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9/4/2013 1 Losing Weight and Keeping It Off: New Guidelines and Strategies Cynthia Knapp Dlugosz, BSPharm Owner Being in Balance Coaching Ann Arbor, Michigan 1 Development and Support 2 This activity was developed by the American Pharmacists Association and supported by an independent educational grant from Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC. Accreditation Information The American Pharmacists Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education (CPE). This activity, Losing Weight and Keeping It Off: New Guidelines and Strategies, is approved for 1.5 hours of CPE credit (0.15 CEUs). The ACPE Universal Activity Number assigned by the accredited provider is: 0202000013211L01P. To obtain CPE credit for this activity, participants will be required to actively participate in the entire webinar and complete an online assessment and evaluation located at www.pharmacist.com/education by September 23, 2013. Initial Release Date: September 9, 2013 Target Audience: Pharmacists ACPE Activity Type: Knowledgebased Learning Level: 2 Fee: There is no fee for this activity 3

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Page 1: Losing Weight and Keeping It Off handout final 090213

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1

Losing Weight and Keeping It Off: New Guidelines and Strategies

Cynthia Knapp Dlugosz, BSPharm

Owner

Being in Balance Coaching

Ann Arbor, Michigan

1

Development and Support

2

This activity was developed by the American Pharmacists Association and supported by an independent educational grant from Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC. 

Accreditation Information

The American Pharmacists Association is accredited by theAccreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education (CPE). This activity, Losing Weight and Keeping It Off: New Guidelines and Strategies, is approved for 1.5 hours of CPE credit (0.15 CEUs). The ACPE Universal Activity Number assigned by the accredited provider is: 0202‐0000‐13‐211‐L01‐P. To obtain CPE credit for this activity, participants will be required to actively participate in the entire webinar and complete an online assessment and evaluation located at www.pharmacist.com/education by September 23, 2013.

Initial Release Date: September 9, 2013Target Audience: PharmacistsACPE Activity Type: Knowledge‐basedLearning Level: 2Fee: There is no fee for this activity

3

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Disclosures Cynthia Knapp Dlugosz, BSPharm declares no conflicts of 

interest or financial interests in any product or service mentioned in this activity, including grants, employment, gifts, stock holdings, and honoraria. 

APhA’s editorial staff declares no conflicts of interest or financial interests in any product or service mentioned in this activity, including grants, employment, gifts, stock holdings, and honoraria. For complete staff disclosures, please see the Education and Accreditation Information section at www.pharmacist.com/education.

4

Learning Objectives

At the completion of this activity, participants will be able to: Summarize current clinical practice guidelines for the

identification and treatment of obesity Explain the concept of energy balance and identify

important gaps in the understanding of this concept Discuss noteworthy new information regarding optimal

lifestyle interventions for weight loss and maintenance Describe existing drug therapy options for chronic

weight management in terms of efficacy, adverse effects, monitoring, and other key characteristics

List emerging treatment options for weight loss and maintenance

Cynthia Knapp Dlugosz, BSPharm

Certified Integrative Health Coach

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THE PROBLEM AND THE GUIDELINES

“Current” Obesity Guidelines

1998

American Heart AssociationAmerican College of Cardiology

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

Weight (kg) Weight (lb)

Height (m2) Height (in2)OR 703

BMI Classification

Normal weight = 18.5–24.9

Overweight = 25.0–29.9

Obesity 

Class I: 30.0–34.9 

Class II: 35.0–39.9

Class III: ≥40.0  (extreme obesity)

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health‐topics/topics/obe/diagnosis.html

Overweight ObeseHealthy

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Prevalence of Obesity

Prevalence of obesity began to increase after 1980

There was a dramatic increase in obesity in the United States from 1990 through 2010

http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html

Estimated Average Food Consumption

2,169

2,614

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

1970 2010

kcal/day

http://www.ers.usda.gov/data‐products/food‐availability‐%28per‐capita%29‐data‐system/summary‐findings.aspx#.UhFyqj9Cr3E

15

[CDC Obesity Trends slides available at:http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html]

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Prevalence in Adults

More than two thirds of adults (≥20 years) are overweight or obese

Specifically:

69.2% of adults are overweight or obese

35.9% are obese

6.3% are extremely obese

By 2030:

42% will be obese

11% will be extremely obese

Flegal KM et al. JAMA. 2012;307(5):491–7.

Finkelstein EA et al. Am J Prev Med. 2012;42(6):563–70.

Prevalence in Children

31.8% of children and teens are overweight or obese

16.9% are obese

BMI ≥95th percentile on BMI‐for‐age growth charts

Ogden CL et al. JAMA. 2012;307(5):483‐90.

Current NHLBI Guidelines

Who should lose weight?

BMI ≥30

BMI 25–29.9 + ≥2 risk factors

High‐risk waist circumference + ≥2 risk factors

• Men >40 in

• Women >35 in

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Risk Factors

Cigarette smoking

Hypertension

LDL ≥160 mg/dL*

HDL <35 mg/dL

Impaired fasting glucose (FPG 100–125 mg/dL)

Family history of premature CHD

MI, sudden death in male relative ≤55 years or female relative ≤65 years

Age ≥45 years (men)

≥55 years (women)**

**Or postmenopausal*Or 130–159 mg/dL + ≥2 other risk factors

Initial Approach to Weight Loss

Target: reduce body weight by 10% from baseline over 6 months

Rate: 1–2 lb/wk

• 0.5–1 lb/wk may be more realistic at lower starting weights

Strategy: energy deficit of 500–1,000 kcal/day

• 300–500 kcal/day at lower starting weights

Components: dietary therapy, increased physical activity, behavior therapy

Guide to Selecting Treatment

The Practical Guide: Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults

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Comorbidities

CHD

Dyslipidemia

Hypertension

Sleep apnea

Type 2 diabetes

USPSTF Recommendation Statement

BMI ≥30

Offer or refer patients to intensive, multicomponent behavioral interventions

Average expected weight loss 8.8–15.4 lb

September 2012

“…obesity [is] a disease requiring a range of medical interventions to advance obesity 

treatment and prevention.”

AMA Policy, June 2013

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UNDERSTANDING ENERGY BALANCE

First Law of Thermodynamics

Body weight cannot change if, over a specified time, energy intake and 

energy output are equal

Hill JO et al. Circulation. 2012;126:126–32.

OUTPUTPhysical Activity

Calories

INTAKECalories From

Food

ENERGY BALANCE

Components of Energy Intake

Macronutrient Energy (kcal/g)Carbohydrates(starches, sugar)

4

Protein 4

Fat 9

Alcohol 7

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Components of Energy Output

Resting metabolic rate

Amount of energy expended under restful conditions

Includes calories needed to support vital functions

Thermic effect of food Food digestion, absorption, 

storage

Activity energy expenditure Exercise

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

RMR = 60%–75%

AEE = 15%–35%

TEF = 8%–10%

Problem #1:

There’s a  we still don’t know

How Does Energy Balance Occur?

How is energy balance regulated?

Over what time period?

OUTPUTPhysical Activity

Calories

INTAKECalories From

Food

ENERGY BALANCE

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How Many Calories Do We Need?

Activity Level

Age (yr) Sedentary Moderate Active

Women

19–30 2,000 2,000–2,200 2,400

31–50 1,800 2,000 2,200

51+ 1,600 1,800 2,000–2,200

Men

19–30 2,400 2,600–2,800 3,000

31–50 2,200 2,400–2,600 2,800–3,000

51+ 2,000 2,200–2,400 2,400–2,800

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010

Target Calories for Weight Loss?

Weight (lb) Sedentary Light Activity

140 1,200 1,203

150 1,200 1,265

160 1,200 1,326

170 1,200 1,388

180 1,202 1,450

190 1,256 1,512

Moore TJ et al. The Dash Diet for Weight Loss. 2012.

Obesity: Food, Activity, or Both?

OUTPUTPhysical Activity

Calories

INTAKECalories From

Food

ENERGY BALANCE

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What Drives Weight Regain?

• Leptin suppresses appetite

• Weight loss =  leptin

• PYY suppresses appetite, counters ghrelin

• Ghrelin stimulates appetite

• Weight loss =  ghrelin

http://www.scripps.edu/zorrilla/research.html

More Unknowns

Is BMI the best indicator of obesity and health risk?

Can obesity become “irreversible”? Bumaschny VF et al. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(11):4203–12

Does genetic analysis have a role in weight management? Patients with FTO rs9939609 A allele are 70% more likely 

to become obese

FTO regulates ghrelin• Karra E et al. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:3539–5

More Unknowns

How do “hedonic eating” and neural control of appetite figure in?

Can we become “addicted” to eating?

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Copyright © 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Neural Correlates of Food Addiction

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):808–16. Gearhardt AN et al. 

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Caudate

Lateral orbitofrontal cortex

Glycemic Index

Glycemic index is the degree to which a specific food raises blood glucose level

Glucose or white bread used as reference standard (GI = 100)

• GI >70 = high

• GI <45 = low

Highly processed carbohydrates (the “whites”) tend to have high GI

• White bread, pasta, rice, potatoes, sugar

High GI = Food Addiction?

plasma glucose

hunger

Selectively stimulate brain regions associated with reward, craving

Lennerz BS et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Jun 26. [Epub ahead of print]

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Problem #2:

We have no data, or existing data are misleading

Copyright © 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

The Energy Content of Restaurant Foods Without Stated Calorie Information

JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(14):1292–9. Urban LE at al. 

Mean (SD) Gross Energy of the Most Popular Meals in the Most Prevalent Independent Restaurant Categories

The red line represents one third of the mean daily energy requirement for the average adult (667 kcal).

Figure Legend:

Inaccurate Calorie Counts?

Stated Measured

250 kcal

252 kcal

315 kcal

306 kcal

Urban LE et al. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:116–23.

Urban LE et al. JAMA. 2011;306(3):287–293.

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Problem #3:

We got the math wrong

The Gospel of Energy Balance 

3,500 calories = 1 lb

Chronic energy imbalance of:

100 kcal/day = 10 lb/yr

500 kcal/day = 1 lb/wk

140

142

144

146

148

150

152

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Weight (lb)

Week

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My Weight Loss Journey

Feb 2008

Feb 2009

Feb 2010

Changing Energy Needs

Increasing body weight

• RMR

• AEE

Decreasing body weight

• RMR

• AEE

Hall KD et al. Lancet. 2011;378:826–37.

The “3,500 calorie per pound” rule does not account for dynamic physiological adaptations that 

occur with decreased body weight

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The New Math

10 kcal  in energy intake = 1 lb  in body weight

Permanent 10 kcal change

Eventual change of 1 lb when body weight reaches new steady state

1 year to achieve 50% of weight loss

3 years to achieve 95% of weight loss

Hall KD et al. Lancet. 2011;378:826–37.

So a 500‐calorie deficit could be expected to result in a 25‐lb weight loss in 1 year, not 25 weeks

Body Weight Simulator

http://bwsimulator.niddk.nih.gov/ 

THE ROLE OF DIET AND EXERCISE

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Diet vs Exercise

Dietary therapy (reduced‐calorie eating plan) is most important for weight loss

Physical activity is especially important for weight loss maintenance

Diet CompositionsFat Content Carb 

Content Protein Content

Examples

High(55%–65%) 

Low (<20%; <100 g/day) 

High(25%–30%)

Dr.  Atkins New Diet Revolution

The Carbohydrate Addict’s Diet

Moderate(25%–35%)

Moderate(35%–50%)

High(25%–30%)

The South Beach Diet

The Zone Diet

Moderate(20%–30%)

High(55%–60%)

Moderate(15%–20%)

USDA

DASH diet

Weight Watchers

Low/very low (<19%)

Very high (>65%) 

Moderate(10%–20%) 

Eat More, Weigh Less (Ornish)

Pritikin

Freedman MR et al. Obes Res. 2001;9(suppl 1):1S–40S.

The Bottom Line

Adherence is more important than macronutrient composition

Dansinger ML et al. JAMA. 2005;293 (1):43–53.

Gardner CD et al. JAMA. 2007;297(9):969–77.

Alhassan S et al. Int J Obes. 2008;32(6):985–91.

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Physical Activity Guidelines

For overall health

150 minutes moderate‐intensity aerobic activity each week

To meet weight control goals

≥300 moderate‐intensity aerobic activity each week

Physical Activity Tips

Walking or jogging burns ~100 calories/mile

Vigorous‐intensity activity is more time efficient for weight control

SAY IT AIN’T SO…If you ran a 26‐mile marathon, you would burn 2,600 calories—i.e., 900 calories below what’s needed to lose 1 lb of fat

THE ROLE OF PHARMACOTHERAPY

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Mechanisms of Action

Nutrient absorption

• Decrease appetite

• Increase satiety

Energy intake

Energy expenditure

What We Know

Medication alone without diet/lifestyle change is not effective

Achieve modest weight loss

4%–6% more than lifestyle changes

Weight regain occurs when drug therapy is discontinued

Approved for Long‐Term Use

Drug DosageMechanism of Action Adverse Effects

Orlistat(Xenical, alli)

120 mg tid Lipase inhibitor: decreased absorption of fat

Soft/liquid/oily stools, fecal urgency, flatulence, bloating, abdominal pain, dyspepsia

Sibutramine(Meridia)

10–15 mg qd

Appetite suppressant: combined norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Modest increases in heart rate and blood pressure, nervousness, insomnia

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FDA Approval Criteria for Therapy

Efficacy benchmarks

Difference in mean weight loss ≥5% after 1 year

≥35% of subjects lose ≥5% of baseline body weight after 1 year

Secondary endpoints

Blood pressure and pulse

Lipoprotein lipids

Fasting glucose/insulin

A1C (type 2 diabetes)

Waist circumference

First New Agents Since 1999

Lorcaserin (Belviq) Selective serotonin 2C 

receptor agonist 10 mg twice daily Appetite suppression, 

satiety enhancement C‐IV Pregnancy category X

Phentermine/topiramate(Qsymia) Sympathomimetic + 

antiepileptic agent Once daily in AM Fixed combinations/dose 

titration Appetite suppression, 

satiety enhancement C‐IV (phentermine) Contraindicated in 

pregnancy (oral clefts) Limited distribution 

through certified pharmacies

Discontinue if ≥5% weight loss not 

achieved after 12 weeks

Discontinue if ≥5% weight loss not 

achieved after 12 weeks

Lorcaserin Efficacy

• 3,182 patients

• Average weight loss ~13 lb at 1 yearBLOOM

• 4,008 patients; 79.8% female

• Average weight loss ~13 lb at 1 yearBLOSSOM

• 604 patients with type 2 diabetes

• Average weight loss ~11 lb at 1 year

• Improvements in A1C, fasting glucoseBLOOM‐DM

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Effects of the Study Drug on Body Weight, According to Study Group

47.5%

22.6%

−5.8 kg

Smith SR et al. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:245‐56.

Body Weight Change From Baseline to Week 52

Fidler MC et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:3067–77.

©2011 by Endocrine Society

47.2%

22.6%

−5.8%

Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Clinical Trial of Lorcaserin for Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The BLOOM‐DM Study

37.5%

16.3%

−4.5%

O’Neil PM et al. Obesity. 2012; 20(7): 1426–36.

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Lorcaserin Adverse Effects

BLOOM, BLOSSOM

Headache

Dizziness

Fatigue

Nausea

Dry mouth

Constipation

BLOOM‐DM

Hypoglycemia

Headache

Back pain

Cough

Fatigue

Nasopharyngitis

Nausea

Lorcaserin Safety

Serotonin syndrome

Valvular heart disease

Cognitive impairment

Psychiatric disorders

Depression, suicidal ideation

Priapism

Phentermine/Topiramate Dosing

Initiate Qsymia3.75 mg/23 mg daily 

for 14 days

Increase to recommended dose Qsymia 7.5 mg/46 mg 

once daily

Evaluate weight loss after 12 weeks

If patient has not lost ≥3% of baseline body weight, discontinue drug or escalate dose

To escalate: 

Increase to Qsymia11.25 mg/ 69 mg daily 

for 14 days

Increase to Qsymia15 mg/92 mg once 

daily

Evaluate weight loss 12 weeks after dose 

escalation 

If a patient has not lost ≥5% of baseline 

body weight, discontinue drug

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Phentermine/Topiramate Dosing

Qsymia 3.75 mg/23 mg and Qsymia 11.25 mg/69 mg are for titration purposes only

Avoid dosing Qsymia in evening due to possibility of insomnia

To discontinue Qsymia:

Discontinue gradually to avoid precipitating a seizure

Take Qsymia 15 mg/92 mg every other day for at least 1 week before stopping treatment altogether

Phentermine/Topiramate Efficacy

• 2,487 patients (70% female)

• 2 or more comorbidities

• Average weight loss ~20 lb at 1 yearCONQUER

• 52‐week CONQUER extension study

• 676 patients continued

• Average weight loss ~22 lb at 2 yearSEQUEL

• 1,267 patients, BMI ≥35EQUIP

Effects of low‐dose, controlled‐release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 trial

Gadde KM. Lancet. 2011; 377 (9774): 1341–52.

62%

70%

37%

48%

−9.8%

−7.8%

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Mean (95% CI) Percentage Weight Loss From Baseline to Week 108

Garvey WT et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;95:297–308.

©2012 by American Society for Nutrition

−9.3%

−10.5%

Summary Results

At highest dose:

~75% achieved ≥5% weight loss

~50% achieved ≥10% weight loss

Mean weight loss ~22 lb

In EQUIP, significant improvements in:

Waist circumference

Blood pressure

Lipids

Fasting serum glucose

Phentermine/Topiramate Adverse Effects

Paresthesia

Dizziness

Dysgeusia

Insomnia

Constipation

Dry mouth

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Phentermine/Topiramate Safety

Contraindications

Pregnancy

Glaucoma

Hyperthyroidism

During or within 14 days of taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Phentermine/Topiramate Warnings

Negative pregnancy test before treatment, monthly thereafter

Monitor heart rate

Monitor for depression, suicidal thoughts

May cause mood, sleep disorders

May cause disturbances in attention, memory

On the Horizon

Bupropion + naltrexone (Contrave)

FDA did not approve in January 2011

Requested long‐term cardiovascular safety study

Light Study currently underway

Bupropion + zonisamide (Empatic)

Beginning phase 3 trials

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On the Horizon

Metformin?

Exenatide?

Liraglutide?

GLP‐1 receptor agonists?

Tesofensine?

Melanocortin‐4 receptor agonists?

NPY receptor ligands?

And so on…

Exercise in a Pill?

“…treatment of diet‐induced obese mice with a REV‐ERB agonist decreased obesity by reducing fat mass and markedly improving dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia.”

Solt LA et al. Nature. 2012;485(7396):62–8.Woldt E et al. Nat Med. 2013;19:1039–46.

What We Don’t Know

Do we need medications for weight maintenance rather than weight loss?

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MAINTAINING WEIGHT LOSS

Successful Weight Maintenance

Weight regain <6.6 lb in 2 years

Sustained reduction in waist circumference ≥1.6 in

National Weight Control Registry

Founded in 1993 Rena Wing, PhD (Brown University/University of Pittsburgh)

James Hill, PhD (University of Colorado)

Longitudinal, prospective study of >5,000 adults Lost ≥30 lb

Maintained weight loss for ≥1 yr

Registry members have lost an average of 66 lband kept it off for 5.5 yr Weight loss range 30–300 lb

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How Do They Keep Weight Off?

Successful weight loss maintainers continue to act like recently successful weight losers for many years after their weight loss

—Rena Wing and Suzanne Phelan

Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(suppl):222S–5S. 

They Eat Less

• Women ~1,300 kcal/day

• Men ~1,700 kcal/day

• Butmay be underestimated by 20%–30%

Continue to consume a low‐calorie, low‐fat diet

They Exercise More

• Mean 2,621 ± 2,252 kcal/wk• 60–75 min moderate‐intensity activity per day

• 35–45 min vigorous activity per day

• But considerable variability• 25.3% report <1,000 kcal/wk

• 34.9% report >3,000 kcal/wk

Engage in high levels of 

physical activity

Catenacci VA et al. Obesity. 2008;16:153–61.

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Other Strategies

78% eat breakfast every day

75% weigh themselves at least once a week

62% watch <10 hours of television per week

http://www.nwcr.ws/Research/default.htm 

What We Don’t Know

Would an individual approach to macronutrient content facilitate long‐term weight maintenance?

Adaptive Thermogenesis Theory

Group

Total Energy Expenditure (kcal/day)

Difference From Predicted (kcal/day)

Weight stable 2,871 ± 251 11 ± 110

Recent weight loss 2,357 ± 149 −460 ± 56

Sustained weight loss 2,443 ± 203 −422 ± 104

Rosenbaum M et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:906–12.

Biggest effect on activity energy expenditure

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Energy Expenditure After Weight Loss

Test Diets

Fat Content

Carb Content 

Protein Content

REE (kcal/d)

TEE

(kcal/d)

Very low carb

60% 10% 30% 1,643 3,137

Low glycemic index

40% 40% 20% 1,614 2937

Low fat 20% 60% 20% 1,576 2,812

Ebbeling CB et al.  JAMA. 2012;307(24):2627–34.

WHERE DOES ALL THIS LEAVE US?

My #1 recommendation…

Do you want to lose weight?

Do you want to weigh less?

OR

…is a question

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Losing weight and keeping it off require a renovation of your entire life for the remainder of your life

—Joel Hoffman, Executive ProducerThe Weight of the Nation (HBO documentary)

If you want to weigh less…

“Except for the fortunate few people who are not going to gain weight no matter what they do, you can’t live life today in our society and maintain 

a normal weight.”

—James O. Hill, PhDUniversity of Colorado Center

for Human Nutrition

My Recommendations

Make sure you reallywant it

Start with the end in mind

Consider your habits to create a 

calorie deficit

Know that you’re in it for the long 

haul

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DASH Diet for Weight Loss

timeweightmoneystuff.com

My Soon‐to‐Be‐Blog