Lopit Consonant & Vowel Book

Authors:

Valente Otwari Ladu (Dorik)

Achaha Samuel Nartisio (Ngotira)

Caesar Ongorwo Bong (Lomiaha)

Philip Horiho Odingo (Lohutok)

Paul Ahatar Gilbert (Lolongo)

Trial Edition SIL-South Sudan

This book is used to teach how how to better read and write Lopit.

Contact Address:

c/o SIL-South Sudan

P.O. Box 64

Juba

South Sudan

© 2014, Lopit Language Committee

Trial Edition February 2014

Publisher: SIL-South Sudan

Place of Publication: Juba

Introduction

This book shows how to write words so that readers can more easily know the correct meaning. We

will learn three rules that help reading and writing, as well as all the sounds that join together to make

words. This book is for all Lopit readers. It is especially important for those writing books and

translating Scripture to understand the lessons of this book.

In the past, Lopit speakers of certain dialects made books that help teach reading and writing. These

books are helpful to those speaking the dialect of those books. However, the time has come for books

that combine all the dilaects. This book does not teach one dialect of Lopit. Instead, it teaches all

Lopit speakers how to read and write a combined Lopit language for all the dialects.

The authors on the cover page of this book are listed along with the dialect they speak. There is one

author for each of the five dialects represented in this book. In the Lopit Grammar Workshop of 2013

in Torit, these five authors agreed on how to write 72 words in a combined Lopit language. This book

uses the spelling of these words. It also adds a few words using the writing principle used to choose

the writing of the 72 words. The lesson Which Dialect Word is Lopit? teaches how to use this writing

principle. Exercise 8 asks you to choose the correct combined Lopit writing of other words using this

writing principle.

Each of the Lopit words in this book are listed in the Alphabet Word List at the end of this book, in five

different Lopit dialects. If you need to check how a word is said in one of the dialects, you can look

for the word at the end of this book. Many of the words are taken from Lopit stories. These stories are

at the end of the Lopit Grammar Book.

There are English words in this book that may be new to you. Each new word is underlined and

explained when it is first used. If you later see the word and forget what it means, you can also find it

explained in the Glossary at the back of this book.

This book can be taught to participants in a workshop. A person can also use this book to teach

himself/herself without a workshop or instructor. You should read each lesson and then immediately

do the exercise following the lesson. The exercise will help you test your understanding of the lesson.

The Answers to Exercises are in the back of the book. After completing an exercise, immediately

check your answers to see how well you have understood. For each of your incorrect answers, try to

understand the correct answer. Ask other Lopit if you need help.

Contents

Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 3

Contents ................................................................................................................................................... 4

Lopit Alphabet ........................................................................................................................................ 5

Syllables ................................................................................................................................................... 6

Consonants and Vowels.......................................................................................................................... 7

Light (Single) and Heavy (Doubled) Consonants .............................................................................. 10

Vowels .................................................................................................................................................... 12

Mixed Vowels ........................................................................................................................................ 13

Letters i, w Next to Consonants........................................................................................................... 14

Which Dialect Word is Lopit? ............................................................................................................. 16

Letters and Rules Reviewed................................................................................................................. 18

Alphabet Word List .............................................................................................................................. 20

Lopit Villages in Dialect Areas ............................................................................................................ 33

Glossary ................................................................................................................................................. 33

Answers to Exercises ............................................................................................................................ 34

Lopit Alphabet

The first step in learning to read and write Lopit is learning the alphabet. The Lopit language has 24

letters, as shown in the following list of words.

Lopit Alphabet

A a awong monkey

B b batak pig

C c cengi bird

D d demi knife

E e efir fat, big

F f fotir warthog

G g goro gourd jug

H h hidong drum

I i itak ostrich

J j jani local broom

K k kebu hoe

L l leime lion

M m moti pot

N n nongorwo wife

Ng ng ngidony monkey

Ny ny nyangi crocodiles

O o oromo digging

P p por mancala game

R r rabolo bananas

S s sohoti palm tree

T t tome elephant

U u buhu shield

W w wolo dove

Y y yani tree

The Lopit word list at the end of this book has the same order as the list above.

Exercise 1

Write each of the words in the list above next to the letters below. Say each word as you write them.

Listen to the sound each letter makes.

a ____________________ i ____________________ o ____________________

b ____________________ j ____________________ p ____________________

c ____________________ k ____________________ r ____________________

d ____________________ l ____________________ s ____________________

e ____________________ m ____________________ t ____________________

f ____________________ n ____________________ u ____________________

g ____________________ ng ____________________ w ____________________

h ____________________ ny ____________________ y ____________________

Syllables

Now we learn how Lopit letters are joined together in words. Words can be divided into syllables, or

beats. Each of the words below have three syllables. They can be divided into three separate beats as

shown.

Each of the words below have two syllables. They can be divided into two separate beats as shown.

Two-syllable words

kori ko ri giraffe

jore jo re big rocks

wotti wo tti cow dung

jati ja ti uncooked green vegetables

efir e fir fat, big

hungu hu ngu knee

tamot ta mot bull

garai ga rai bush, dry grassy area

hauwe hau we arrow

nyawa nya wa utter

bongo bo ngo piece of clothing

ngijim ngi jim chin

molong mo long baboon

Three-syllable words

logule lo gu le elbow

tuluhu tu lu hu squirrel

ikarrak i ka rrak water turtle

nyahuto nya hu to mettal

bolorong bo lo rong hippo

Each of the words below have one syllable. They cannot be divided into more than one beat.

One-syllable words

gus skin

wor river, stream

ker sheep

rang bow

pir point of spear or

arrow

ciang animal

Exercise 2

Say each word below and listen to the number of beats in each word. Write the number of syllables (1,

2, or 3) in the blank ___ to the left of each word. Then divide the word into syllables in the blanks to

the right of each word. Write one syllable on each blank. Do not fill more blanks than the number of

syllables. The first one has been done as an example.

number of syllables divided into syllables

_2_ suhe su he _____ chest

_____ donge _____ _____ _____ mountain

_____ ciwali _____ _____ _____ flute

_____ mugu _____ _____ _____ granary

_____ nongorwo _____ _____ _____ wife

_____ itak _____ _____ _____ ostrich

_____ por _____ _____ _____ game

_____ solo _____ _____ _____ spoon

_____ fofongi _____ _____ _____ cactus tree

_____ rofan _____ _____ _____ roof frame

_____ igolo _____ _____ _____ bell

_____ farai _____ _____ _____ leaf

_____ dorong _____ _____ _____ barren land

_____ hai _____ _____ _____ rain

_____ ngama _____ _____ _____ grains

_____ hohoro _____ _____ _____ chicken

_____ chicken _____ _____ _____ snake

Consonants and Vowels

Some letters are consonants and some letters are vowels. In the word rofan 'roof frame', the letters r, f

and n are consonants and o and a are vowels.

Consonants usually begin syllables and sometimes end syllables. Vowels are in the middle of syllables

and often end syllables. In the syllable ro, the consonant r begins the syllable, and the vowel o ends

the syllable. In the syllable fan, the consonant f begins the syllable, the consonant n ends the syllable,

and the vowel a is in the middle of the syllable.

In a few words such as itak ꞌostrichꞌ, the first vowel i is a syllable by itself. A vowel can be a syllable

by itself, but a consonant cannot be a syllable by itself.

In a few words such as ciang ꞌanimalꞌ, there are two vowels i, a in the middle of the syllable. Even

though the word has 5 letters, the entire word is only one syllable.

The following 19 letters are Lopit consonantsː

Lopit consonants

B b H h N n S s

C c J j Ng ng T t

D d K k Ny ny W w

F f L l P p Y y

G g M m R r

The following 5 letters are Lopit vowelsː

Lopit vowels

a e i o u

In this lesson, we learn about Lopit consonants. In following lessons, we learn about Lopit vowels.

The list below has Lopit words with each of the consonants. All consonants can be at the beginning or

middle of words. The consonants f, k, l, m, n, ng, ny, r, s, t can also be at the end of words.

Word beginning Word middle Word end

B b bongo piece of clothing kebu hoe

bolorong hippo rabolo bananas

C c ciwali flute, instrument facan type of marking

ciang animal icet dancing ornament

D d donge mountain hidong drum

dorong barren raised land ngidony monkey

F f fofongi cactus tree efir fat, big akaf hold up, raise

farai leaf rofan roof frame ngadief tongue

G g gus skin mugu granary

garai bush, dry grassy area logule elbow

H h hohoro chicken suhe chest

hauwe arrow buhu shield

J j jore big rocks taji heart

jati uncooked vegetables heju leg, foot

K k kori giraffe akaf hold up, raise batak pig, hog

ker sheep (sg) eikori stripped, spotted itak ostrich

L l logule elbow wolo dove bel stripe, spot

lewa gazelle solo spoon kaal side, end

M m munu snake leime lion ngijim chin

molong baboon demi knife igem work

N n nuha burying munu snake facan type of marking

nanga slapping jani local broom itiran fog, mist

Ng ng ngama grains hungu knee molong baboon

ngijim chin bongo piece of clothing bolorong hippo

Ny ny nyawa utter munya liver ngidony monkey

nyahuto mettal monye father, owner tohony bite, chew

P p pir point ipotit brush

pirra bicycles hipata mistreatment

R r rang bow goro gourd jug fotir warthog

rofan roof frame farai leaf por mancala game

S s suhe chest busuk bull gus skin

solo spoon isio honey, oil idis shadow of cloud

T t tamot bull moti pot tamot bull

tuluhu squirrel batak pig, hog murut neck

W w wotti cow dung nyawa utter

wor river, stream hauwe arrow

Y y yaya porcupines hoyek firewoods

yohe ears iyang (my) mother, mum

Exercise 3

In each word below, circle each consonant. The first one has been done as an example.

m o r i ng dikdik, gazelle type

k u r u f a t whip

l o b o ng i tree type

ny a h u t o iron, mettal

y o n i hid, dried skin

c i w a l i flute, wind instrument

g u s skin

h i p a t a mistreatment

h e j u leg, foot

d o r o ng barren high land

Light (Single) and Heavy (Doubled) Consonants

The words hito ‘child’ and hitto ‘anus, source’ have two different t sounds. In hitto ‘anus, source’,

the word seems to slow down and bounce on the tt like a car bounces when hitting a bump in the road.

It is a heavy (doubled) consonant1 and we write tt twice in this word.

In hito ‘child’, the word is smooth without a bump. It is a light (single) consonant and we write t only

once in this word.

As shown below, other consonants can be light or heavy in the middle of the word.2

Light Consonants Heavy Consonants

d madohi gums dd hadde roots

l bula cow stable ll illa friend, brother, please

r hohoro chicken, hen rr hiyorro roar, loud sound

t hito child tt hitto anus, source, root, beginning

1 There are no unambiguous word-medial consonant sequences. So, the ‘heavy/light (doubled/single)’ consonants may both

be analyzed as single units, and the distinction between the two can be analzyed as a strong/weak or fortis/lenis distinction

rather than as an underlying geminate/non-geminate distinction. However, since the orthography uses two/one symbol(s) to

distinguish these, it is appropriate to use the terms ‘doubled/single’ in teaching these symbols. 2 In Lomiaha, Lohutok, and Lolongo, heavy (doubled) ll occurs at the beginning of the word lleiwa ‘gazelle’ which

contrasts with leifori ‘kitchen’. In Lohutok and Lolongo, heavy tt occurs at the beginning of the word ttim ‘grass, bush,

wilderness’, which contrasts with tele ‘hail’. However, in other dialects and in all other words collected thus far, heavy

consonants do not occur at the beginning of words. So, heavy (doubled) consonants are not written at the beginning of

words in the combined Lopit language for all dialects.

Exercise 4

Carefully read and say the test words between the two lines below. The bold consonant in the middle

of each test word may or may not be written correctly. Test the sound of the bold letter by comparing

the word with those on the left and right. If the sound for the bold consonant is smooth like in the

word on the left, circle the light consonant to the left. If the sound for the bold consonant makes a

bump like in the word on the right, circle the heavy consonant to the right. Then write the correct word

in the blank to the side. The first one has been done as an example.

Write Correctly Light Test words Heavy

hattel hito child t hatel eggs hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t motte friend hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t muto necks hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t motti pot hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t wotti cow dung hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t ngati side hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t huti worm hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t ittak ostrich hitto anus tt

____________ hito child t mata farms hitto anus tt

____________ hohoro chicken r hiro things, issues hiyorro roar rr

____________ hohoro chicken r korri giraffe hiyorro roar rr

____________ hohoro chicken r durre children hiyorro roar rr

____________ hohoro chicken r ikarak water turtle hiyorro roar rr

____________ hohoro chicken r bore stable hiyorro roar rr

____________ hohoro chicken r leferek hare, rabbit hiyorro roar rr

Vowels

There are 5 vowels in Lopit, as shown in the list below.

Vowels

A a far midday, daytime

E e bel stripe, spot

I i pir point, bicycle

O o wor river, stream

U u gus skin

The following words are listed according to these vowels. Read each list below and listen carefully to

the sound of the vowel.3

A a E e I i O o U u

rang bow ker sheep

(sg)

hii breasts hoo head gus skin

far midday,

daytime

bel stripe,

spot

pir point,

bicycle

wor river,

stream

huuk charcoal

s

yaya porcupine

s

ceng birds ling salt por mancal

a game

mugu granary

nyawa utter fere spear tim bush,

wildernes

s

solo spoon buhu shield

hana hand tere hail idis shadow of

cloud

wolo dove munu snake

hala teeth fetek fish

spear

hiji middle goro gourd

jug

hungu knee

batak pig, hog hejek feet ngijim chin bongo piece of

clothing

murut neck

facan type of

marking

dorong barren

raised

land

busuk bull

mangat camp,

platform

molong baboon husung cows

hajanga flies,

insects

sohot palm

trees

tuluhu squirrel

lohoho male

thief

boloron

g

hippo

3 From the words collected in the October 2013 workhsop, there is little or no evidence for contrastive vowel length. So,

doubled or long vowels can be used in the orthography to represent other distinctions, such as contour tone. However, to

this point, long vowels do not represent anything consistently in the orthography. In the next workshop, vowel length needs

to be discussed and chosen how it will be used.

The word holong ‘day’ has the vowel o. The word hulluk ‘hyena’ has the vowel u. The word hutuk

‘mouth’ may have a vowel that is different than both o and u. If there are several other words found

with the same vowel as in hutuk ‘mouth’, another letter such as ü or u̱ could be used to show the

difference between the vowel in hutuk ‘mouth’ and hulluk ‘hyena’.

o holong day

hutuk mouth

u hulluk hyena

Exercise 5

In each word below, circle each vowel. The first one has been done as an example.

h o s o k giant, large person

b a l a ng salt

h i j i middle

h u r u worms

l o h o h o male thief

h u s u ng cows

f e r e spear

h o t o blood

h a r a stool, chair

Mixed Vowels

Vowels are often mixed together in the same word. In the following chart, all vowel combinations in

the same word are shown. Read each word carefully and listen to the sound of the two vowels

together.

Second Vowel in the Word

a e i o u

a mana farm hadde roots haji house tamot bull tamu helmet

e lewa gazelle fere spear demi knife teterok prepare kebu hoe

i hinga year hine goat hiji middle hito child hiluk hyena

o rofan roof frame tome elephant moti pot wolo dove lokuduk crow

Fir

st V

ow

el

in

the

Wo

rd

u bula stable suhe chest buni pool huro kid munu snake

Exercise 6

Carefully read and say each test word below. The vowels may or may not be written correctly. To

know the correct vowels, compare the vowel sounds of the words below with those in the chart above.

Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly

busok bull busuk facan marking ____________

foter warthog ____________ foher farm ____________

habu chief ____________ hiju leg, foot ____________

hidi rat ____________ hinu excrement ____________

heram issue, problem ____________ tosi scorpions ____________

hoto blood ____________ hoji grasses ____________

edis shadow of cloud ____________ jore big rocks ____________

moro stones ____________ muru thigh ____________

sehi thing, property ____________ tafang guinea pig ____________

Letters i, w Next to Consonants

The consonant w can be at the beginning of words as in wotti ꞌcow dungꞌ, or in the middle of words as

in nyawa ꞌutterꞌ. The consonant y can be at the beginning of words as in yaya ꞌporcupinesꞌ, or in the

middle of words as in miyang ꞌgrassꞌ.

Beginning Middle

W w wotti cow dung nyawa utter

wor river, stream hauwe arrow

Y y yaya porcupines miyang grass

yohe ears iyang (my) mother, mum

However, we never write y at the end of a word as in hay (wrong) ꞌrainꞌ. Instead, we write hai ꞌrainꞌ

with the vowel i. At the end of words, we spell the sound [y] with the vowel i.

Correct Wrong

hai rain hay rain

farai leaf faray leaf

ikoi road, path ikoy road, path

Similarly, we never write y next to a consonant. We donꞌt write y next to the consonant t as in hoyto

(wrong) ꞌboneꞌ. We dont write y next to the consonant c in cyang (wrong) ꞌanimalꞌ. Instead, we write

Spelling Rule 2: We write w after a consonant and before a vowel. However, we write u next to w.

hoito ꞌboneꞌ and ciang ꞌanimalꞌ with the vowel i. When next to a consonant, we spell the sound [y]

with the vowel i.

Correct Wrong

hoito bone hoyto bone

leime lion leyme lion

ciang animal cyang animal

hifiong water hifyong water

harie night harye night

ngadief tongue ngadyef tongue

akieri star akyeri star

In summary, we have the following rule:

On the other hand, we write w after a consonant and before a vowel. In hotwai ꞌinsideꞌ, we write w

after the consonant t and before the vowel a. In hofwo ꞌflourꞌ, we write w after the consonant f and

before the vowel o.

Correct Wrong

hotwai inside hotuai inside

hikwai horn of animal hikuai horn of animal

lolwari dry ground loluari dry ground

fwara dancing place fuara dancing place

hinwara ash hinuara ash

hofwo flour hofuo flour

ibwoni fortuneteller ibuoni fortuneteller

However, we write u next to w. In wuor ꞌhole for trappingꞌ, we write u after w. In hauwe ꞌarrowꞌ, we

write u before w.

Correct Wrong

wuor hole for trapping wwor hole for trapping

hauwe arrow hawwe arrow

In summary, we have the following rule:

Spelling Rule 1: At the end of words or next to a consonant, write the sound [y] as i. Do not write y at

the end of words or next to a consonant.

Exercise 7

Carefully read and say each test word below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly.

Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly

hotuay inside hotwai wuor hole for

trapping

__________________

lotwala ash __________________ mai place __________________

belye skin __________________ haswani buffalo __________________

garay dry

grassland

__________________ hawwe arrow __________________

horuong back __________________ hosyere front __________________

marwani old one __________________ leyfori kitchen __________________

hayyohoni shepherd __________________ hafyalay claw __________________

Which Dialect Word is Lopit?

This lesson helps speakers choose which of the Lopit dialects to use for writing each word.

There are at least five dialects of Lopit that sometimes sound different from each other. For example,

the word for ‘sister’ is different in each of the following five Lopit dialects.

Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo

hanaci hanasi hanase inasi hinasi sister

hanacara hansara hanasira inasira hinasira

The dialect differences are not always the same from word to word. The differences between the

dialect words for ‘sister’ are not the same as the differences between the dialect words for ‘louse, lice’.

Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo

lakieti leferiti ofieri oferi haferio louse

lakie lefero ofier ofer hafer lice

However, all the dialect words are usually close enough for each dialect speaker to understand the

words of the other dilaects. Understanding speakers of other Lopit dialects is not a problem. That is,

everyone understands each other, regardless of the dialect (s)he speaks. So, it would be foolish to

write the Scriptures and all literacy books in each of the five dialects. Instead, books only need to be

written once, using one of the dialects.

But, it is difficult to decide which dialect to choose for writing Scripture and literacy books. In the

October 2013 workshop in Torit, speakers of five different dialects agreed on how to write 72 words in

a combined Lopit language. They used the following principle:4

Many words are said the same in all the dialects. For example, all the dialects say the word ‘pig, hog’

in (1) as batak. So of course, the participants of the workshop decided to write it as batak. In the

following chart, a word is underlined if it has the agreed upon spelling of the October 2013 workshop

in Torit. All the words of the second dialect collumn are in bold. If a word is said differently than the

dialect next to it, it is also in bold.

% 5 Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo

D N M H L

(1) 41.4 D=N=M=H=L batak batak batak batak batak pig, hog

(2) 20.0 D; N=M=H=L domi demi demi demi demi knife

(3) 7.8 D=N=M=H; L awong awong awong awong hawong monkey type

(4) 1.3 N; D=M=H=L ker kier ker ker ker sheep

(5) 8.7 D=N; M=H=L efir efir ofir ofir ofir fat, big

(6) 4.9 D; N; M=H=L rufan rofan ofioti ofioti ofioti roof frame

(7) 6.3 D; N; M=H; L nangorwo nongorwo ongorwo ongorwo angorwo wife

(8) .9 D; N=M; H=L ciwar ciwali ciwali ciwal ciwal flute

(9) .4 D=N; M=H; L leime leime lemie lemie leme lion

Sometimes a word is said the same by all dialects except one. Dorik speakers say the word ‘knife’ in

(2) as domi, but all other dialects say demi. So, the participants chose to write it as demi. Similarly,

Lolong speakers say the word ‘monkey type’ in (3) as hawong, but all other dialects say awong. So,

the participants chose to write it as awong. Again, Ngotira say the word ‘sheep’ in (4) as kier, but all

other dialects say ker. So, the participants chose to write it as ker.

Other words are said differently by more than one dialect. Dorik and Ngotira say the word ‘fat, big’ in

(5) as efir, whereas Lomiaha, Lohutok and Lolongo say ofir. Because there are more Dorik and

Ngotira speakers than speakers of the other three dialects, the participants chose to write it as efir. The

participants made similar choices for the words of (6), (7), (8) and (9). They chose to write each of

these words the way that the most speakers say it.

4 In the back of this book, the section Lopit Villages in Dialect Areas lists the number of villages for each area. It is said that

the Ngabori dialect (not represented in this book) is closest to the Dorik dialect. Based on the number of villages for each

dialect area and including the 9 Ngabori villages along with the 4 Dorik villages, the ratio of the dialect area populations

can be initially estimated as 13:16:7:7:7, or 26% Dorik, 32% Ngotira, 14% Lomiaha, 14% Lohutok, 14% Lolongo. A more

accurate estimate could be obtained by approximating the number of compounds ‘tukuls’ in each village. This should be

done in the next workshop. 5 The numbers inbetween parentheses each represent a different combination of dialect agreement. The Alphabet Word

List at the back of this book make use of these numbers. Counting the number of words listed as a certain number and

dividing by the total of 527, gives the percentage listed here. For example, there are 218 words in the Alphabet Word List

listed as a number 1 which indicates all the dialects are in agreement, and 218/527 = 41.4 %

Writing Principle: Write each word the way that the most speakers say it.

Exercise 8

The words below are from the Alphabet Word List at the back of this book. They are similar to the

words (1-9) above. However, the participants did not choose how to write these words in a combined

Lopit language. Each line has the word in each of the dialects. Words differing from the dialect next to

it are in bold. Use the writing principle above to decide how to spell each word below. Underline the

best choice using this principle: “Write each word the way that the most speakers say it.” Underline

only one word in each line.

% Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo

D N M H L

(10) 4.9 D=N; M=H; L hidotiti hidotiti hododi hododi hitolewa man

(11) 4.4 D; N=M=H; L hacai hasai hasai hasai tahwo calf

(12) 2.1 D; N; M; H; L hanaci hanasi hanase inasi hinasi sister

(13) .9 D; N; M; H=L hob fok fou fau fau ground

(14) .8 D; N=M; H; L bongit bok bok bore bongit goat stable

(15) .4 D=N=M; H=L tim tim tim ttim ttim grass, bush

(16) .4 D=N; M; H; L hoit hoit hohit hoi heit bones

(17) .4 D=N; M; H=L tohoni tohoni tihoni tungani tungani person

(18) .4 D; N; M=L; H loyiriha leririha oyirihien oyiriha oyirihien spirits

(19) .4 D=H; N; M; L haheri akieri hahieri haheri hangerio star

(20) .6 N; D=M=H; L hilluk hiluk hilluk hilluk ibu hyena

(21) .2 N=L; D=M=H lofidik lefidik lofidik lofidik lefidik trap

(22) .8 D=L; N; M=H nyongati nyongoti nyangati nyangati nyongati beeswax

Letters and Rules Reviewed

In this book, we have learned the Lopit letters and three rules that help reading and writing. We now

review these. There are examples after each. The page numbers show where there is further

explanation.

Consonants of the combined Lopit language (page 8):

B b batak pig K k kebu hoe P p por mancala game

C c cengi bird L l leime lion R r rabolo bananas

D d demi knife M m moti pot S s sohoti palm tree

F f fotir warthog N n nongorwo wife T t tome elephant

G g goro gourd jug Ng ng ngidony monkey W w wolo dove

H h hidong drum Ny ny nyangi crocodiles Y y yani tree

J j jani local broom

Vowels of the combined Lopit language (page 12):

A a awong monkey

E e efir fat, big

I i itak ostrich

O o oromo digging

U u buhu shield

Spelling Rule 1 (page 15): At the end of words or next to a consonant, write the sound [y] as i. Do

not write y at the end of words or next to a consonant.

Correct Wrong

End of word hai rain hay rain

ikoi road, path ikoy road, path

Before consonant hoito bone hoyto bone

leime lion leyme lion

After consonant ciang animal cyang animal

hifiong water hifyong water

harie night harye night

Spelling Rule 2 (page 15): We write w after a consonant and before a vowel. However, we write u

next to w.

Correct Wrong

After consonant hotwai inside hotuai inside

lolwari dry ground loluari dry ground

fwara dancing place fuara dancing place

hinwara ash hinuara ash

ibwoni fortuneteller ibuoni fortuneteller

Next to w wuor hole for trapping wwor hole for trapping

hauwe arrow hawwe arrow

Writing Principle (page 17): Write each word the way that the most speakers say it.

% Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo

D N M H L

(1) 41.4 D=N=M=H=L batak batak batak batak batak pig, hog

(2) 20.0 D; N=M=H=L domi demi demi demi demi knife

(3) 7.8 D=N=M=H; L awong awong awong awong hawong monkey type

(4) 1.3 N; D=M=H=L ker kier ker ker ker sheep

(5) 8.7 D=N; M=H=L efir efir ofir ofir ofir fat, big

(6) 4.9 D; N; M=H=L rufan rofan ofioti ofioti ofioti roof frame

(7) 6.3 D; N; M=H; L nangorwo nongorwo ongorwo ongorwo angorwo wife

(8) .9 D; N=M; H=L ciwar ciwali ciwali ciwal ciwal flute

(9) .4 D=N; M=H; L leime leime lemie lemie leme lion

Exercise 9

Carefully read and say each test word below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly.

Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly

garay dry

grassland

garai hafyalai claw _________________

maruani old one _________________ wwor hole for

trapping

_________________

may place _________________ lotwala ash _________________

leyfori kitchen _________________ belie skin _________________

domi knife _________________ hawong monkey type _________________

kier sheep _________________ ofioti roof frame _________________

leime lion _________________ efir fat, big _________________

Alphabet Word List

In the second collumn below, singular (one) words are in alphabetical order. Horizontal lines separate

each of the words with different meaning. The plural (more than one) of each word is listed directly

below the singular. The words are given in five different dialects. Words in the second collumn are

always in bold. If a word is different than the dialect next to it, it is also in bold. If the spelling of a

word was agreed to in the October 2013 workshop in Torit, it is underlined.

The part of speech (PoS) can be a noun (n), singular noun (n.sg), plural noun (n.pl) or verbal noun

(v.n). The gender of each word is given with the words inang ‘that’ (feminine singular), ileng ‘that’

(masculine signular), hunang ‘those’ (femine plural), and hulong ‘those’ (masculine plural).

n = noun

n.sg = singular noun that has no plural form

n.pl = plural noun that has no singular form

v.n = verbal noun (verb used as a noun)

Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo PoS Gender

A a

19 haheri akieri hahieri haheri hangerio star n ileng

19 haher akier hahier haher hanger

3 awong awong awong awong hawong n inang,

3 awanga awanga awanga awanga hawanga

monkey type,

oribi ileng

B b

1 balang balang balang balang balang salt n inang

7 balangin balanga balang balang balangir

1 balu balu balu balu balu beer n inang

1 balwo balwo balwo balwo balwo

1 batak batak batak batak batak pig, hog n inang,

1 bataha bataha bataha bataha bataha ileng

1 bel bel bel bel bel n inang,

1 beli beli beli beli beli

stripe, spot,

patch ileng

2 belelie belie belie belie belie skin n inang,

7 belie beliejin beliesin beliesin belele ileng

14 bongit bok bok bore bongit n inang

2 bottin bongitto bongitto bongitto bongitto

goat stable,

animal pen

1 bolorong bolorong bolorong bolorong bolorong hippo n inang,

1 bolorongi bolorongi bolorongi bolorongi bolorongi ileng

1 bongit bongit bongit bongit bongit n inang

1 bongitto bongitto bongitto bongitto bongitto

stable, animal

pen

1 bongo bongo bongo bongo bongo n inang,

1 bongojin bongojin bongojin bongojin bongojin

item of

clothing ileng

1 bore bore bore bore bore n inang

5 botin botin bongitto bongitto bongitto

stable, animal

pen

1 buhu buhu buhu buhu buhu shield n inang

3 bukwo bukwo bukwo bukwo buhwo

3 bula bula bula bula bur n inang

12 bulacin bulasen bulahien bulasin buri

cow stable,

animal pen

3 buni buni buni buni bunit n inang

7 bunico bunii bunio bunio bunii

pool of water

2 bucuk busuk busuk busuk busuk bull n ileng

2 bucuha busuha busuha busuha busuha

C c

9 calu calu haturu haturu tur porridge n inang

12 calujin calwo haturuhien haturu turo

1 cengi cengi cengi cengi cengi bird n inang,

1 ceng ceng ceng ceng ceng ileng

2 tiang ciang ciang ciang ciang n inang,

2 tiangi ciangi ciangi ciangi ciangi

animal

(general) ileng

8 ciwar ciwali ciwali ciwal ciwal n inang,

8 ciwara ciwalisen ciwalisen ciwali ciwali

flute, wind

instrument ileng

D d

14 demai damai damai tamai damai position n inang,

18 demacohi damaisiok damassik tamassik damassik ileng

2 domi demi demi demi demi knife n inang,

5 domio domio demio demio demio ileng

1 donge donge donge donge donge n inang,

1 dongiok dongiok dongiok dongiok dongiok

hill, mountain

ileng

1 dorong dorong dorong dorong dorong n inang

2 dorongo dorongi dorongi dorongi dorongi

barren high

land

7 dungel dunges nongati nongati nungati bees wax n.sg inang

7 dungelo nonga nonga nunga

3 dwani dwani dwani dwani dwari weed n.sg inang

E e

5 efir efir ofir ofir ofir fat one n inang

5 efir efir ofir ofir ofir

F f

1 facan facan facan facan facan n inang

1 facani facani facani facani facani

type of

marking

5 faiti faiti fati fati fati n inang

9 faito faito fatio fatio facio

ebony, tree

type

1 far far far far far n inang

1 farrijin farrijin farrijin farrijin farrijin

midday,

daytime

1 farai farai farai farai farai leaf n inang

3 fara fara fara fara faara

1 fere fere fere fere fere spear n inang,

1 feria feria feria feria feria ileng

1 fetek fetek fetek fetek fetek fish spear n inang,

1 feteha feteha feteha feteha feteha ileng

1 fofongi fofongi fofongi fofongi fofongi n inang

1 fofong fofong fofong fofong fofong

cactus, tree

type

13 hob fok fou fau fau ground n.sg inang

1 fotir fotir fotir fotir fotir warthog n inang,

5 fotira fotira fortirak fortirak fortirak ileng

1 fuher fuher fuher fuher fuher n inang

5 fuhero fuhero fuhiara fuhiara fuhiara

farm away

from house

1 fur fur fur fur fur dust(Arabic) n.sg inang

1 fure fure fure fure fure name, song n inang

4 fureta fureita fureta fureta fureta

5 furio furio furo furo furo smoke n inang

6 furio furiojin furo furo furo

1 fwara fwara fwara fwara fwara n inang

3 fwarajin fwarajin fwarajin fwarajin fwarasin

dancing place

G g

3 garai garai garai garai igara dry grassland n.sg inang

7 giricai girisai musa musa girisa n inang

7 girica girisa musari musari girisari

bush, forest,

small trees

1 goro goro goro goro goro n inang

5 gorona gorona gorojin gorojin gorojin

jug made from

gourd

2 guc gus gus gus gus skin n inang

2 guci gusi gusi gusi gusi

H h

6 haboroni

nahob

habolofak haboloni haboloni haboloni landlord n ileng

2 haborok

hunahob

habolok habolok habolok habolok

1 habu habu habu habu habu chief, king n inang,

6 habuci habusi habwok habwok habwok ileng

11 habu

legala

habu

lagala

habu

lagala

habu

lagala

habu

agala

government

chief

n ?

7 habuci

hulegala

habusi

ilagala

habwok

ilegal

habwok

ilegal

habwok

agala

1 haddeti haddeti haddeti haddeti haddeti root n inang

1 hadde hadde hadde hadde hadde

2 hafielai hafialai hafialai hafialai hafialai claw n ileng

2 hafiela hafiala hafiala hafiala hafiala

1 hai hai hai hai hai rain n inang

16 haijo haijo hai haijo haijin

3 haidihitani haidihitani haidihitani haidihitani hedihitani leader v.n inang,

3 haidihitak haidihitak haidihitak haidihitak hetadihok ileng

1 hajangati hajangati hajangati hajangati hajangati n inang

1 hajanga hajanga hajanga hajanga hajanga

fly, insect type

1 haji haji haji haji haji house n inang,

3 hajik hajik hajik hajik hasik ileng

5 halai halai oger oger oger n inang

5 halaa halaa ogeri ogeri ogeri

side, end of

something

1 halati halati halati halati halati tooth n inang

1 hala hala hala hala hala

7 halohani halohoni halahani halahani halohoni trapper v.n inang,

7 halohak halohok halahak halahak halohok ileng

4 hami hame hami hami hami fish n inang,

1 ham ham ham ham ham ileng

1 hamilak hamilak hamilak hamilak hamilak saliva n.pl hunang

1 hamuhe hamuhe hamuhe hamuhe hamuhe shoe n inang,

1 hamuha hamuha hamuha hamuha hamuha ileng

5 hana hana hani hani hani hand n inang

2 hac has has has has

12 hanaci hanasi hanase inasi hinasi sister n inang

12 hanacara hansara hanasira inasira hinasira

1 hang hang hang hang hang n inang

1 hangitek hangitek hangitek hangitek hangitek

home, village

1 hangeri hangeri hangeri hangeri hangeri fruit, seed n inang

3 hanger hanger hanger hanger hangerio

1 hanyahanyai hanyahanyai hanyahanyai hanyahanyai hanyahanyai n inang

1 hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyahanya

domestic

animal

1 hanyimiti hanyimiti hanyimiti hanyimiti hanyimiti sesame n inang

1 hanyim hanyim hanyim hanyim hanyim

3 hara hara hara hara seger stool, chair n inang

11 harana harajin harajin harajin segeri

12 iraci harasi halasi ilasi hilasi brother n ileng

12 iracara harasara halasira ilasira hilasira

5 hari hari hali hali hali n inang

5 hario hario halio halio halio

club, beating

stick

1 harie harie harie harie harie night n inang

1 hariejin hariejin hariejin hariejin hariejin

1 harutani harutani harutani harutani harutani inheritance n inang,

1 harutak harutak harutak harutak harutak ileng

11 hacai hasai hasai hasai tahwo calf n inang,

11 hacak hasak hasak hasak tahwa ileng

2 hocowan haswani haswani haswani haswani buffalo n inang,

6 hocowani haswaniho haswaani haswaani haswaani ileng

1 hatteli hatteli hatteli hatteli hatteli egg n ileng

3 hattel hattel hattel hattel hattelio

3 hauwe hauwe hauwe hauwe hawo arrow n ileng

3 hauwa hauwa hauwa hauwa hawa

5 hayiohoni hayiohoni heyiohoni heyiohoni heyiohoni shepherd v.n inang,

5 hayiohok hayiohok heyiohok heyiohok heyiohok ileng

1 heju heju heju heju heju leg, foot n inang,

1 hejek hejek hejek hejek hejek ileng

1 deroti hide hide hide hide rat n inang,

10 dero dero dioro dioro dioroti ileng

1 hidong hidong hidong hidong hidong drum n inang,

1 dongi dongi dongi dongi dongi ileng

3 hidongi hidongi hidongi hidongi hidwongi n inang,

3 hidongita hidongita hidongita hidongita hidwongita

hammer (of

blacksmith) ileng

10 hidotiti hidotiti hododi hododi hitolewa man n ileng

10 hodoti hodoti liawa liawa lewa

2 hifiong

1 hifiongi hifiong hifiong hifiong hifiong water n.pl hunang

1 hiji hiji hiji hiji hiji middle n.sg inang

10 hikwai hikwai ikwai ikwai hiwai thorn n inang,

10 hikwa hikwa ikwa ikwa hikwa ileng

13 huhoi hikwoi huhwe huhe huhe charcoal n inang

1 huuk huuk huuk huuk huuk

20 hilluk hiluk hilluk hilluk ibu hyena n inang,

20 hilluhi hiluhi hilluhi hilluhi ibuho ileng

1 hima hima hima hima hima fire n inang

1 mati mati mati mati mati

1 himo himo himo himo himo nose n inang

2 meci mesi mesi mesi mesi

11 hinei hinai hinai hinai hina breast n inang

1 hii hii hii hii hii

1 hine hine hine hine hine goat n inang,

1 hinee hinee hinee hinee hinee ileng

1 hino hino hino hino hino excrement n inang

1 hit hit hit hit hit

4 nongo hinongo nongo nongo nongo n.sg inang

2 nongoi

deformed head

5 hinwara hinwara hunwara hunwara hunwara ash n.sg inang

1 hinga hinga hinga hinga hinga year n

2 ngaci ngasi ngasi ngasi ngasi

10 hingohu hingohu ingohu ingohu hingohu dog n inang,

1 ngohe ngohe ngohe ngohe ngohe ileng

1 hinyang hinyang hinyang hinyang hinyang crocodile n inang,

2 hinyanga nyangi nyangi nyangi nyangi ileng

1 hinyomoti hinyomoti hinyomoti hinyomoti hinyomoti n inang

1 hinyomo hinyomo hinyomo hinyomo hinyomo

seed (general)

1 hipata hipata hipata hipata hipata mistreatment n inang

2 hipatiti hipatita hipatita hipatita hipatita

1 hiram hiram hiram hiram hiram issue, problem n.sg inang

1 hiringo hiringo hiringo hiringo hiringo meat n inang

5 ringoi ringoi hiri hiri hiri

3 hirobi hirobi hirobi hirobi lokuho coldness n.sg inang

3 hita hita hita hita hoyehiti fire wood n inang

1 hoyek hoyek hoyek hoyek hoyek

1 hiteng hiteng hiteng hiteng hiteng cow n inang,

11 hicu husung husung husung hisung ileng

1 hito hito hito hito hito child n inang,

1 durre durre durre durre durre ileng

1 hito hito hito hito hito scorpion n inang,

2 toci tosi tosi tosi tosi ileng

2 hitonangorwa hitonongorwo hitonongorwo hitonongorwo hitonongorwo woman n inang

1 ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo

1 hitto hitto hitto hitto hitto n inang

6 hittoc hittes hittos hittos hittos

anus,source,

beginning

5 hiwaru hiwaru huwaru huwaru huwaru cat (general) n inang

1 warak warak warak warak warak

2 ilata hiyali hiyali hiyali hiyali oil n inang

2 ilatai yali yali yali yali

1 hiyaya hiyaya hiyaya hiyaya hiyaya porcupine n inang,

1 yaya yaya yaya yaya yaya ileng

1 hiyeni hiyeni hiyeni hiyeni hiyeni n inang

1 yeni yeni yeni yeni yeni

rope for tying

animal

1 hiyok hiyok hiyok hiyok hiyok ear n inang

1 yohe yohe yohe yohe yohe

10 hiyorro hiyorro hiwongita hiwongita hiwolongita n inang

10 hiyorrita hiyorrita hiwongita hiwongita hiwolongita

roar, loud

sound

6 hobohoboi hobohobe hobehobe hobehobe hobehobe n inang

5 hobohobo hobohobo hobehobo hobehobo hobehobo

back of

something

1 hofiti hofiti hofiti hofiti hofiti hair, feather n inang,

1 hofir hofir hofir hofir hofir ileng

1 hofitoi hofitoi hofitoi hofitoi hofitoi rope n inang

5 hofi hofi hofito hofito hofito

1 hofwo hofwo hofwo hofwo hofwo flour n inang

1 hofwojin hofwojin hofwojin hofwojin hofwojin

1 hohoro hohoro hohoro hohoro hohoro chicken, hen n inang,

5 hohoron hohoron hohore hohore hohore ileng

7 hoitoi hoito hoite hoite heito bone n inang

16 hoit hoit hohit hoi heit

1 holong holong holong holong holong sun, day n inang

1 holongi holongi holongi holongi holongi

1 holorong holorong holorong holorong holorong bank, beach n inang

1 holorongi holorongi holorongi holorongi holorongi

5 homwong homwong homom homom homom n inang

6 homwongite homwanga homomite homomite homomite

face, forehead

8 hotonyi honye honye hotonye hotonye mother n inang

8 hotonye honyie honyie hotonyie hotonyie

1 honyek honyek honyek honyek honyek eye n inang,

1 honyehite honyehite honyehite honyehite honyehite ileng

1 hoo hoo hoo hoo hoo head n inang

2 hoci hosi hosi hosi hosi

1 horwong horwong horwong horwong horwong back n inang

3 horwonga horwonga horwonga horwonga horwongitok

2 hocehe hosehe hosehe hosehe hosehe n inang

2 hocehen hosehen hosehen hosehen hosehen

belly, stomach

2 hitemi hosiere hosiere hosiere hosiere front n.sg inang

11 hocok hosok hosok hosok ohosohi n ileng

11 hocoha hosok hosok hosok ohosohi

giant, large

person

1 hoto hoto hoto hoto hoto blood n inang

2 hoto hotojin hotojin hotojin hotojin

2 hotwa hotwai hotwai hotwai hotwai n inang

3 hotwaijin hotwaijin hotwaijin hotwaijin hotwe

inside of

something

1 hujuti hujuti hujuti hujuti hujuti n inang

1 huji huji huji huji huji

grass for

thatch

5 hunom hunom hinom hinom hinom cave n inang,

5 hunomo hunomo nomi nomi nomi ileng

1 hungu hungu hungu hungu hungu knee n inang

4 hunga hung hunguta hunguta hunguta

5 huro huro hulo hulo hulo n inang,

5 huroho huroho huloho huloho huloho

kid, young goat

ileng

2 huruti hutti hutti hutti hutti worm n inang

1 huru huru huru huru huru

1 hutuk hutuk hutuk hutuk hutuk mouth n inang

10 hutuhen hutuhen hutuhe hutuhe hutuhie

I i

2 iboni ibwoni ibwoni ibwoni ibwoni n inang,

5 ibwana ibwana iboni iboni iboni

fortune teller

ileng

3 icet icet icet icet hiket n inang

10 iceiti iceiti iceti iceti hiketi

dancing

ornament

11 hidik idis idis idis edis n inang,

11 hidik idis idis idis edisi

shadow of

cloud hunang

1 ido ido ido ido ido sky, heaven n.sg inang

1 idumele idumele idumele idumele idumele darkness n.sg inang

1 igem igem igem igem igem work n inang

1 igemi igemi igemi igemi igemi

1 igerit igerit igerit igerit igerit n inang

2 igerita igeriti igeriti igeriti igeriti

paint,

decoration

1 igolo igolo igolo igolog igolo bell n inang,

1 igoloho igoloho igoloho igoloho igoloho ileng

1 iho iho iho iho iho dew n.sg inang

1 ihoho ihoho ihoho ihoho ihoho female thief n inang

1 hoholak hoholak hoholak hoholak hoholak

2 ikuma ihuma ihuma ihuma ihuma n inang,

2 ikumahi ihumaha ihumaha ihumaha ihumaha

tortoise, land

turtle ileng

2 itahafuti ikafuti ikafuti ikafuti ikafuti bat n inang,

6 itahafujo ikaafuti ikafuuti ikafuuti ikafuuti ileng

2 iherek ikarrak ikarrak ikarrak ikarrak water turtle n inang,

2 iherehi ikarrahi ikarrahi ikarrahi ikarrahi ileng

11 iha ikat ikat ikat hihat door n

11 ihatin ikatin ikatin ikatin hihatin

11 ihoi ikoi ikoi koi hihe n inang,

13 hoi koi ikotia koi koi

path, road,

way ileng

1 illa illa illa illa illa n inang,

1 illa illa illa illa illa

friend, brother

ileng

5 iloma iloma ilama ilama ilama distance n.sg inang

11 ilomita ilamaha

3 ingotit ingotit ingotit ingotit hingotit n inang,

3 ingotiti ingotiti ingotiti ingotiti hingotiti

adze, cutting

tool ileng

1 ipotit ipotit ipotit ipotit ipotit brush n inang

1 ipotiti ipotiti ipotiti ipotiti ipotiti

10 irefit irefit iliefit iliefit olefit n inang,

10 irefiti irefiti iliefiti iliefiti olefiti

container (for

milk) ileng

7 icio isio hisio hisio isio honey, oil n inang

7 iciojin isiojin hisiojin hisiojin isiojin

2 itawuk itak itak itak itak ostrich n inang,

2 itawuhi itahi itahi itahi itahi ileng

1 itiran itiran itiran itiran itiran fog, mist n.sg inang

10 itule itule itulit itulit itulet small hole n ileng

7 ituloho itulioho ituloho ituloho itulioho

10 iwai iwai huwati huwati iwati wing n inang

10 iwaa iwaa huwaa huwaa iwaa

2 iyangiti iyang iyang iyang iyang (my) mother n.sg inang

J j

1 jani jani jani jani jani broom n inang

11 janico jania jania jania jiani

1 jati jati jati jati jati n inang

2 jatio jacio jacio jacio jacio

uncooked

vegetable

1 jore jore jore jore jore big rocks n.sg ?

K k

1 kaal kaal kaal kaal kaal side, end n.sg inang

1 kebu kebu kebu kebu kebu hoe n inang,

1 kebwa kebwa kebwa kebwa kebwa ileng

4 ker kier ker ker ker sheep n inang,

2 kera kioro kioro kioro kioro ileng

1 kori kori kori kori kori giraffe n inang,

1 korio korio korio korio korio ileng

1 kurufat kurufat kurufat kurufat kurufat whip n inang

1 kurufati kurufati kurufati kurufati kurufati

10 kwan kwan wan wan hwan body n inang

7 kwanite kwaite watie watie hwatek

L l

14 loholai lahalai lahalai ahalai ohole n inang,

14 loholajin lahalajin lahalajin ahalajin oholajin

pole (in house)

ileng

7 lodik ledis ohidis ohidis edis shadow n inang

7 lodihi ledisi ohidisi ohidisi edisi

12 lakieti leferiti ofieri oferi haferio louse, lice n ileng

12 lakie lefero ofier ofer hafer

6 loferre leferrek hitojo hitojo hitojo hare, rabbit n inang,

6 loferrehi leferrehi hitojosin hitojosin hitojosin ileng

21 lofidik lefidik lofidik lofidik lefidik trap n inang

20 lofidihi lefidihi lofidihi lofidihi ofidihi

3 leifori leifori leifori leifori efori kitchen n.sg inang

10 leime leime lemie lemie leme lion n inang

2 leimeho lemioho lemioho lemioho lemioho

5 leiramitari leiramitari eramitari eramitari eramitari dancing place n.sg inang

7 leikere lekiere okele okele okofe n ileng

7 leikeren lekieren okelen okelen okofiaha

pebble, small

rock

7 lomini lemini omini omini huwaru leopard n inang,

7 lominiha leminiha ominiha oiminiha warak ileng

7 lorewa lerewa loliawa loliawa olewa husband n ileng

10 rewa rewa liawa liawa lewa

4 lotiri letiri lotiri lotiri lotiri n ileng

7 lotiricen letirisen lotiriha lotiriha lotirihien

small hoe,

digging tool

10 lewa lewa lleiwa lleiwa llewa gazelle type n inang,

7 lewana lewai lleiwa lleiwa llewai ileng

7 loyami leyame oyami oyami oyame wind n.sg inang

6 loyiri leyiri oyiri oyiri oyiri spirit n inang

18 loyiriha leririha oyirihien oyiriha oyirihien

lingko ling ling ling ling salt n.sg inang

3 lobongi lobongi lobongi lobongi obongi tree type n inang

3 lobongin lobongin lobongin lobongin obongin

1 logule logule logule logule ogule elbow n inang

11 loguleco loguliaha loguliaha loguliaha oguliaha

1 lohoho lohoho lohoho lohoho lohoho male thief n ileng

10 hoholak hoholak lohuruhi lohuruhi hoholak

7 tuhe lokuduk lohuruk lohuruk ohuruk n inang,

7 tuheco lokuduhi lohuruhi lohuruhi ohuruhi

crow, bird type

ileng

3 lolwari lolwari lolwari lolwari olwar dry ground n.sg inang

22 cola longohe cala cala cola n.sg inang

2 colacin

compacted cow

dung

3 loromori loromori loromori loromori oromori place of

digging

n.sg inang

5 lorwoti lorwoti olwoti olwoti olwoti cannibal n inang,

17 lorwot lorwot olwot halwok halwok ileng

1 lotwala lotwala lotwala lotwala lotwala ash n.sg inang

11 lowotoi lowote lowote lowote owotek diarrhea n.sg inang

M m

5 madok madok immadok immadok immadok gum n inang

6 madoha madohi immadohi immadohi immadohi

1 mai mai mai mai mai place n inang,

6 macohi maisihi,

maisiok

massik massik massik ileng

1 mana mana mana mana mana n inang

1 matta matta matta matta matta

farm (away

from house)

1 mangat mangat mangat mangat mangat n inang

1 mangatin mangatin mangatin mangatin mangatin

camp, platform

1 maring maring maring maring maring fence, pen n inang

2 maringo maringa maringa maringa maringa

1 marwani marwani marwani marwani marwani old one n inang,

1 marwak marwak marwak marwak marwak ileng

1 mile mile mile mile mile salt (Arabic) n.sg inang

3 miyang miyang miyang miyang miang grass(general) n.sg inang

10 moite moite motie motie mote morning n.sg inang

1 molong molong molong molong molong baboon n inang,

1 molongo molongo molongo molongo molongo ileng

1 monye monye monye monye monye n ileng

1 monyie monyie monyie monyie monyie

father, owner

1 monyiti monyiti monyiti monyiti monyiti intestine n inang

5 monyi monyi monyit monyit monyit

10 monyomijiti monyomijiti lomonyomiji lomonyomiji lomonyomiti villager n ileng

3 monyomiji monyomiji monyomiji monyomiji monyomi

1 moring moring moring moring moring n inang,

1 moringo moringo moringo moringo moringo

dikdik, gazelle

type ileng

1 morroti morroti morroti morroti morroti bean n inang,

1 morro morro morro morro morro ileng

1 morwari morwari morwari morwari morwari rocky place n.sg inang

1 morwo morwo morwo morwo morwo stone n inang

1 moru moru moru moru moru

1 moti moti moti moti moti pot n inang,

2 motio mocio mocio mocio mocio ileng

1 motte motte motte motte motte friend n inang

11 motteja motiarak motiarak motiarak motiak

2 logur mugu mugu mugu mugu granary n inang

2 loguri mugwo mugwo mugwo mugwo

1 muhunyo muhunyo muhunyo muhunyo muhunyo n inang,

5 muhunyon muhunyon muhuny muhuny muhuny

leather, dried

skin ileng

1 munu munu munu munu munu snake n inang,

5 muniok muniok munok munok munok ileng

1 munya munya munya munya munya liver n inang

11 munyana munyai munyai munyai munyajin

3 muro muro muro muro ohuya thigh n inang

12 muroci murosi morojin muroi ohuyaha

1 murut murut murut murut murut neck n inang

1 mutto mutto mutto mutto mutto

6 mwarahi mwarak mwarahati mwarahati mwarahati n inang

5 mwaraha mwaraha mwarak mwarak mwarak

horn of animal

N n

5 nolowori nolowori nolokwat nolokwat nolokwat loud sound n.sg inang

7 nangorwo nongorwo ongorwo ongorwo angorwo wife n inang

1 ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo

Ng ng

3 ngabura ngabura ngabura ngabura tongosa n inang

3 ngaburaha ngaburaha ngaburaha ngaburaha tongos

wound,

infection

1 ngadief ngadief ngadief ngadief ngadief tongue n inang,

3 ngadiefa ngadiefa ngadiefa ngadiefa ngadiafa ileng

12 nganyini ngaini ngeni nganai nganini girl n inang

13 nganyinok ngainok ngenok nganiok nganiok

1 ngamari ngamari ngamari ngamari ngamari grain in field n inang

1 ngama ngama ngama ngama ngama

1 ngati ngati ngati ngati ngati side n inang

2 ngatihen ngacio ngacio ngacio ngacio

1 ngidony ngidony ngidony ngidony ngidony monkey n inang,

1 ngidonyo ngidonyo ngidonyo ngidonyo ngidonyo ileng

1 ngijim ngijim ngijim ngijim ngijim chin n inang

1 ngijima ngijima ngijima ngijima ngijima

1 ngiria ngiria ngiria ngiria ngiria n inang

5 ngiriyai ngiriyai ngiriasin ngiriasin ngiriasin

asida, thick

porridge

Ny ny

5 nya nya nyawa nyawa nyawa cow utter n inang

10 nyatin nyatin nyawatin nyawatin nyawara

1 nyahuto nyahuto nyahuto nyahuto nyahuto iron, mettal n ?

1 nyahuwo nyahuwo nyahuwo nyahuwo nyahuwo

22 nyongati nyongoti nyangati nyangati nyongati beeswax n inang

22 nyonga nyongo nyanga nyanga nyonga

P p

5 pir pir per per per bicycle n inang

5 pirra pirra peri peri peri

2 bwac pir pir pir pir n inang,

2 bwaci pir pir pir pir

point of spear

hunang

1 por por por por por mancala n.sg inang

R r

4 raboloti raboloi raboloti raboloti raboloti banana n inang

1 rabolo rabolo rabolo rabolo rabolo

3 rang rang rang rang irang bow n inang

3 ranga ranga ranga ranga irangi

5 ree ree lee lee lee milk n.pl hunang

6 hidongai risa lisa lisa lisa tail n inang

6 dongai risai lisara lisara lisara

6 rufan rofan ofioti ofioti ofioti roof frame n inang

6 rufani rofani ofiot ofiot ofiot

5 romoto romoto romote romote romote planted field n.sg inang

1 roroi roroi roroi roroi roroi n inang

2 rori hirro hirro hirro hirro

thing, issue,

problem

S s

2 cali sali sali sali sali n inang

6 calico salia salito salito salito

stove, place of

cooking

7 cohine sehi sehine sehine tehine n inang

2 cang sang sang sang sang

thing, property

2 cihet sihet sihet sihet sihet n inang

6 ciheco siheti sihet sihet sihet

chicken comb

12 cingnyati singeta singatai singata singate sand n.sg inang

11 cofe sofe sofe sofe hisofe drill, hoe n inang,

2 cofecin sofia sofia sofia sofia ileng

2 cohoti cohoti sohoti sohoti sohoti palm tree n inang

2 cohot cohot sohot sohot sohot

2 colo solo solo solo solo spoon n.sg ?

2 cumai somai somai somai somai fat n inang

11 cumu sumu sumu sumu suma

2 cuge suhe suhe suhe suhe chest n inang

6 cugena suhena suhiena suhiena suhiena

T t

1 tafar tafar tafar tafar tafar lake, pond n inang

1 tafara tafara tafara tafara tafara

6 tafing tafeng tafengi tafengi tafengi guinea pig n inang,

6 tafingo tafengo tafiongo tafiongo tafiongo ileng

1 taji taji taji taji taji heart n inang

1 tajia tajia tajia tajia tajia

1 tamot tamot tamot tamot tamot n ileng

1 tamoti tamoti tamoti tamoti tamoti

castrated bull

1 tamu tamu tamu tamu tamu helmet n inang

2 tamucin tamwo tamwo tamwo tamwo

7 gul na

hacak

tel ifagi ifagi bongit a

tawa

calf pen n inang

7 gula hunna

hacak

tela ifagi ifagi bongitto a

tawa

5 tere tere tele tele tele hail n.pl hunang

15 tim tim tim ttim ttim n.sg inang

13 timo timotin ttimotin ttimotin

grass, bush,

wilderness

1 tobok tobok tobok tobok tobok bowl n inang

22 toboha toboho tobwaha tobwaha toboha

1 togoli togoli togoli togoli togoli canoe n inang

6 togolicen togolisen togolo togolo togolo

17 tohoni tohoni tihoni tungani tungani person n inang,

8 hiyo huwo huwo hiyo hiyo ileng

1 tome tome tome tome tome elephant n inang,

1 tomia tomia tomia tomia tomia ileng

1 tuduha tuduha tuduha tuduha tuduha dust(Arabic) n.sg inang

1 tuluhu tuluhu tuluhu tuluhu tuluhu squirrel n inang,

2 tuluhucen tuluhusien tuluhusien tuluhusien tuluhusien ileng

7 tureni turenya turiana turiana toriana flower n inang,

10 turenya turenya turiana turiana hitoreniti hunang

5 turong turong tallus-

tallus

tallus-

tallus

tallus-

tallus

lump, wound n.pl hunang

1 tutunyo tutunyo tutunyo tutunyo tutunyo heel n inang

1 tutunyon tutunyon tutunyon tutunyon tutunyon

2 tutura tutur tutur tutur tutur n inang

1 tuturi tuturi tuturi tuturi tuturi

forest, woods

W w

3 wok wok wok wok diel escarpment n inang

3 wohin wohin wohin wohin diala

1 wolo wolo wolo wolo wolo dove n inang,

6 wolojo wolojin wolojit wolojit wolojit ileng

1 wor wor wor wor wor stream, river n inang

15 woni woni woni woro woro

1 worot worot worot worot worot animal dung n.pl hunang

1 wotti wotti wotti wotti wotti cow dung n.sg inang

10 wuor wuor kome kome woor n inang

10 wuori wuori kometa kometa wori

hole for

trapping

Y y

11 afa yafa yafa yafa hafa moon, month n inang

11 afajin yafajin yafajin yafajin hafajin

1 yani yani yani yani yani n inang

1 yanii yanii yanii yanii yanii

tree (general)

5 yei yei yee yee yee death n inang

6 yeita iyeiti iyeti iyeti iyeti

1 yoni yoni yoni yoni yoni hide, dried skin n inang

1 yonio yonio yonio yonio yonio

Lopit Villages in Dialect Areas

Ngabori Dorik Ngotira

(West side of mountain) (East side of mountain) (East side of mountain) (West side of mountain)

Buwara Logona wati Ihiran Idali

Lomerok Lobelo Mehejik Lodonyok

Lodo Lacarok Mura Lopit Losow

Haba Lodahori Habirongi Losinya

Lohomiling Lohinyang Hiyahi

Lohidomok Lohobohobo Lohiri

Loluro Lottodo (Dabwar 1)

Ngabori Ehana (Dabwar 2)

Longeleyo Irube

Loturumo

Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo

Iboni Hidere Mura

Ibahore Hosa Mu

Lohilang Longija Obitigi

Imoluha Hwarra Iduwa

Ibele Sohot Hatolok

Lattarangi Ifite Wiliwili

Malangit Lofuluho Lahado

Glossary

Word Example Definition

syllable lo gu le in

logule ꞌelbowꞌ

The parts of a word that can be divided

according to beats.

consonant r f n in

rofan 'roof frame'

Letter sounds that begin or end syllables; a

consonant cannot be a syllable by itself.

vowel o a in

rofan 'roof frame'

Letter sounds in the middle and sometimes end

of a syllable; a vowel can be a syllable by itself.

heavy

(doubled)

consonant

tt in

hitto ‘anus, source’

Two of the same consonants together; the word

seems to slow down and bounce on the tt like a

car bounces when hitting a bump in the road

light (single)

consonant

t in

hito ‘child’

One consonant; the word is smooth without a

bump on the t

Answers to Exercises

Answers to the exercises of this book are given below.

Exercise 1

a awong i itak o oromo

b batak j jani p por

c cengi k kebu r rabolo

d demi l leime s sohoti

e efir m moti t tome

f fotir n nongorwo u buhu

g goro ng ngidony w wolo

h hidong ny nyangi y yani

Exercise 2

number of syllables divided into syllables

_2_ suhe su he _____ chest

2 donge do nge mountain

3 ciwali ci wa li flute

2 mugu mu gu granary

3 nongorwo no ngo rwo wife

2 itak i tak ostrich

1 por por game

2 solo so lo spoon

3 fofongi fo fo ngi cactus tree

2 rofan ro fan roof frame

3 igolo i go lo bell

2 farai fa rai leaf

2 dorong do rong barren land

1 hai hai rain

2 ngama nga ma grains

3 hohoro ho ho ro chicken

2 munu mu nu snake

Exercise 3

Consonants have been underlined instead of circled.

m o r i ng dikdik, gazelle type

k u r u f a t whip

l o b o ng i tree type

ny a h u t o iron, mettal

y o n i hid, dried skin

c i w a l i flute, wind instrument

g u s skin

h i p a t a mistreatment

h e j u leg, foot

d o r o ng barren high land

Exercise 4

Consonants have been underlined instead of circled.

Write Correctly Single Test words Doubled

hattel hito child t hatel eggs hitto anus tt

motte hito child t motte friend hitto anus tt

mutto hito child t muto necks hitto anus tt

moti hito child t motti pot hitto anus tt

wotti hito child t wotti cow dung hitto anus tt

ngati hito child t ngati side hitto anus tt

hutti hito child t huti worm hitto anus tt

itak hito child t ittak ostrich hitto anus tt

matta hito child t mata farms hitto anus tt

hirro hohoro chicken r hiro things, issues hiyorro roar rr

kori hohoro chicken r korri giraffe hiyorro roar rr

durre hohoro chicken r durre children hiyorro roar rr

ikarrak hohoro chicken r ikarak water turtle hiyorro roar rr

bore hohoro chicken r bore stable hiyorro roar rr

leferrek hohoro chicken r leferek hare, rabbit hiyorro roar rr

Exercise 5

Vowels have been underlined instead of circled.

h o s o k giant, large person

b a l a ng salt

h i j i middle

h u r u worms

l o h o h o male thief

h u s u ng cows

f e r e spear

h o t o blood

h a r a stool, chair

Exercise 6

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly

busok bull busuk facan marking facan

foter warthog fotir foher farm fuher

habu chief habu hiju leg, foot heju

hidi rat hide hinu excrement hino

heram issue, problem hiram tosi scorpions tosi

hoto blood hoto hoji grasses huji

edis shadow of cloud idis jore big rocks jore

moro stones moru muru thigh muro

sehi thing, property sehi tafang guinea pig tafeng

Exercise 7

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly

hotuay inside hotwai wuor hole for trapping wuor

lotwala ash lotwala mai place mai

belye skin belie haswani buffalo haswani

garay dry grassland garai hawwe arrow hauwe

horuong back horwong hosyere front hosiere

marwani old one marwani leyfori kitchen leifori

hayyohoni shepherd hayiohoni hafyalay claw hafialai

Exercise 8

(No answers available for this excercise until there is agreement among various Lopit dialect speakers

in the next workshop)

Exercise 9

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly

garay dry grassland garai hafyalai claw hafialai

maruani old one marwani wwor hole for trapping wuor

may place mai lotwala ash lotwala

leyfori kitchen leifori belie skin belie

domi knife demi hawong monkey type awong

kier sheep ker ofioti roof frame rofan

leime lion leime efir fat, big efir