with another crisis. Missouri was the first with another crisis. Missouri was the first state to be carved out of land acquired state to be carved out of land acquired through the Louisiana Purchase, which through the Louisiana Purchase, which Monroe had helped negotiate in 1803. It Monroe had helped negotiate in 1803. It was on the verge of being admitted to the was on the verge of being admitted to the Union at a time when there were 22 Union at a time when there were 22 states. Eleven states allowed slavery and states. Eleven states allowed slavery and 11 did not. There was an argument in the 11 did not. There was an argument in the U.S. Congress about whether Missouri U.S. Congress about whether Missouri should or should not allow slavery.should or should not allow slavery.

the Senate and House of the Senate and House of Representatives worked out a deal Representatives worked out a deal that allowed Massachusetts' that allowed Massachusetts' northernmost counties to apply for northernmost counties to apply for admission to the Union as a non-admission to the Union as a non-slave state called Maine while slave state called Maine while Missouri would be admitted as a Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. slave state.

Senate equalSenate equal

With the admission of Missouri and With the admission of Missouri and Maine to the Union, the number of Maine to the Union, the number of slave states and non-slave states slave states and non-slave states remained equal at 12 each, which remained equal at 12 each, which prevented the South from having prevented the South from having more representation in the Senate more representation in the Senate

In addition, slavery would be In addition, slavery would be forbidden north of the latitude line forbidden north of the latitude line that runs along the southern Missouri that runs along the southern Missouri border for the remaining Louisiana border for the remaining Louisiana Territory (36 o 30 ’)Territory (36 o 30 ’)

Postponing the conflictPostponing the conflict In the end, the Missouri Compromise In the end, the Missouri Compromise

led to the creation of a total of nine led to the creation of a total of nine new states that would never allow new states that would never allow slavery (out of a total of 14 states, or slavery (out of a total of 14 states, or parts of states, that were carved out parts of states, that were carved out of land acquired through the of land acquired through the Louisiana Purchase) Louisiana Purchase)

Excerpt from the Missouri Excerpt from the Missouri Compromise, 1820Compromise, 1820

SEC. 8. And be it further enacted. That in all that SEC. 8. And be it further enacted. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the limits of the state, latitude, not included within the limits of the state, contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the parties shall have been duly crimes, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever prohibited: Provided always, That any person prohibited: Provided always, That any person escaping from slavery...may be lawfully reclaimed escaping from slavery...may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed back to the person (slave owner)...and conveyed back to the person (slave owner)...

After the Fugitive Slave Act was passed, if a After the Fugitive Slave Act was passed, if a runaway slave was caught, they had to be sent runaway slave was caught, they had to be sent back to their "owners" by law. back to their "owners" by law.

While the Missouri Compromise seemed to While the Missouri Compromise seemed to settle an issue at the time, its full impact settle an issue at the time, its full impact still lay years in the future. The issue of still lay years in the future. The issue of slavery was far from settled, and further slavery was far from settled, and further compromises and Supreme Court decisions compromises and Supreme Court decisions would play a role in the great debates over would play a role in the great debates over it.it.

And while Thomas Jefferson, writing in And while Thomas Jefferson, writing in retirement in 1820, had feared the Missouri retirement in 1820, had feared the Missouri Crisis would shatter the Union, his fears Crisis would shatter the Union, his fears were not fully realized for another four were not fully realized for another four decades, when the Civil War erupted and decades, when the Civil War erupted and the slavery issue was ultimately settled.the slavery issue was ultimately settled.