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UN0602 Nuclear Fuel Waste Management
February 28, 2009
Long-term Management of Canada’s Used Nuclear Fuel
Anda Kalvins, Ph.D.Director Environment
NWMO Mission
1
To develop and implement
collaboratively with Canadians a
management approach for the long-term
care of Canada’s used nuclear fuel that is socially acceptable, technically
sound, environmentally responsible and
economically feasible
Outline
• Used Nuclear Fuel• NWMO Study of Options• Adaptive Phased Management (APM)• Collaborative Design of the Site Selection Process
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Page 3
CANDU fuel bundle~ 20 kg natural uranium dioxide (UO2)~ 0.5 m length~ 1 million kWh ~ 100 homes/year
• Over 2 million bundles safely stored; approx. 4 million projected by 2035
• Currently stored on an interim basis at 7 major licensed reactor facilities– Ontario: 90%– Quebec: 5%– New Brunswick: 5%
• Excellent storage safety record
• The toxicity of used nuclear fuel reduces with time, but it remains a potential hazard essentially indefinitely
Canada’s Used Nuclear Fuel
Page 4
Used fuel storage at Ontario Power Generation’s Western Waste Management Facility
Dry Storage Container
Used Nuclear Fuel - Interim Storage
Page 5
Used Nuclear Fuel – Interim Storage Sites
Used Nuclear Fuel – History
1978: Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program initiated to develop geologic disposal of used nuclear fuel
1989 to 1998: Seaborn Panel» Found public support for AECL concept not demonstrated
2002: Nuclear Fuel Waste Act» NWMO established» Adaptive Phased Management emerged from 3-y dialogue with
Canadians
2007: NWMO begins to implement government approved plan –Adaptive Phased Management
One billion dollars invested in technical research
Page 6 6
NWMO
• NWMO is a not-for-profit organization, federally registered
• Funded by owners of used fuel– 91% Ontario Power Generation – 8% Hydro-Québec & NBPower – 1% Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd
• Board of Directors– Seven members appointed by Ontario Power Generation– One each for Hydro-Québec and NBPower
• Advisory Council– Ten members appointed by Board– Provides independent guidance and advice
• NWMO is growing: 10 employees in 2002; 80 in 2008 and >2009 ~200
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Study of Options (2002-2005)
Three options:• Deep Geological Disposal in
Canadian Shield• Storage at Nuclear Reactor Sites• Centralized Storage (above or
below ground)
Study Process:• 18,000 contributed to Study• 120 information & discussion
sessions across the country• 2500 Aboriginal people participated
in dialogues• 50,000 visit www.nwmo.ca
Page 8
nwmo NWMO Study Plan
1
34
2002 2003 2004 2005Conversations
About Expectations
Exploringthe Fundamental
Issues2Evaluation
of ManagementApproaches
Finalizingthe Study
Report
NWMO submitted its formal study and recommendations to the Minister of Natural Resources Canada on November 3, 2005.
Discussion Document #1
Discussion Document #2 Draft Study Report
Final Study
Page 9
NWMO Study - Phases & Documents
Iterative Study Process with 4 phases of Engagement & Analysis
Public feedback shaped & directed subsequent steps
NWMO observations & conclusions were tested & validated
Listen & learn
Are we asking the right questions?
Understanding the choices
Page 10
Safety and security are top priorities
This generation must take action now
Approach must be adaptable to new knowledge and societal priorities
What Canadians Told NWMO
NWMO Recommendation
Available at www.nwmo.ca
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Adaptive Phased Management
A Technical Method A Management System
Centralized containment and isolation of used nuclear fuel in deep geological repository
Continuous monitoring
Potential for retrievability
Optional step of shallow underground storage
Flexibility in pace and manner of implementation
Phased and adaptive decision-making
Responsive to advances in technology, research, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, societal values
Public engagement & site selection focused in 4 nuclear provinces (NB, ON, QC, SK)
Open, inclusive, fair siting process to seek informed, willing host community
NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION | Page 1212
Adaptive Phased Management
A Technical Method
Centralized containment and isolation of used nuclear fuel in deep geological repository
Continuous monitoring
Potential for retrievability
Optional step of shallow underground storage
NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION | Page 1313
Adaptive Phased Management
A Management SystemFlexible in pace & implementation
Phased and adaptive decision-making
Adapts to new technology, research, societal values, Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge
Public engagement & site selection focused in 4 nuclear provinces (NB, ON, QC, SK)
Open, inclusive, fair siting process to seek informed, willing host community
NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION | Page 1414
Centralized Deep Geological Repository
• Multi-barrier safety system• Retrievable• Monitored• Future generation will decide
when to close
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DGR Concept: Multi-barrier System
Page 16
Deep and low-permeability rock mass
Ceramic used fuel
Long-lived container
Clay seals
Uranium deposit is about 100,000 tonnes at depth of about 400 metresPage 17
Natural Analogue – Cigar Lake Ore Deposit
Used Fuel - International Management Programs
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Country National Decision Repository Program Status
Canada (20) Geological repository Developing siting process
China (11) Geological repository Siting studies underway
Finland (4) Geological repository Site selected in 2001; Operation by 2020
France (59) Reprocessing +Geological repository
Site selection by 2015; Operation by 2025
Germany (17) Geological repository Two candidate sites by 2010?, Operation by 2030?
Japan (55) Reprocessing +Geological repository
Siting process started 2002; Operation by 2035?
Sweden (10) Geological repository Site selection by 2009; Operation by 2020
Switzerland (5) Geological repository Siting process started in 2008; Operation by 2040?
UK (19) Geological repository Siting process started in 2008
USA (104) Geological repository Site selected in 1987; Operation by 2021?
(#) Number of nuclear power plants
Page 19
To support a repository in crystalline and sedimentary rockRepository EngineeringGeoscienceSafety Assessment
To assess alternative / emerging technologies:Reprocessing, partitioning and transmutation; Very deep boreholes
Peer review:Independent Technical Review Group established in 2008
International Cooperation:Sweden, Finland, Switzerland and FranceParticipation in Underground Research Laboratories in Sweden (Äspö HRL) and Switzerland (Mont Terri)
Implementing APM - Technical Research
Implementing APM - Collaboration
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Implementing APM - Building Relationships
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Engagement is one of the NWMO’s five values.• Build awareness, understanding and support among Canadians for APM
• Federal and Provincial Governments- Elected officials and staff
• Municipal Forum- Working with Federation of Canadian Municipalities & municipal associations- Discuss local perspectives- Advance research (e.g., sustainable communities, best practices in engagement,
community toolkits)
• Interest-Based Organizations- NGOs, Community Groups
• Young People- Youth Roundtable to advise on youth engagement strategy
Implementing APM - Aboriginal Engagement
• NFWA makes special mention of working with Aboriginal people
• NWMO Elders’ Forum• Aboriginal working group -
Niigani• Work with national
organizations to establish protocols to support Aboriginal involvement in engagement
• Work with geographically related provincial/regional groups to establish protocol agreements once potentially interested communities are in siting process
• Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge
Implementing APM - Social Research
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Study citizen priorities and concerns related to APM through Citizen Panels, focus groups
Study best practices in stakeholder engagement, capacity building, impact assessment and sustaining community well-being
Track and understand citizen expectations and public attitudes
National telephone surveys
e-dialogues
Implementing APM - Timeline
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To seek input to design a process for selecting a site
Step 1: Dialogue to guide the development of a process (2008)
Step 2: Broad public dialogue and review of a proposed Siting Process (2009)
Step 3: Initiate site selection process (post-2009)
Implementing APM - Dialogue on Siting
Dialogue on Siting Process Design
Does the framework of objectives, ethical principles and requirements provide a sound foundation for designing the process for selecting a site?
How can we ensure that the process for selecting a site is fair?
From what models and experience should we draw in designing the process?
Who should be involved in the process for selecting a site, and what should be their role?
What information and tools would facilitate your participation?
What else needs to be considered?
What We Heard – Key Recommendations
27
• Clear steps, roles and responsibilities• Clear project description• Fair presentation of the potential benefits and risks to community
• Community-driven process• Willing community• Commitment to community well-being• Involve neighbouring regions• Address concerns of transportation communities • Build capacity
• Third-party review• Active role for NWMO in engaging and supporting communities • Early screening based on exclusionary criteria
Elements of Proposal - NWMO Commitments
• Focus on New Brunswick, Québec, Ontario and Saskatchewan - interest from other provinces welcome
• Informed, willing host community• Site must meet strict, scientifically –
determined safety requirements
• Will meet or exceed all regulatory requirements
• Community well-being enhanced
• Respect Aboriginal rights and treaties
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NWMO final report following a 3-year study between 2002-2005 – available at www.nwmo.ca
Project Description
• National infrastructure project to develop, licence, build and operate a deep geological repository
• $16 to $24 billion high-technology project
• Supported by technical and research programs
• Site will become a centre of expertise and international collaboration
• Sited and developed over 30 years; operated for 60 years or more
• Requirements: – approx. 2 x 3 km (600 hectares); – rigorous scientific and technical specification
• Skilled employment for hundreds over many decades
• Significant economic benefits for community, region and province
• Long-term partnership with NWMO, community, and government
29
Proposal for Site Selection Process - Timeline
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• Spring 2009• Publish Draft proposal for public review and discussion
• Spring through Fall 2009• Broad-based engagement program to invite public discussion about the Draft
proposal
• Many activities in regional centres, national and provincial capitals, reactor site communities:- Information and discussion sessions, open houses- Multi-party dialogues – by invitation roundtables- Focus groups - Aboriginal dialogues
• Written submissions, comments, web-based surveys
• Late 2009 • Revise Site Selection Process with public input• Prepare to initiate siting process
www.nwmo.ca
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Canadian & international studies have shown that both crystalline rock and sedimentary rock are suitable for long-term containment and isolation of used fuel
Country Rock Types Considered Status of Research / InvestigationsFinland Crystalline Constructing URL / DGR → graniteSweden Crystalline Äspö URL granite; DGR investigations → 2 sitesBelgium Sedimentary URL → sedimentaryFrance Sedimentary & Crystalline Bure URL sedimentary rock; Siting → sedimentarySwitzerland Sedimentary & Crystalline URLs in both rock types; Siting → sedimentaryCanada Crystalline & Sedimentary URL → granite closing; Studies → both rock typesJapan Crystalline & Sedimentary Constructing URLs → both rock typesSpain Crystalline & Sedimentary Studies → both rock typesUK Crystalline & Sedimentary NDA responsible for implementationGermany Salt URL → salt investigations stopped; Under reviewUSA Volcanic Tuff Yucca Mountain site investigations → issues
Potentially Suitable Host Formations
Research- Engineering
Main R&D Areas:
Used Fuel Integrity
Container Corrosion
Sealing Material Development
Repository Design
Page 33
Page 34
Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission • Regulates the life cycle of nuclear facilities (site preparation, construction, operation and decommissioning)
Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency • Requires Environmental Assessment before licensing process is initiated
Transport Canada • Regulates the transportation of radioactive material
Provincial Agencies • Specific regulations (e.g. water quality)
Regulatory Oversight in Canada
Transportation Options – 3 Possible Modes
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1. All Road
(i.e., truck)
2. Mostly Rail
(i.e., rail + road)
3. Mostly Water
(i.e., water + road)