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LONG-TERM DYNAMICS AND CLIMATE IMPACTS
ON LAKES IN AUSTRIA, CENTRAL EUROPE:
A REVIEW
Martin T. DokulilInstitute for Limnology
Austrian Academy of Sciences
Mondsee, Austria
Content
• Lakes in Austria - A brief outline
• Eutrophication and oligotrophication history
• Restoration measures
• Case study Mondsee
• Climate impacts on lakes in Austria and Central Europe
• Case study Neusiedler See
• What can be learned from a small temperate country?
Lake districts in Austria
Mondsee
Attersee Traunsee
Wolfgangsee
water shed
Salzkammergut
region
Hallstätter See
Lake Ir Mo At Ha Wo TrAltitude [m] 533 481 469.2 508 538 422A [km²] 3.5 14.2 45.9 8.6 12.8 25.6V [Mio m³ 53 510 3945 557 667.1 2302z [m] 15.3 36 84.2 64.9 52 89.7zmax [m] 32 68.3 170.6 125.2 113.1 191r [y] 1.7 1.7 7 0.5 3.9 1A' [km²] 27.5 247 463.5 646.5 124.8 1417
Irrsee(Ir)
Mondsee(Mo)
Attersee(At)
Traunsee(Tr)
Hallstättersee(Ha)
Wolfgangsee(Wo)
Jepp
esen
et a
l. Fr
eshw
ater
Biol
ogy
(200
5)Effects of oligotrophication
Tota
l pho
spho
rus,
TP
[µg
L-1]
0
20
40
60
80 Grabensee TP Mattsee TP Obertrumer See TP
0
10
20
30
40Fuschlsee TP Wallersee TP Wolfgang See TP Zellersee TP
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Tota
l Bio
volu
me,
B [m
m3
L-1]
0
2
4
6
Grabensee B Mattsee B Obertrumer See B
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050
1
2
3
Fuschlsee B Wallersee B Wolfgang See B Zellersee B
r2 = 0.92
r2 = 0.94
r2 = 0.89
r2 = 0.62
r2 = 0.61
r2 = 0.72
r2 = 0.71
r2 = 0.64
Lake dynamicsL
akes
in th
eco
unty
Salz
burg
Total phosphorus [µg.l-1]
1 10
Chl
orop
hyll-
a [µ
g.l-1
]
1
10
AtterseeHallstätterseeTraunseeMondseeWolfgangsee
1 : 1
Oligotroph
Mesotroph
Ultra-Oligotroph
TP / Chl-a diagramL
akes
in th
eSa
lzka
mm
ergu
t reg
ion
Case
study
Mondsee
1970 1980 1990 2000
Dep
th (m
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14I II III IVI
Secchi
depth
Mondsee 1957-2002D
okul
il &
Teu
bner
, Fre
shw
at. B
iol.
(200
5)
Phosphorus
Mondsee 1957-2002D
okul
il &
Teu
bner
, Fre
shw
at. B
iol.
(200
5)
1970 1980 1990 2000
Tota
l pho
spho
rus
(µg
L-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Avg-TPDI-TP
PI-TP
PI+DI-TP
I II III IV
Biovolume Mondsee 1957-2002D
okul
il &
Teu
bner
, Fre
shw
at. B
iol.
(200
5)
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Bio
volu
me
(mm
3 L-1
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Annual average biovolum
e (mm
3 L-1)
0
1
2
3
4II III IVI
cohe
renc
e
Total phosphorus [TP, µg.l-1]
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Chl
orop
hyll-
a [C
hl-a
, µg.
l-1]
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
1982
1983
1984 1985
1986
1987
1988 19891990
1991
1992
19931994
1995
1996Mondsee
Cyano
ChloroChryso
CryptoDino
Bacill
1997
19981999
2000
2001
TP / Chl-a developmentD
okul
il &
Teu
bner
, H
ydro
biol
ogia
(200
3)
EvidenceO
ligot
roph
icat
ion
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Tota
l Phy
topl
ankt
on-B
iom
ass
[mg
m-3
]
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000 Cyanobacteria Bacillariophyta
80 90 00
Bio
volu
me
[106 µ
m3 L
-1]
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000Cryptophyta
Dinophyta
Year80 90 00
Chrysophyta
80 90 00
Chlorophyta
Long term trends phytoplankton groupsM
onds
ee
Month
1 3 5 7 9 11
Chrysophytes
1 3 5 7 9 11
Bio
volu
me
[106
µm3
L-1]
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000Cryptophytes
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000Cyanobacteria Bacillariophytes Dinophytes
1 3 5 7 9 11
Chlorophytes
Seasonal trends of phytoplankton groupsM
onds
ee
Algal groups1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Ann
ual a
vera
ge b
iovo
lum
e of
phy
topl
ankt
on g
roup
s(m
m3
L-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Years1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Cyanobacteria
Bacillariophyceae
Dinoflagellates
Chrysophyceae
Cryptophyceae
DominantSub-dominant
Dok
ulil
& T
eubn
er,
Hyd
robi
olog
ia(2
003)
Biovolume / SRSiO
ligot
roph
icat
ion
Biovolume (mm3 L-1)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
SRSi
(mg
L-1 )
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4r ² = 0.456
1982
2001
oligotroph o-m mesotroph eutroph
cohe
renc
eDiatoms
Bacillariophyceen gesamt
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Bio
volu
me
[106 µ
m3
L-1]
0
1000
2000
cohe
renc
eDiatom species
Cyclotella radiosa
100
200
Asterionella formosa
100
200
600
800
Tabellaria flocculosa var. fenestrata
1000
2000
3000
4000
Fragilaria crotonensis
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
0
100
200
300
Bio
volu
me
[106 µ
m3
L-1]
cohe
renc
eConceptual summary
Dok
ulil
& T
eubn
er,
Fre
shw
at. B
iol.
(200
5)
NAOWinter
vs. Air & LSTC
oeff
icie
nt o
f det
erm
inat
ion
(r²%
) FromLivingstone & Dokulil (2001) L & O 46, 1220-1227
NAOWinter
vs. LSTC
oeff
icie
nt o
f det
erm
inat
ion
(r²%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Mattsee
0
10
20
30
40
50
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Wallersee
0
10
20
30
40
50
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Holzöstersee
0
10
20
30
40
50
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Neusiedlersee
0
10
20
30
40
50
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Grundlsee
0
10
20
30
40
50
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Irrsee
0
10
20
30
40
50
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Altausseer See
P<0.05
Millstättersee
0
10
20
30
40
50
J F M A M J J A S O N D0
10
20
30
40
50
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Ossiachersee
Deep water temperatures (DWT)C
entr
al E
urop
e
DWT vs. NAOC
entr
al E
urop
e
Case
study
Neusiedlersee
Bio
mas
s [m
g m
-3]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Cyanobacteria CryptophytesChrysophytes BacillariophytesDinophytesEuglenophytes Chlorophytes
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Chl
orop
hyll-
a [m
g m
-3]
0
5
10
15
Tota
l Pho
spho
rus
[TP,
mg
m-3
]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Neu
sied
ler
See
Phytoplankton
dynamic
1968-2004
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Chl
orop
hyll-
a [C
hl-a
, mg
m-3
]
Total phosphorus [TP, mgm-3]
Neusiedler See
19701975
1977
1978
19791980
1990
1996
1982
1983
1984
1985
1987
1988
1989
1976
Cyano
ChloroChryso
CryptoDino
Bacill
2000
Neu
sied
ler
See
Trophic
diagram
1970-2000
Neu
sied
ler
See
Seasonal
average
total biomass
Spring
Bio
mas
s [m
g m
-3]
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000Winter
1970 1980 1990 2000
Bio
mas
s [m
g m
-3]
0
1000
2000
3000
Summer
1970 1980 1990 2000
Autumn
Neu
sied
ler
See
Annual
average
algal
groups
Bio
mas
s [m
g m
-3]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1970 1980 1990 2000
Bio
mas
s [m
g m
-3]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1970 1980 1990 2000
Cyano Crypto
Bacillario Chloro
SPRING
Bio
mas
s [m
g m
-3]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1970 1980 1990 2000
Bio
mas
s [m
g m
-3]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1970 1980 1990 2000
Cyano Crypto
Bacillario Chloro
AUTUMN
Bio
mas
s [m
g m
-3]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1970 1980 1990 2000
Bio
mas
s [m
g m
-3]
0
1000
2000
3000
1970 1980 1990 2000
Cyano Crypto
Bacillario Chloro
SUMMER
Bio
mas
s [m
g m
-3]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1970 1980 1990 2000
Bio
mas
s [m
g m
-3]
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
1970 1980 1990 2000
Cyano Crypto
Bacillario Chloro
WINTER
Total Phosphorus [TP, mg m-3]
0 50 100 150 200
Chl
orop
hyll-
a [m
g m
-3]
0
5
10
15
20
Annual NAO Index
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Res
idua
ls T
P/C
hl-a
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Chl-a = 4.56 + 0.050 TPr² = 0.53, n =31, p < 0.001
Res = 0.11 + 2.64 NAOr² = 0.26, n = 31, p = 0.003
Climate change (NAO)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Coefficient of determination (r²) between winter MOIDJFM index and monthly mean lake surface temperature in Neusiedler See
Neu
sied
ler
See
Summary
• Austrian lakes underwent anthropogenic eutrophication
• Increase in nutrients, primary productivity, algal biomass toxic
cyanobacteria
• External and internal restoration measures
• Reduction in nutrient loading Oligotrophication
• Reduction in phytoplankton biomass and species composition
• Remediation of lakes retarded process (> 10 years)
• EC Water Framework Directive aims for ‘good ecological status’ of
all European waters by 2015
• New challenge impacts of climate change
Take home messages
• Good legislation, continuously adapted
• Good management of sewage treatment and lake restoration
• Scientific based monitoring strategies
• Strategies must used best available techniques
• Strategies have to be catchment orientated and basin-wide
• Public awareness and participation
• Fulfill EC-requirements such as the Water Framework Directive (WFD)
• Future strategies must forecast and include impacts from climate
change