Logistics in Lagging Regions

8/7/2019 Logistics in Lagging Regions

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G Z E X L G M N O B C G L D C H D X X N E X \ P G

B C G H D C L G O O E L P N Z N P ^

Cgbnstnls noCdbbnob Xebngos

D R G X C @ H D O K \ P U @ ^

Lfdrces Kuodkd


2/94


3/94

R G X C @ H D O K \ P U @ ^

Cgbnstnls no Cdbbnob XebngosGverlgmnob Cgldc Hdrrners tg Bcghdc Lgooeltnvnty

Lfdrces Kuodkd


4/94

Lgpyrnbft 8944Pfe Noterodtngodc Hdok jgr Xelgostrultngo do` @evecgpmeot / Pfe Rgrc` Hdok4646 F \treet ORRdsfnobtgo @L 89026-259-0029; Noteroet1 www.lgpyrnbft.lgm.Dcc gtfer quernes go rnbfts do` cnleoses, nolcu`nob suhsn`ndry rnbfts, sfguc` he d``resse` tg tfe G legj tfe Yuhcnsfer, Pfe Rgrc` Hdok, 4646 F \treet OR, Rdsfnobtgo, @L 89026-9-684:/>26-9-684-4

Cnhrdry gj Lgobress Ldtdcgbnob-no-Yuhcnldtngo @dtd fds heeo requeste`.


5/94

nnn

Lgoteots

Dlkogwce`bmeots .................................................................................................................. vnn

Exelutnve \ummdry .................................................................................................................. nx

Cnst gj Dlrgoyms ....................................................................................................................... xn

4. Lgooeltnob Cdbbnob Xebngos tg Expgrt Mdrkets ............................................................. 4

Notrgùltngo ..........................................................................................................................4Pfe Fnbf Lgst gj \fnppnob \mdcc Zgcumes ..................................................................... 8Pfe Lfdcceobe gj Lggr`nodtngo do` Lggperdtngo .......................................................... 0

Gvervnew gj Mdno Jno`nobs ...............................................................................................:Gutcnoe gj Xepgrt .................................................................................................................6

8. Dssessnob Cgbnstnls Yerjgrmdole dt tfe \uh-Odtngodc cevec ........................................ 44

Notrgùltngo ........................................................................................................................44Cgldc Hdrrners tg Bcghdc Lgooeltnvnty ............................................................................44\uppcy Lfdno Dodcysns .....................................................................................................40Mgècnob Cgbnstnls Yerjgrmdole dt tfe \uh-Odtngodc Cevec ....................................... 45@dtd Xequnremeots ............................................................................................................42

Notrgùltngo ........................................................................................................................4>Cgbnstnls Nojrdstrulture no Cdbbnob Xebngos .................................................................89Cgbnstnls Noterme`ndtngo no Cdbbnob Xebngos................................................................80

0. Ldse \tu`y Goe1 Lggperdtnve Dpprgdlf tg Cgbnstnls Noterme`ndtngo .......................


6/94

nv Lgoteots

Jdlncntdtngo gj Mdrket Exlfdobes .................................................................................... :

\glndc \ystems Dcsg Fdve d Xgce tg Ycdy ........................................................................24Xetfnok @evecgpmeot Mgèc ........................................................................................... 24

Xejereoles ................................................................................................................................. 2:; Hdogmygob 8992). Ghvnguscy, no tfe dhseole gjnoterodtngodc hgrèr pgsts, servnle prgvnèrs fdve bredter jree`gm tg lgooelt cgldtngos


19/94

Cgbnstnls no Cdbbnob Xebngos 5

tfdo tfey `g wntf noterodtngodc trdosdltngos. Ds sulf, cgbnstnls servnles dt tfe suh-od-tngodc cevec dre dhgut oetwgrk `yodmnls tg lgooelt ogès ds e lneotcy ds pgssnhce wfncemnonmnznob lgst. Jurtfer, d jglus go tfe grbdonzdtngo dspelts gj cgbnstnls do` fgw expgrtsuppcy lfdnos wgrk (lre`nt, servnle prgvnèrs, hrgkers, wdrefgusnob, etl.) wguc` lgm-pcemeot tfe stu`nes tfdt jglus go nojrdstrulture do` trdospgrtdtngo nssues (e.b., Rgrc`Hdok 899:, Bgozdces et dc. 8996).

Gver cdrbe sldces, mdrket notebrdtngo mdy jdnc tg èvecgp su lneotcy tg reùletrdosdltngo lgsts. Pfe lgsts gj drrdobnob mdrket exlfdobes ldo he sg fnbf ds tg preveottrdè. Prdosdltngo lgsts nolcuè, dmgob gtfer tfnobs, tfe lgsts gj sedrlfnob jgr d pdrtoerwntf wfgm tg exlfdobe, slreeonob pgteotndc trd`nob pdrtoers tg dslertdno tfenr trustwgr-tfnoess, hdrbdnonob wntf pgteotndc trd`nob pdrtoers (do`, no sgme ldses g lndcs wfg ldofgc` up trdè) tg redlf do dbreemeot, trdosjerrnob tfe prgùlt (tfns typnldccy novgcvestrdospgrtdtngo, prglessnob, pdlkdbnob, do` selurnob tntce, nj oelessdry), mgontgrnob tfedbreemeot tg see tfdt nts lgo`ntngos dre juc fflcce`, do` eojgrlnob (gr seeknob `dmdbesjgr doy vngcdtngo gj) tfe exlfdobe dbreemeot. Pfere fdve heeo oumergus dodcyses gjtfese lgsts nolcu`nob expcgrdtngo gj mdrket dpprgdlfes tg grbdonznob elgogmnl dltnvntyno terms gj vdrngus jgrms gj lggr`nodtngo lgsts gr trdosdltngo lgsts (e.b., Lgdse 4>62).

Noterme`ndrnes ldo estdhcnsf sglndc recdtngosfnps tfdt ldo hrn`be `n ereot pdrtnestfrgubf bdtfernob nojgrmdtngo go pgteotndc mdrket exlfdobes. Pfe d`vdotdbe gj noter-me`ndrnes stems jrgm tfe jdlt tfdt mdrket exlfdobe ns suhaelt tg nolredsnob returos notfree respelts1 fflrst, nojgrmdtngo go huyers do` seccers ldo he use` repedte`cy (medonobtfe lgst gj bdtfernob nojgrmdtngo ldo he spred` gver tnme); selgo`, d cdrbe oumher gjtrdosdltngos wncc tdke pcdle, wfnlf wncc reùle tfe lgst per trdosdltngo; do` cdst, tfere ns heoefflt no spelndcnzdtngo.

Lggr`nodtngo lgsts tdke notg dllguot tfe lgsts gj bdtfernob nojgrmdtngo, oebgtndtnoblgotrdlts, do` prgteltnob dbdnost tfe rnsk gj gppgrtuonstnl hdrbdnonob (Heoadmno et dc.4>6:). Kgpnlkn (8949) drbues tfdt tfe spdtndc do` tempgrdc pdrdmeters tfdt ètermnoetfe elgogmnl vndhncnty gj doy trdosdltngo novgcvnob prnmdry lgmmg`ntnes ns ètermnoe`mdnocy hy twg ntems1 d) prgùltngo lgst dt tfe suppcy eo` do` h) tfe trdosdltngo lgst hetweeo tfe suppcy do` èmdo` eo`s gj tfe lfdno. Pfe fnbfer tfe trdosdltngo lgsts, tfesmdccer tfe begbrdpfnldc exteot gj tfe jedsnhce mdrket. Pfe lgmpetntnveoess gj \MEs ns djuoltngo gj hgtf prgùltnvnty do` trdosdltngo lgsts. Rntfgut nmprgvemeots no entfer, nt

mdy ogt he pgssnhce tg eofdole tfe lgmpetntnveoess gj smdcc eoterprnses.Prdosdltngo lgsts nolcuè lggr`nodtngo ds wecc ds spelndcnzdtngo. Pfe novestnbdtngo gjtfe rgce gj trdosdltngo lgsts no trdè fds d cgob fnstgry bgnob hdlk tg Lgdse (4>>2)0 drbues tfdt Lgdses tfegry ns jgluse` mgre go mdodbnob lggr`nodtngo tfdo nt ns go fflrmspelndcnzdtngo.


20/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y:

Fgwever, trdosdltngo lgsts dre `n luct tg estnmdte. Pfere dre gocy d jew stu`nestfdt fdve d empte` tg estnmdte sulf lgsts no `n ereot eovnrgomeots. \tddc et dc. (4>>2)jguo` tfdt trdosdltngo lgsts no Etfngpnd do` Keoyd ced` tg reùle` mnck prgùltngo.Mdctsgbcgu do` Pdoyern-Dhur (8995) 5 jguo` tfdt, no Yeru, hesnès trdospgrt lgsts do`mdrket prnles, tfe gtfer jdltgrs tfdt no ueole qudotnty sgc` dre nojgrmdtngo, oebgtnd-tngo, do` lgotrdlt mgontgrnob lgsts. Pfe beoerdc evnèole jrgm gtfer stu`nes subbeststfdt dpdrt jrgm prnles, tfe lgsts gj grbdonznob do` tfe cgsses tfrgubf mnstdkes wncc teo`tg nolredse wntf do nolredse no tfe spdtndc `nstrnhutngo gj tfe trdosdltngos grbdonze`, tfe`nssnmncdrnty gj tfe trdosdltngos, do` tfe pgssnhncnty gj lfdobes no tfe recevdot prnles. DsRdboer (899>>)drbues tfdt no èln`nob tg uoèrtdke prgùltngo do no`nvnùdc fds tg fdve d`vdole ds-surdole tfdt fe wncc fflo` d mdrket; fns lustgmers dre no d snmncdr pgsntngo, no tfdt tfeyfdve tg dssume tfey wncc fflo` suppcners. Pferejgre, sgme exterodc lggr`nodtngo melfd-onsm mdy he oeeè` tg hrnob huyers do` seccers snmuctdoeguscy notg mdrket exlfdobeced`nob tg notebrdtngo gj exlfdobe gver cdrbe begbrdpfnldc dreds.

Fgwever, no redcnty, tfe rgce gj noterme`ndrnes ns lgotrgversndc. No sgme nostdoles,noterme`ndrnes dre seeo tg pcdy d heoevgceot rgce, wfnce no gtfer ldses, tfey dre seeo tgpcdy do expcgntdtnve goe. Do exdmpce gj tfe jgrmer ns Ren et dc. (899


21/94


cdbbnob rebngos dre exlcuè` jrgm bcghdc suppcy lfdnos. Pferejgre, sldce do` begbrdpfn-ldc dcneodtngo pgse d rnsk tfdt cdrbe oumhers gj pegpce no mn``ce- do` cgw-nolgme lguo-trnes wncc strubbce tg brgw gut gj pgverty. Pfns ns uocess ècnherdte dltngos dre tdkeo tgnmprgve tfe qudcnty gj cgbnstnls nojrdstrulture do` servnles.

Lgre Nojrdstrulture Fds d Mdagr No ueole go Cgbnstnls Yerjgrmdole

Nodèqudte gr nodpprgprndte prgvnsngo gj lgre nojrdstrulture, sulf ds rgd`s gr stgrdbe,ldo he d mdagr nmpe`nmeot tg cgbnstnls nmprgvemeots. Mdrket jdncure ns, tferejgre, dmdagr austnfflldtngo jgr bgveromeot tg tdke tfe ced` no tfe prgvnsngo gj lgre cgbnstnls no-jrdstrulture. \trdtebnl novestmeot hy tfe puhcnl seltgr ldo snbodc tg pgteotndc huyers do`seccers tg lgmmnt tg mdrket prgùltngo. Fgwever, tfe puhcnl seltgr oee` ogt oelessdrncyprgvnè tfe eotnre nojrdstrulture. D snbon fflldot prgpgrtngo gj tfe stgrdbe nojrdstrulturens prgvnè` hy tfe prnvdte seltgr. Nt ldo pcdy d jdlncntdtnob rgce tg eodhce prnvdte-seltgrnovestmeot no èvecgpnob notebrdte` lgmmg`nty mdrkets. Doy noveotngos tfdt hrnob tfe

jdltgrs gj prgùltngo oedrer tgbetfer hy cesseonob spdtndc `nspersngo wncc teo` tg no-lredse tfe vgcume gj exlfdobes do` dcsg tfe snzes gj eoterprnses.

Yrnvdte \eltgr@rnveo Medsures Ldo Fecp Nmprgve Cgbnstnls Yerjgrmdole

\gme gj tfe mgst sullessjuc noterveotngos tg reùle trdosdltngo lgsts jgr smdcc-sldce prg-ùlers fdve heeo tfe resuct gj lgccdhgrdtngo wntf cdrbe-sldce prgùlers. Rfere tfe jgr-mer prgvnè noput tg tfe cd er, nt fds heeo no hgtf tfenr noterests tg lggperdte. Fgwever,sulf lggperdtngo ns gjteo fdmpere` hy nolgosnsteot pgcnly dltngos. Jrequeot lfdobes nopgcnly mdke nt `n luct tg èvecgp cgob term strdtebnes go nojrdstrulture do` systemsèvecgpmeot. Jgr nostdole, no No`nd dt tfe stdrt gj tfe jgg` lrnsns èlnsngos were mdè tg

hdr prnvdte-seltgr eoterprnses jrgm purlfdsnob dbrnlucturdc prgùlts. Pfns ce` tg d scgwrgcc-gut gj tfe NP system dt tfe lgre gj vnrtudc noterme`ndtngo nontndtnve. Nt ns nmpgrtdottfdt tfere ns d lertdno hdsnl nojrdstrulture tg dccgw sgme gj tfe prnvdte seltgr nontndtnvestg bet trdltngo.

Lggperdtngo do` Lggr`nodtngo Dre Nmpgrtdot

D `nstnobunsfnob lfdrdlternstnl gj suppcy lfdnos no cdbbnob rebngos ns tfdt tfey dre fnbfcyjrdbmeote`. Edlf pcdyer mdodbes d sfgrt pdrt gj tfe lfdno do` tfeo fdo`s gver mdodbe-meot tg tfe oext pcdyer. Ds tfere dre lgst nolredses dt edlf stdbe, tfe tgtdc lgsts jgr tfewfgce vdcue lfdno helgme very fnbf do` reoèr smdcc-sldce prgùlers uolgmpetntnve.

Dssglndtngos hetweeo prgùlers g er d pgteotndc sgcutngo tg tfns prghcem. \ulf dssglnd-tngos eodhce tfe prgùlers tg retdno gwoersfnp gj tfenr prgùlt do` tg extrdlt ds fnbf d

reot ds pgssnhce. Dt tfe sdme tnme, nt eodhces tfem tg exteo` tfe lfdno tg tfe fflodc mdrketjgr tfenr prgùlts. Pfe Hrdznc ldse stu`y use` no tfns repgrt sfgws tfdt do dssglndtngogj jdrmers fds heeo dhce tg mdnotdno sdces gutcets no nts lgre mdrkets gj Eurgpe do` tfeUonte` \tdtes.

Nojgrmdtngo dsymmetry ns goe gj tfe mdagr sgurles gj reot jgr noterme`ndrnes no cdb-bnob rebngos. Cgob `nstdoles do` `nsperse` elgogmnl dltnvntnes mdke nt `n luct tg gh-tdno nojgrmdtngo go mdrket lgo`ntngos do` ced`s tg errdtnl jrenbft gws. NP noogvdtngosmdke nt edsner tg dlqunre, mdodbe, do` prgless nojgrmdtngo do` dccgw lcgser notebrdtngo

hetweeo dàdleot steps no tfe vdcue lfdno. Pfere ns, tferejgre, vnrtudc notebrdtngo gj sup-pcy lfdnos hdse` go nojgrmdtngo dvdncdhncnty. D mdagr dred gj nmpdlt ns prnle `nslgvery.Yrgùlers dre dhce tg ghtdno nojgrmdtngo go tfe cnkecy prnles hejgre eln`nob wfeo tg secc


22/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y6

tfenr prgùle. @evecgpmeots no mghnce tecepfgoy mdke nt edsner do` lfedper tg prgvnètfe nojrdstrulture jgr rdpn` nojgrmdtngo lgmmuonldtngo. Pfe No`nd ldse stu`y sfgwsfgw tfe èvecgpmeot gj NP nojrdstrulture fds eodhce` smdcc-sldce jdrmers tg tdke pdrtno noterodtngodc trdè mgre tfdt tfgse wfg èpeo` go trd`ntngodc lfdooecs. Yrgùlt pur-lfdse` jrgm jdrmers cnoke` tg tfe NP oetwgrk ns mgre cnkecy tg he expgrte` tfdo jgr tfgsewfg `g ogt tdke pdrt. Xurdc suppcy lfdnos ldo dcsg he notebrdte` usnob vnrtudc cnokdbesrdtfer tfdo aust tfrgubf snobce mdodbemeot.

Zdrngus noterme`ndrnes, tferejgre, jdlncntdte cgbnstnls no cdbbnob rebngos, hut tfenr rgcens `n ereot jrgm tfgse ogrmdccy novgcve` no noterodtngodc trdè. Dt tfe cgldc cevec, no`n-vnùdc trdèrs, sglndc systems, nojgrmdtngo telfogcgby, do` lgotrdlt drrdobemeots dcclgotrnhute tg no ueolnob cgbnstnls gws. Fgwever, tfey dcsg pcdy gtfer rgces, nolcu`nobjdlncntdtnob pdymeots, wfnlf no turo d elts jrenbft- gw pd eros.

Prdnonob Ns Oelessdry tg Nmprgve Yerjgrmdole

Pfere ns do nmpcnlnt dssumptngo no mgst stu`nes tfdt lggperdtngo hetweeo smdcc-sldceprgùlers wncc tdke pcdle go nts gwo. Pfns ns ogt tfe ldse. Nt ns oelessdry tfdt smdcc-sldceprgùlers he trdnoe` go tfe heoe fflts gj lggr`nodtngo hetweeo tfemsecves nj tfey dre tgreùle sgme gj tfe lgsts tfdt tfey jdle. \ulf trdnonob ldo he prgvnè` hy tfe cdrber eo-terprnses tfdt ghtdno noputs jrgm smdcc-sldce trdèrs gr hy lnvnc sglnety. Goe gj tfe lrntnldcètermnonob jdltgrs no seeknob mgre suppcy lfdno notebrdtngo ns tg nmprgve tfe qudcntygj tfe prgùlts gwnob tfrgubf tfe system. Hgtf ldse stu`nes use` fere sfgw tfdt qudc-nty lgoleros dre d mdagr ètermnonob jdltgr notg èvecgpnob lcgser recdtngosfnps wntfupstredm suppcners.

Pfere Ns Oee` tg @evecgp Oew Metrnls jgr Dssessnob \uh-odtngodc Cgbnstnls Lgsts

Pfere ns oee` tg èvecgp oew dpprgdlfes tg estnmdtnob cgbnstnls lgsts dt tfe cgldc cevec.Nt ns nmpgrtdot tg dssnst lguotrnes tg èsnbo medsures tg dssess tfe nmpdlt gj cgbnstnlsrecdte` noterveotngos. Yreseotcy, tfere dre og wecc èvecgpe` telfonques jgr dssessnobcgbnstnls perjgrmdole dt tfe suh-odtngodc cevec. Pfe `n lucty cnes no tfe `nsperse` odturegj tfe èmdo` jgr cgbnstnls servnles, wfnlf fds ce` tg pdrtndc sgcutngos do` lgotrnhute` tgmdrket jdncure. Pypnldccy, tfere dre oumergus jrenbft grnbnos do` estnodtngos. Fgwever,dssessnob tfns no prdltnle ns lgmpcex ds nt nolcuès vdrngus pcdyers novgcve` no no ueol-nob suppcy, nolcu`nob bgveromeot, prgùlers, suppcners, do` servnle prgvnèrs. \gme gjtfe exnstnob tggcs, sulf ds tfe èosnty-type no`nldtgrs do` suppcy-lfdno dodcyses prgvnè

tfe hunc`nob hcglks jgr tfe oew dpprgdlfes. Fgwever, tfey wguc` fdve tg he lgmpce-meote` hy telfonques tg mgèc fgrnzgotdc noterdltngos hetweeo prgùlers do` servnleprgvnèrs.

Gutcnoe gj Xepgrt

Pfe oext seltngo expcgres sgme gj tfe metfg`s tfdt ldo he use` tg dssess cgbnstnls perjgr-mdole dt tfe cgldc cevec. Pfns ns tfeo jgccgwe` hy d revnew gj tfe vdrngus types gj cgbns-tnls noterme`ndrnes no beoerdc do` tfgse tfdt ldter jgr cgw-nolgme rebngos no pdrtnlucdr.D `nstnoltngo ns mdè hetweeo noterme`ndrnes wfg gperdte upstredm do` `gwostredm

no cgbnstnls lfdnos. \eltngos < do` 0 tfeo preseot ètdncs go twg ldse stu`nes gj cgbnstnlsservnle no cdbbnob rebngos. Pwg lgmmg`ntnes dre use` tg stu`y tfe e elts gj eceltrgonlnoterme`ndtngo do` tfgse gj d lggperdtnve dpprgdlf. \eltngo 5 nèotn ffles tfe rgces tfdt


23/94

Cgbnstnls no Cdbbnob Xebngos >

cgbnstnls noterme`ndrnes pcdy no cdbbnob rebngos. Pfe cdst seltngo `rdws sgme lgolcusngosdo` cessgos jgr èvecgpnob lguotrnes no beoerdc.

Ogtes

4. Cneh do` Cneh (899>) Exelutnve \ummdry do` Xebngodc Lgmpdrnsgos 899> 8) Go tfe Xecdtngosfnp hetweeo Jnrm \nze do` Expgrt Noteosnty, Agurodc gj Noter-odtngodc Husnoess \tu`nes, Zgc. 8>8), pp. :95:>2) Pfe Jnrm no Elgogmnl Pfegry1 D Tunet Xevgcutngo, Pfe Dmernldo ElgogmnlXevnew, Zgc. 62, Og. 8, Ydpers do` Yrglee`nobs gj tfe Fuo`re` do` Jgurtf Dooudc Meetnob gj tfeDmernldo Elgogmnl Dssglndtngo (Mdy 4>>2), pp. 08:08>.5. Mdctsgbcgu do` Pdoyern-Dhur (8995) Prdosdltngo Lgsts, Nostntutngos do` \mdccfgcèr KdrmetNotebrdtngo1 Ygtdtg Yrgùlers no Yeru, E\D Rgrknob Ydper Og 95-90, JDG.:. Rdboer (899


24/94


25/94

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L F D Y P E X 8

Dssessnob Cgbnstnls Yerjgrmdoledt tfe \uh-Odtngodc Cevec

Notrgùltngo

P fere dre og wecc-èvecgpe` telfonques jgr dssessnob cgbnstnls perjgrmdole dt tfesuh-odtngodc cevec. Pfe jdlt tfdt jrenbft trdospgrt do` cgbnstnls servnles suppcy nsèpeoèot go spdtndc grbdonzdtngo gj elgogmnl dltnvnty ns wecc relgbonze`. Pfns ns pdr-tnlucdrcy tfe ldse no sntudtngos wfere tfere dre oumergus jrenbft grnbnos do` èstnod-tngos. Dssessnob tfns no prdltnle ns lgmpcex ds nt nolcuès vdrngus pcdyers novgcve` nono ueolnob suppcy, nolcu`nob bgveromeot, prgùlers, suppcners, do` servnle prgvnèrs.E grts tg empcgy dodcytnldc dpprgdlfes tg tfe prghcem gj tfe spdtndc pd eros gj cgbnstnlsoetwgrks teo` tg helgme rdtfer notrnldte. Ds sulf, medsurnob perjgrmdole dt tfe suh-odtngodc cevec requnres d lcedr uoèrstdo`nob gj tfe noterèpeoèolnes hetweeo pcdyers

wntfno tfe rebngo do` heygo`. Pfe noterdltngos dre èpeoèot go tfe spdtndc lgo fflburd-tngo gj pfysnldc trdospgrt oetwgrks do` tfe sglndc do` elgogmnl recdtngosfnps hetweeotfe `n ereot pdrtnes.

Cgldc Hdrrners tg Bcghdc Lgooeltnvnty

Mgst gj tfe exnstnob do` rdpn`cy evgcvnob hg`y gj wgrk go trdè do` trdospgrt cgbns-tnls fds, perfdps ogt uoexpelte`cy, jgluse` go tfe noterodtngodc `nmeosngos gj cgbnstnls.Cdo`cglke` lguotrnes no pdrtnlucdr, jdle spelndc lfdcceobes no lgooeltnob tg bcghdc sup-pcy lfdnos èrnvnob jrgm cgob `nstdoles tg sedpgrts do` tfe oee` tg lrgss hgrèrs. Pfesenssues do` tfenr nmpdlts fdve heeo stu`ne` noteosnvecy. Nt fds heeo sfgwo no Krubmdo(4>>4), Bdccup et dc. (4>>6), do` MdlKeccdr et dc. (8999) tfdt tfe `nstdole tg d sedpgrt d`-versecy d elts d begbrdpfnldc dreds elgogmnl brgwtf perjgrmdole. Cnmdg do` Zeodhces(8994) do` Rgrc` Hdok (8949) fdve sfgwo tfdt tfe vgcume gj trdè gws gj cdo`cglke`lguotrnes ns smdccer tfdo tfgse gj gtfers ogt snmncdrcy fdo`nldppe`. Pfns ns prnmdrncyùe tg fnbf cgbnstnls lgsts do` cgwer bcghdc elgogmnl notebrdtngo. Fdusmdoo (8994),Xdhdccdo` (899).Ds nccustrdte` hecgw (fflbure 8.4), tfere dre `n ereot sldces dt wfnlf tg expcgre trdè

cgbnstnls, stdrtnob dt tfe cgldc cevec hy cggknob dt fgw terrntgrnes wntfno d lguotry dre


26/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y48

lgooelte` tg tfe lgre rebngos tg do noterodtngodc sldce tfdt eolgmpdsses bcghdc lgo-oeltnvnty. Mulf mgre wgrk fds heeo `goe go tfe noterodtngodc cgbnstnls lfdnos (e.b.,Perdvdonotfgro do` Xdhdccdo` 899>) tfdo go tfe cgldc `yodmnls. êt, tfere dre rebngoseveo wntfno cdrbe lgdstdc lguotrnes tfdt jdle ds serngus gj cgbnstnls prghcems ds sgmecdo`cglke` lguotrnes. Nmprgvnob dlless jgr sulf rebngos tg lgre odtngodc do` bcghdc mdr-kets ldo fdve d snbon fflldot pgsntnve e elt go nolgmes do` pgverty reùltngo.

Krubmdo (4>>4) mdnotdnos tfdt exterodc elgogmnes gj sldce ldo he redcnze` dt tfe cg-ldc cevec ds mulf ds dt tfe odtngodc do` noterodtngodc cevecs. Nt ns nmpgrtdot tg uoèrstdo`tfe jdltgrs tfdt ced` tg nolredse` lgmpetntnveoess dt tfe cgldc cevec do`, no tfdt rebdr`,seosntnvnty tg begbrdpfy ns nmpgrtdot. Rntfgut serngus e grts tg nmprgve cgbnstnls do`trdospgrt systems dt tfns cevec, cdrbe oumhers gj pegpce no èvecgpnob lguotrnes wnccogt he dhce tg tdke d`vdotdbe gj gppgrtuontnes prgvnè` hy bcghdcnzdtngo do` cgwer,ruces-hdse` hdrrners tg trdè (Ldrdod 8994). Pfe key nssue ns fgw smdcc-sldce prgùlersgrbdonze tg gverlgme tfe jrnltngo gj `nstdole no d mdooer tfdt eodhces tfem tg lgooelt tg`gmestnl do` bcghdc suppcy lfdnos.

Pfere dre fflve mdno redsgos wfy d jglus dt tfe suh-odtngodc cevec ns nmpgrtdot. Jnrst,tfere fds heeo d snbon fflldot nolredse no bgveromeot do` `gogr dbeoly resgurles henobnoveste` no nmprgvnob noterodtngodc trdè lgrrn`grs. Pfe novestmeot ns entfer tg nolredseprgùltngo gr tg nmprgve dllessnhncnty. Pfe dssumptngo ns tfdt jgccgwnob tfe novestmeot

tfere wncc he do nmprgvemeot no trdè gws jgccgwnob d reùltngo no trdospgrt lgsts. Pfeevnèole gj tfns fdppeonob ns mnxe`, do` no sgme ldses, no jdlt, tfe nojrdstrulture tfdtns èvecgpe` ns ogt dcwdys dpprgprndte tg tfe èmdo` tfdt exnsts. Nt ns dppdreot tfdt tfejdltgrs tfdt sfdpe tfe servnle suppcy respgose dre ogt dcwdys wecc lgosnère`.

Jnbure 8.4. Cgldc tg Bcghdc Lgooeltnvnty

\gurle 1 Dutfgr.


27/94

Cgbnstnls no Cdbbnob Xebngos 4) 8 dodcyze noterodc mnbrd-tngo jrgm tfe cdbbnob ogrtfedst tg tfe ced`nob sgutfedst rebngo no Hrdznc do` fflo` tfdtpusf jdltgrs recdte` tg cdlk gj dlless tg servnles do` hdsnl nojrdstrulture no tfe cdbbnobrebngo (pnpe` wdter, eceltrnlty, sewerdbe, fedctfldre, do` trdospgrtdtngo tg dreds gj fnbfelgogmnl èosnty) dre tfe mgst nmpgrtdot, ds ns tfe d rdltngo jdltgr gj elgogmnl gppgr-tuontnes no tfe ced`nob rebngo. Pfey prgpgse tfdt tfe oee` tg eofdole nolcusnve brgwtfsfguc` he dllgmpdone` hy nmprgve` servnles no cdbbnob rebngos tg reùle tfe pusfe elt. Uoèrstdo`nob tfe pusf jdltgrs oelessdrncy requnres d cgldc-sldce dpprgdlf tguoèrstdo` tfgse pdrts gj suppcy lfdnos wntf d mgre nmme`ndte cnok tg prgùlers.

Pfnr`, no sgme lguotrnes, `gmestnl trdospgrt lgsts dre fnbfer tfdo go sgme noterod-tngodc lgrrn`grs (e.b., Xdhdccdo`, Kuodkd, do` Bnersnob 8992). Cnmnte` lgmpetntngo go `g-mestnl rgutes fds heeo nèotn ffle` ds do expcdodtgry jdltgr hefno` tfe fnbf prnles tfdt drelfdrbe` jgr `gmestnl sfnpmeots. Fgwever, wfdt fds ogt relenve` ds mulf d eotngo ns tfecnok hetweeo tfe smdcc vgcumes gj èmdo` do` suppcy gj servnles. Pfno èmdo`, lgoleo-trdte` gver d jew mgotfs no d yedr, ns uod rdltnve tg fnbfcy lgotestdhce mdrkets. Pfe smdccvgcumes ced` tg mnonmdc suppcy, wfnlf no turo ced`s tg fnbf prnles (Drvns et dc. 8992).

Jgurtf, tfere dre d jew bcghdc treo`s tfdt requnre do dhncnty tg trdle fgw tfe vdrnguslgmpgoeots gj d suppcy lfdno dre lgooelte`. Nolredsnobcy lgmpcex lgosumer èmdo`sdo` sfnjtnob bcghdc rebucdtgry rebnmes dre d eltnob tfe bcghdc dbrn-jgg` system, wntf dtreo` tgwdr`s prgùlt trdledhncnty (Gpdrd do` Mdzdu` 8994; Bgcdo et dc. 8990; do` \mntfdo` Juroess 899:). Pfns requnres tfdt suppcners, nolcu`nob smdcc-sldce prgùlers, lgo-oelt trdospdreotcy tg noterodtngodc suppcy lfdnos. Pfns wguc` oelessdrncy nmpcy d pusf

tgwdr`s mgre vertnldc notebrdtngo no suppcy lfdnos. Fgwever, tfe fnbf lgsts jgr prgùl-ers gj èdcnob wntf vertnldccy lggr`nodte` bcghdc lgmmg`nty lfdnos dre d pgteotndc tfredttg tfe juture gj smdccfgcèr prgùltngo systems. Jgr nostdole, tfere dre speln ffll lgolerosdhgut tfe mdrbnodcnzdtngo gj smdccfgcèr ted brgwers no tfe bcghdc ted elgogmy ùe tg tfeeotry hdrrners dssglndte` wntf trdledhncnty requnremeots. Pfe experneole gj tfe jresf jruntdo` vebetdhce seltgr, wfere trdledhncnty nontndtnves dre perfdps mgst d`vdole`, subbestsd pgteotndc cgss gj lgmpetntnve d`vdotdbe fec` hy smdccfgcèrs no èvecgpnob lguotrnes(@gcdo do` Fumpfrey 8999; Redtferspggo do` Xedr`go 899


28/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y40

wguc` fdve tg he lgmpcemeote` hy gtfer medsures tfdt re elt cgbnstnls servnles ds dwfgce. Pfns mdy requnre d retfnok gj tfe types do` lfdrdlternstnls gj cgbnstnls nojrdstrul-ture tfdt ns prgvnè`.

Pfere dre, fgwever, severdc medsures use` no trdospgrt do` cgbnstnls tfdt fdve pgteo-tndc tg dpprgxnmdte d medsure gj tfe qudcnty gj cgbnstnls servnles dt tfe suh-odtngodc cevec.Goe gj tfe mdno goes gj recevdole tg cdbbnob rebngos ns d medsure gj èosnty gj trdospgrtnojrdstrulture, sulf ds ceobtf gj rgd` gr rdnc per uont dred. Pfe Xurdc Dllessnhncnty Noèx(XDN) ns tfe mgst jrequeotcy use` exdmpce gj tfns dpprgdlf. Pfe XDN estnmdtes tfe prgpgr-tngo gj tfe rurdc pgpucdtngo wfg fdve dlless tg do dcc wedtfer rgd`. Fgwever, tfe èosntyno`nles do` tfe XDN `g ogt re elt tfe dltudc cevec do` qudcnty gj servnle, ds nojrdstrulturens ogt oelessdrncy d budrdotee gj servnle. \gme releot resedrlf fds questngoe` tfe dpprg-prndteoess gj tfe noèx (e.b., Xdhdccdo` et dc. 8949) hdse` go tfese brguo`s.

Goe gj tfe estdhcnsfe` wdys gj dssessnob tfe nmpdlt gj vdrngus lgsts go eoterprnses nstg dppcy tfe prgùler surpcus dpprgdlf. No grèr tg survnve, eoterprnses must beoerdtesdtnsjdltgry prgùler surpcuses tfrgubf nmprgve` grbdonzdtngodc mdodbemeot gr lgstreùltngos. \mdrt (8996) estnmdtes prgùler surpcus ds d juoltngo gj mdss-`nstdole prnledo` fflo`s tfdt lgmmg`nty gws notg d mdrket vdry noversecy do` cnoedrcy wntf trdospgrtprnle. No grèr tg nolredse prgùler surpcus, eoterprnses sfguc` mdke bredter use gj tfeelgogmnls gj spelndcnzdtngo, èvecgp elgogmnes gj sldce, expcgnt elgogmnes gj notebrd-tngo, do` notebrdte gperdtngos do` cgbnstnls.

Pfe fflrst twg strdtebnes fdve dcred`y heeo `nslusse` dhgve. \u le nt tg sdy tfdt tfenèd gj spelndcnzdtngo gr lgre lgmpeteole ns dt tfe fedrt gj cgbnstnls noterme`ndtngo. Pfejglus go dodcyznob tfe nmpdlt gj noterme`ndrnes, tferejgre, cnes no uoèrstdo`nob tfeexteot tg wfnlf suppcy-lfdno notebrdtngo d elts cgbnstnls lgsts. Jdhhe-Lgstes do` Adfre(8996) nèotnjy jgur cdyers gj notebrdtngo1 notebrdtngo gj gws (pfysnldc, nojgrmdtngo, do`fflodolndc); notebrdtngo gj prglesses do` dltnvntnes; notebrdtngo gj telfogcgbnes do` system;do` notebrdtngo gj dltgrs. Pfgubf dcc jgur dre nmpgrtdot, jrgm d cgbnstnls lgsts perspel-tnve, jglus ns typnldccy go tfe pfysnldc gws.

Yrgpercy ldpturnob tfe no ueole gj begbrdpfnldc spdle ns leotrdc tg expcgrnob cnok-dbes hetweeo cgldtngos no cdbbnob rebngos. Ds d resuct, tfns stu`y uses tfe tfegretnldcuoèrpnoonobs jguo` no tfe Rgrc` @evecgpmeot Xepgrt (899>). < Pfe R@X mdkes d`nstnoltngo hetweeo ced`nob do` cdbbnob rebngos do` mdkes tfe ghservdtngo tfdt wfnceelgogmnl brgwtf no `n ereot rebngos ns uohdcdole`, èvecgpmeot ldo he nolcusnve. Nt

prgpgses tfdt goe gj tfe wdys tg dlfneve tfns bgdc ns nmprgvnob lgooeltnvnty do` reùl-nob elgogmnl hgrèrs tg dccgw edsy mdrket eotry tg tdke d`vdotdbe gj sldce do` spelndc-nzdtngo. Pfe pgcnly jrdmewgrk tfdt ns prgpgse` no tfe R@X fds trdospgrt ds d lgooeltnobnojrdstrulture. Xesedrlf sfgws tfdt trdospgrt nojrdstrulture fds tfe mgst nmpgrtdot ex-terodc nmpdlt go fflrm-cevec lgsts. 0 Nmprgvnob lgooeltnvnty tfrgubf dpprgprndte servnlesldo reùle tfe tdrn -hdrrner e elt gj cgob `nstdole jrgm mdagr mdrkets. Pfe R@X mdkestfe drbumeot tfdt tfere ns d vnrtugus lnrlce hetweeo trdospgrt do` trdètrdospgrt lgstsreùle ds trdè nolredses, wfnlf, no turo, cgwers trdospgrt lgsts. Pferejgre, nolredsnobcgldc noterdltngos do` reùlnob elgogmnl `nstdoles wntfno d lguotry do` bcghdccy lgo-trnhutes tg tfese vnrtugus lnrlces.

\uppcy Lfdno Dodcysns

\uppcy lfdnos dre d lgmmgo lgolept no expcgrnob cnokdbes hetweeo `n ereot stdbes gjvdcue d``ntngo. D cgbnstnls system lgmprnses severdc noterlgooeltnob ecemeots, stdrtnob


29/94


dt tfe cgldc cevec do` cnoknob tg odtngodc do` noterodtngodc suppcy lfdnos. Ecemeots gj tfecgbnstnls systems dre, tferejgre, jguo` dt tfe suh-odtngodc, odtngodc, rebngodc, do` bcghdccevecs. \uppcy lfdno dodcysns hecgobs tg tfe sdme brgup gj telfonques ds bcghdc lgm-mg`nty lfdnos. Bcghdc lgmmg`nty lfdno (BLL) dodcysns fds nts rggts no tfe 4>29s tfeg-rnes gj èpeoèoly do` fgw dbeots no cgwer vdcue sebmeots gj trdè ldo cnok tg bcghdclfdnos. Lggr`nodtngo ns nmpgrtdot tg fgw e eltnvecy tfe lfdnos juoltngo, do`, no tfnsldse, tg fgw prgùlers no èvecgpnob lguotrnes cnok tg tfe lfdnos. Rfnce sgme resedrlf-ers sulf ds Bnhhgo (8994) mdnotdno tfdt tfe BLL dpprgdlf prgvnès d lgfereot èvnlejgr drrnvnob dt ldse-speln ffll dllguots gj lgo`ntngos jgr elgogmnl upbrd`nob, gtfers, sulfds Lrdmer (4>>>), drbue tfdt tfe BLL dpprgdlf pcdles cnmnts go elgogmnl dltnvnty no è-vecgpnob lguotrnes. Fgwever, ds do dodcytnldc tggc, tfe dpprgdlf ns usejuc tg nèotnjynobfgw prgùlers no èvecgpnob lguotrnes ldo pdrtnlnpdte no bcghdc trdè.

\uppcy lfdno dodcysns ns sunte` tg dssessnob tfe vertnldc cnokdbes no tfe gw gj prg`-

ults hetweeo suhsequeot stdbes gj d vdcue lfdno. Nt ns oelessdry tfdt d stu`y gj cgbnstnlsno cdbbnob rebngos jgluses go tfe gppgrtuontnes do` lgostrdnots tg bcghdc notebrdtngo gjspelnffll lgmmg`ntnes go tfe hdsns gj stu`nes gj tfe speln ffll lfdnos; dt tfe sdme tnme, tfgselgoùltnob tfe stu`y must uoèrstdo` tfe recdtngosfnp yodmnl hetweeo tfe smdcc-sldceprgùlers do` nmme`ndte huyers gj tfenr prgùlts. Pfe prglessgrs fdve sgme gptngos dstg tfe pgsntngo dt wfnlf tfey wdot tg lgooelt tg tfe bcghdc lfdnos. Pfe BLL jrdmewgrkns usejuc jgr dpprelndtnob fgw expgrt gppgrtuontnes no tfe cdbbnob rebngos ldo he beoer-dte` do` sustdnoe`.

Fgwever, d suppcy lfdno dpprgdlf `ges ogt èdc wntf d selgo` `nmeosngo gj suh-odtngodc cgbnstnls grbdonzdtngo, wfnlf ns tfe mdppnob gj tfe fgrnzgotdc recdtngosfnps

hetweeo eoterprnses dt tfe sdme cevec, espelndccy dt tfe prnmdry prgùltngo cevec. Pfns`nmeosngo dppcnes tg tfe sglndc do` elgogmnl recdtngosfnps hetweeo tfe eoterprnsesdo` fgw tfey dre mdonjeste` no begbrdpfnldc spdle wntf nmpcnldtngos go jrenbft gws.Cdzzdrnon et dc. (8994) term tfe dpprgdlf tfdt lgmhnoes tfe vertnldc do` fgrnzgotdc cnoksoetlfdno dodcysns. D oetlfdno ns è ffloe` ds d set gj oetwgrks lgmprnse` gj fgrnzgotdctnes hetweeo fflrms wntfno d pdrtnlucdr noùstry gr brgup tfdt dre sequeotndccy drrdobe` hdse` go vertnldc tnes hetweeo fflrms no `n ereot cdyers. Pfe lgolept ns dppedcnob heldusent prgvnès do dodcytnldc jrdmewgrk jgr expcgrnob fgw smdcc eoterprnses dt doy cevec,mgre cnkecy dt tfe cgwest cevec, noterdlt wntf edlf gtfer no tfenr seccnob elnsngos do` fgwtfey noterdlt wntf huyers wfg purlfdse tfenr prgùlts.

Pfe metfg`gcgby gj tfns stu`y wds èsnboe` drguo` tfe lgolept gj oetlfdno dodcy-sns. Pfns dpprgdlf ( fflbure 8.8) prgvnès d wdy tg expcgre hgtf vdcue lredtngo do` lggr-`nodtngo melfdonsms. Pfese dre tfe strdtebnl vdrndhces no ueolnob lgst reùltngo do`reot lredtngo. Fgwever, no sgme gj tfe cnterdture, tfe twg `nmeosngos fdve heeo tredteùsnob mgècs tfdt dre lgosnère` tg he dcterodtnves, mdnocy helduse tfey fdve evgcve`ds `nstnolt strdo`s gj dodcysns. Pfns stu`y tredts tfe twg ds lgmpcemeotdry do` sup-pgrts tfe drbumeot mdè hy Cdzzdrnon et dc. tfdt lgmhnonob tfem prgvnès do eofdole`jrdmewgrk tg dssess hgtf vertnldc do` fgrnzgotdc noter-grbdonzdtngodc lgccdhgrdtngo.

Mgècnob Cgbnstnls Yerjgrmdole dt tfe \uh-Odtngodc CevecNo grèr tg mgèc tfe spdtndc do` sglndc recdtngosfnps tfdt no ueole cgbnstnls no cdbbnobrebngos, tfe preseot stu`y empcgye` tfe pgwer gj begbrdpfnldc nojgrmdtngo systems(BN\). Pfe mgst lgmmgo BN\ systems use recdtngodc `dtdhdses wfnlf eodhce tfem tg


30/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y4:

represeot hgtf tfe vertnldc recdtngosfnps gj suppcy lfdnos do` tfe fgrnzgotdc dspelts gj hgtf pfysnldc do` vnrtudc lgooeltngos. Pfe lgre BN\ oetwgrk dodcysns lgolept ns hdse`go pgnots, ogès, do` cnoks do` ns, tferejgre, d mgre dllessnhce nmpcemeotdtngo gj tfebrdpf tfegretnl dpprgdlf.

Pfgubf oetlfdno dodcysns prgvnès d lgoleptudc jrdmewgrk, nt requnres dpprgprndtetelfonques tg mgèc tfe redc-wgrc` noterdltngos. Brdpf tfegretnl dpprgdlfes g er bredtpgteotndc tg mgèc cgbnstnls noterdltngos dt tfe suh-odtngodc cevec. Pfns ns helduse tfeyfdve tfe ldpdlnty tg mgèc hgtf tfe spdtndc do` elgogmnl d rnhutes wntf hgtf qudotn-tdtnve do` qudcntdtnve dspelts. Brdpf tfegry reùles oetwgrks tg key ogès do` cnokswfgse recdtngosfnps ldo ced` tg versdtnce mgècs. \pdtndc mdrkets fdve heeo novestnbdteùsnob tfns dpprgdlf snole tfe pngoeernob wgrk gj Eoke (4>54), wfg d empte` `gnobtfns hy cggknob dt eceltrnl lnrlunts. \nole tfeo, fns hdsnl dpprgdlf fds heeo re ffloe` do`èvecgpe` notg jdnrcy rghust brdpf tfegry mgècs. Do exdmpce ns Jdnsdc et dc. (899


31/94


d eotngo ds nt fecps tg ètermnoe fgw pfysnldc, nojgrmdtngo, do` fflodolndc gws tdkepcdle. Oetwgrk dodcytnl dpprgdlfes ldo fdo`ce ogt aust tfe pfysnldc gws gj lgmmg`n-tnes no cgbnstnls lfdnos, hut dcsg tfe trdosmnssngo gj nojgrmdtngo wntfno tfe lfdno; tfns ldo he `goe wntfgut d`gptnob gvercy reùltngonst, snmpcnjynob dssumptngos. Jgr nostdole,Zgeckc do` Oge (8996) prgpgse d oetwgrk dpprgdlf tg nojgrmdtngo trdosmnssngo hdse`go tfe prgpdbdtngo gj nojgrmdtngo no sglndc brgups. Pfey fflo` tfdt dssglndtngo pd erosno ueole tfe spee` gj prgpdbdtngo gj nojgrmdtngo. Pfns ns nmpgrtdot ds dlless tg nojgr-mdtngo ns lrntnldc tg uoèrstdo`nob pfysnldc gws no cdbbnob rebngos.

Fgwever, ds wntf mgst oetwgrk hdse` dodcyses, mgècnob tfe pfysnldc d rnhutesgj suppcy lfdnos ns prghdhcy edsner tfdo represeotnob tfe recdtngosfnps hetweeo tfem. Ntns ds `n luct tg nèotnjy ldusdc recdtngosfnps no suppcy lfdnos ds nt ns tg dssnbo d cevec gjnotebrdtngo hetweeo tfe pdrtnes. Jdhhe-Lgstes do` Adfre, tferejgre, subbest tfdt tfere nsoee` tg strnke d hdcdole hetweeo qudotntdtnve do` qudcntdtnve dodcysns gj suppcy lfdnos.Pferejgre, eveo tfgubf brdpf tfegretnl dpprgdlfes g er bredt pgteotndc tg expcgrnobcgbnstnls lgsts do` perjgrmdole no cdbbnob rebngos, tfey teo` tg mdsk sgme gj tfe spdtndcvdrndtngos typnldc gj `nsperse` spdtndc mdrkets. No d``ntngo, eveo tfgubf tfe lgoleptsdo` prnolnpces tfdt uoèrpno tfem dre recdtnvecy sguo`, tfenr dltudc use ns rdtfer lgm-pcex do` tfenr dppcnldtngo tg redc wgrc` sntudtngos ns gjteo tnme lgosumnob. Feole, tfeuse gj BN\ tg snmpcnjy tfe dodcysns.

@dtd Xequnremeots

Pfe stu`y lgosnèrs cdbbnob rebngos wntfno cdrbe mn``ce-nolgme lguotrnes, Hrdznc do`No`nd. Pfese dre lguotrnes wntf fnbfcy èvecgpe` lgre cgbnstnls systems do` cdrbe ter-

rntgrnes tfdt dre recdtnvecy cess èvecgpe`. Nt ns dllepte` tfdt sgme jeèrdte` stdtes, sulfds No`nd, fdve noterodc hgrèr lgotrgcs do` tdx lgcceltngo pgnots, tfgubf tfese dre ogtgj tfe sdme mdbontuè ds jguo` dt noterodtngodc hgrèr lrgssnob pgnots. Uoèrstdo`-nob `gmestnl cgbnstnls no mn``ce-nolgme lguotrnes no pdrtnlucdr ns helgmnob nolredsnobcynmpgrtdot ds tfey eoèdvgr tg mgve up tfe vdcue lfdnos. Fgwever, uocess tfese e grtsdre nolcusnve, tfey wncc exdlerhdte `nspdrntnes hetweeo tfe lgre do` cdbbnob dreds do``nmnonsf tfe gppgrtuontnes tg reùle pgverty.

Tudotntdtnve do` qudcntdtnve `dtd dre lgccelte` jrgm vdrngus pcdyers novgcve` no tfecgbnstnls lfdnos, nolcu`nob prgùlers, noterme`ndry servnle prgvnèrs, prglessgrs, do`bgveromeot dbeolnes. Pfe `dtd nolcuè` ètdncs go tfe cgldtngos, lfdrdlternstnls, do`

recdtngosfnps hetweeo lgmpgoeots gj tfe suppcy lfdnos. \gme gj tfe `dtd were lgccelte` hy questngoodnre wfnce sgme were lgccelte` tfrgubf ètdnce` notervnews gj cgbnstnls ser-vnle prgvnèrs do` users no tfe stu`y dreds. No Hrdznc, mgre ètdnce` `dtd were lgccelte`no goe dred wfere tfere ns d lcuster gj recdte` prgùltngo dltnvntnes wfnce no No`nd ètdnce``dtd were lgccelte` no tfree `nstrnlts tfdt dre dcsg dt tfe lgre gj tfe sgyhedo vdcue lfdno.Pfe `dtd were dodcyze` tg nèotnjy tfe key cgbnstnls ètermnodots, lgsts, do` vgcumes.Pfe stu`y `n` ogt lgver cgbnstnls lgsts heygo` tfe noterodtngodc bdtewdys.

Ogtes

4. No 8999, Lfnod cduolfe` nts Restero @evecgpmeot \trdteby tg d``ress tfe prghcems gj nts cdb-bnob rebngos. Pfese prgvnoles lgostntute` dhgut 24 perleot gj Lfnods dred, hut gocy 8> perleot gjnts pgpucdtngo do` 42 perleot gj nts gutput no 899


32/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y46

8. Cdcc, Pnmmnos, do` û (899>) Lgooeltnob Cdbbnob do` Ced`nob Xebngos Pfe Xgce gj Cdhgr Mghncnty.Ygcnly Xesedrlf Rgrknob Ydper 060. No summdry, elgogmnl èosnty ns gutput beoerdte` per uont gjcdo`. Elgogmnl `nstdole ns tfe edse gr `n lucty jgr bgg`s, servnles, cdhgr, ldpntdc, nojgrmdtngo, do`nèds tg trdverse spdle. Pfgubf recdte`, nt ns ogt nèotnldc tg pfysnldc `nstdole.0. Cdcc, Juoèrhurb, do` êpes (8990) Cgldtngo, Lgoleotrdtngo, do` Yerjgrmdole gj Elgogmnl Dl-tnvnty no Hrdznc, Ygcnly Xesedrlf Ydper


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4>

L F D Y P E X >5) expcgre tfe recdtngosfnp hetweeo prgùltngo gj dbrnluc-turdc lgmmg`ntnes do` stgrdbe. Pfey fflo` tfdt tfe oee` jgr stgrdbe ns ùe tg tfe jdlt tfdtfdrvest ogrmdccy gllurs gver sfgrt perng`s wfnce lgosumptngo ns spred` gver tfe lgurse

gj tfe yedr. No d begbrdpfnldccy `nsperse` mdrket, tfe prnles tfdt jdrmers dre g ere`èlcnoe ds `nstdole, do` tferejgre lgst gj trdospgrt, tg tfe mdrket nolredses. Pferejgre,tfe gppgrtuonty lgst gj stgrdbe èlredses ds `nstdole tg tfe mdrket nolredses. Leotrdc tgtfe tfegry gj stgrdbe ns tfe jdlt tfdt tfe prnle dpprelndtngo oet gj stgrdbe lgsts must equdctfe rdte gj returo gj fgc`nob tfe stglk. Fgwever, ds Heonrslfkd do` Hnokcey estdhcnsfe`,tfns ns ogt suppgrte` hy evnèole. Pfey fflo` tfdt dbrnlucturdc mdrkets typnjy wfdt fds heeo terme` tfe stgrdbe dt d cgss pdrd`gx. Pfe bdp hetweeo lgotempgrdoegus spgt do`juture prnles ns ogrmdccy cess tfdo tfe lgst gj stgrdbe. Pfns fds twg e elts1 fflrst, jdrmers,espelndccy smdcc-sldce jdrmers, dre jgrle` tg secc tfenr prgùle ds sggo ds tfey fdrvest;do` selgo`, tfere ns cn ce noleotnve tg novest no tfe nojrdstrulture jgr cgob-term stgrdbe,exlept pgssnhcy hy tfe puhcnl seltgr.

Pferejgre, tfe cgldtngo gj d stgrdbe jdlncnty gr d prglessnob leoter wguc` ètermnoewfetfer gr ogt nt ns wgrtfwfnce jgr prgùlers tg secc tfenr prgùle. Pfdt wguc` he tfeldse uocess, gj lgurse, tfere dre elgogmnes gj sldce do` tfe prgùlers dre dhce tg lgo-sgcn`dte tfenr vgcumes tg mdke nt wgrtfwfnce tg secc tg d jdr dwdy cgldtngo. Rfere tfeprgùlt ns pernsfdhce, tredtmeot mdy he `n ereot. No tfdt ldse, tnme lgosnèrdtngos mdy he tfe gverrn`nob jdltgr.

Bnveo cgw vgcumes, tfe spdtndc strulture gj d trdospgrt servnle oetwgrk ns d juol-tngo gj tfe `nspersngo gj tfe èmdo`. Pypnldccy, oetwgrk evgcutngo pd eros wguc` ced`tg d fnerdrlfy gj lgosgcn`dtngo leoters wntf vdrynob ldtlfmeot-dred snzes. \mdcc leoterswguc` fdve very smdcc ldtlfmeots wntf nolredses no snzes èpeo`nob go tfe leotrdcnty gjtfe leoter no tfe oetwgrk. Pfe mgst lgmmgo oetwgrk lgo fflburdtngos dre sfgwo hecgw(fflbure 5).

Pfe pgnot-pgnot oetwgrk ns typnldc wntf goe-g sfnpmeots. Pfe cgbnstnls re-qunremeots dre mnonmdc hut dt tfe lgst gj e lneoly ds vgcumes teo` tg he cesstfdo d jucc-cgd`.

Pfe trdèr oetwgrk ns qunte lgmmgo no rurdc dreds do` fds relenve` tfe mgstd eotngo no tfe cnterdture. Pfey dre seeo no sgme ldses ds pcdynob d usejuc pgsn-tnve rgce no jdlncntdtnob mdrket exlfdobes do` gj expcgntnob smdcc-sldce prgùl-

ers no gtfer ldses. Fuh-do`-spgke oetwgrks dre mgre prgoguole` no oetwgrks tfdt `g ogt re-

qunre pdtf nojrdstrulture, sulf ds dnr do` sed trdospgrt. Fgwever, sgme gj tfe


37/94

Cgbnstnls no Cdbbnob Xebngos 8 lustgms-cnleose` NL@s fdve heeo `evecgpe` no tfeKdmpdcd dred no Ubdo`d. Pfrgubf Hnccs gj Cd`nob dre use` go `estnoe` ldrbg pdssnobtfrgubf tfe pgrt gj Mgmhdsd no oenbfhgrnob Keoyd; tfese dre nssue` hy sfnppnob lgm-pdones suh-lgotrdltnob tg gr dltnob ds


38/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y80

tfese tg tfenr cdbbnob rebngos. No No`nd, tfere dre gver 499 NL@s gwoe` hy tfe prnvdteseltgr wfnce No`ndo Xdncwdys (NX) suhsn`ndry LGOLGX8 dcsg gperdtes d cdrbe oumher.Fgwever, NX ns lurreotcy lgostrultnob oew è`nldte` jrenbft lgrrn`grs jgr d``ntngodctrdospgrt ldpdlnty usnob `guhce-stdlk lgotdnoer mgvemeots. < No Lfnod, mgst lgotdnoermgvemeots dre dcsg lgooelte` tg exterodc trdè do` dre cnoke` tg tfe pgrts dcgob tfeedstero sedhgdr`. 0

Hdse` go tfe dhgve, d typgcgby gj cnoks do` ogès wntfno cgbnstnls oetwgrks ldo heè ffloe` (tdhce


39/94


mdrket wfnce noterme`ndte goes sgc` dt tfe jdrm bdte. Pfns resuct ns drbue` tg he ùeogt tg d secj-lgotrgc mgtnve, hut tg tfe gppgrtuonty lgst gj trdveccnob do` jdrmers dhncntytg pdy. Nt ns jguo` tfdt jdrmers heoe fflt jrgm nolredsnob returo no tfenr gwo trdospgrt.Do noterestnob fflo`nob ns tfdt trdosdltngo lgsts dre ogt lgostdot jgr dcc jdrmers. Jdrmerslfdrdlternstnls no ueole tfe sdce melfdonsm.

Mdrket noterme`ndrnes ldo, tferejgre, prgvnè d mdrket sgcutngo tg tfe nssues pcdbu-nob trdè do` cgbnstnls no rurdc rebngos. Fgwever, sulf noterme`ndrnes `g ogt dcwdyspcdy d pgsntnve rgce no dcc ldses no cnherdcnze` mdrkets do` ldo fdve perverse nmpdlts.Jdjlfdmps do` Fncc (8995) 5 jguo` tfdt wfnce nolredses no noterodtngodc lg ee prnles werebeoerdccy re elte` no expgrt, wfgcesdce, do` prglessnob stdbe prnles, brgwers relenve`d smdccer nolredse tfdo wdrrdote`. Pfe oumher gj ntnoerdot trdèrs wfg tgur tfe lguo-trysnè no sedrlf gj lg ee rnses wfeo tfe prnle nolredses. Pfenr purlfdse prnles `g ogtnolredse prgpgrtngodtecy tg tfenr sdce prnles tg estdhcnsfe` trdèr-mnccers, subbestnobtfdt tfey tdke d`vdotdbe gj jdrmers nbogrdole dhgut prnle mgvemeots. Mn``cemeo ldo,tferejgre, expcgnt smdcc-sldce prgùlers do` tdke d`vdotdbe gj jdrmers nbogrdole dhgutprnle mgvemeots tg nosert tfemsecves hetweeo jdrmers do` permdoeot trdèrs.

Fgwever, tfe èlnsngo ds tg wfetfer d jdrmer wncc ècnver tg d seccnob cgldtngo grfdve tfe prgùle lgccelte` èpeo`s go tfe prnlnob strdteby jgr tfe lgmmg`nty. Jurcgobdo` \cgtsve (4>62:) 2 estdhcnsfe` tfdt, no jdlt, uonjgrm prnlnob fds tfe pgteotndcjgr bredter wecjdre bdno jgr fflrms. Beoerdccy, tfe evnèole pgnots tg tfe jdlt tfdt jdrmerswfg dre seccnob cdrbe qudotntnes dre mgre cnkecy tg trdvec tg tfe mdrket, subbestnob tfdttfere dre nolredsnob returos no fdvnob tfenr gwo jgrm gj trdospgrt. Qfdob do` \extgo(8994)fflo` tfdt mncc prnlnob ns use` uoèr lgmpetntnve strultures do` uonjgrm prnlnob nsuse` uoèr lgo`ntngos gj cess lgmpetntngo. Pfey estnmdte tfe wecjdre e elts gj tfe twgprnlnob strultures do` fflo` tfdt uonjgrm prnlnob teo`s tg d rdlt mgre husnoess jrgm`nstdot suppcners tfdo mncc prnlnob, hut ds tfe lgmpetntnveoess gj tfe mdrket nolredses,mncc prnlnob prgvnès bredter wecjdre tfdo uonjgrm prnlnob. @nslrnmnodtgry prnlnob, notfns lgotext, novgcves g ernob `n ereot prnlnob tg lgosumers hdse` go tfenr begbrdpfnlcgldtngo. Nt ns ogt ds wnècy use` ds tfe gtfer jgrms gj prnlnob.

Lggperdtnves

Pfere dre severdc types gj lggperdtnves, espelndccy no tfe jdrmnob seltgr. \ulf lggperd-tnves pcdy do nmpgrtdot rgce no fgw jdrmers dre grbdonze` tg pursue lgmmgo noterests.\gme gj tfe juoltngos gj tfe lggperdtnves nolcuè tfe mdodbemeot gj tfe cgbnstnls juol-tngo surrguo`nob dbrnlucturdc noputs do` gutputs. Exdmpces nolcuè jdrmer dssglndtngostfdt brew no tfe Uonte` \tdtes no tfe 4>89s, wfnlf were hdse` go cgob-term, cebdccy hno`-nob lgotrdlts wntf brgwer memhers; d leotrdcnze` grbdonzdtngo strulture; pggcnob gjprgùlts dllgr`nob tg brdè; do` lgotrgccnob d cdrbe eogubf prgpgrtngo gj tfe lrgp. Pfedssglndtngos heldme d `gmnodot mdrket jdltgr, tg tfe exteot tfdt tfe jdrmers fd` lguo-tervdncnob mgogpgcy pgwer tfrgubf strgob lgmmg`nty lggperdtnves (Pgbersgo 4>22).Pfere dre gtfer snmncdr exdmpces gj jdrmer gr jdrmer do` prnvdte lgmpdoy lggperdtnvedrrdobemeots tfdt evgcve` no Eurgpe wntf snmncdr ghaeltnves do` nmpdlts. Beoerdccy,lggperdtnves were èsnboe` tg mdnotdno cgob-term suppcy do` prgùltngo lgotrdlts


40/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y8:

èsnboe` tg he d prgùltngo-mdrketnob lggr`nodtnob èvnle èsnboe` tg prgvnè d pre-`nltdhce qudotnty gj prgùlts jgr sdce. No Adpdo, suppcner dssglndtngos gr Kygrygku Kdnwere eolgurdbe` hy lgmpdones sulf ds Pgygtd tg spred` noogvdtnve strdtebnes, wgrkprdltnles, do` mdoujdlturnob telfonques syogoymgus wntf cdrbe Adpdoese fflodc dssemhcers tfrgubfgut tfe exteoè` suppcner oetwgrk. Pfe dssglndtngos dre hdse` go hunc`nobnoter-lgmpdoy recdtngosfnps do` lredtnob wgrc`-lcdss suppcner hdses, tg tfe heoe fflt gjtfe fflodc dssemhcers (Fnoes 4>>0).

Beoerdccy, lggperdtnves fdve twno ghaeltnves1 d trdosdltngo lgst do` do gwoer-sfnp recdtngosfnp. Pfey ldo mnonmnze trdosdltngo lgsts do` nolredse vdcue jgr memherstfrgubf sequeotndc noterèpeoèolnes. Rfeo prgùlers gwo do` lgotrgc tfe lfdno, tfeydre no d pgsntngo tg dvgn` pgteotndc `nsruptngos tg suppcy lfdnos drnsnob jrgm cgldtngodo` tempgrdc dsset speln ffllnty (Cdzzdrnon 8994).

Pfe e eltnveoess gj prgùler lggperdtnves no èvecgpnob lguotrnes ns fnbfcy vdrn-dhce. No d stu`y gj d 489-memher pgtdtg jdrmers lggperdtnve 6 no Ubdo`d, Dcnbumd et dc.(8992)> jguo` tfdt nt wds wecc ruo (bgverodole, pdrtnlnpdtngo, exteosngo trdnonob, rdnsnobsknccs, do` prgùltnvnty) do` tfe èbree gj trust hetweeo tfe memhers do` gtfer dltgrsno tfe suppcy lfdno wds fnbf. Pfe lggperdtnve prgvnè` lgotnougus exteosngo trdno-nob usnob odtngodc see` do` resedrlf grbdonzdtngos do` OBGs. 49 Rntf tfenr suppgrt,qudcnty prgùltngo wds cnoke` tg budrdotee` purlfdses hy d jdst-jgg` restdurdot lfdnono Kdmpdcd no 899


41/94


exlept tfdt tfe nontndtnve lgmes jrgm tfe purlfdsnob eotnty. Nt ns do nmpgrtdot melfdonsmjgr sfdrnob prgùltngo do` mdrket rnsks.

Do exdmpce gj lgotrdlt jdrmnob ns @rumOet, 45 wfnlf wds cduolfe` no cdte 8998tg ècnver d set gj lrntnldc husnoess suppgrt servnles `nreltcy tg smdccfgcèr jdrmers noKeoyd. Nt ns èsnboe` ds mdrketnob, fflodolndc, do` nojgrmdtngo servnles jgr mdnostredm-nob resgurle-pggr jdrmers. Nt lgmhnoes nojgrmdtngo do` lgmmg`nty trdosdltngo servnlesdo` fflodolndc cnokdbes notg d snobce husnoess servnle mgèc tfdt prgvnès dlless tg mdr-kets, mdrket nojgrmdtngo, do` lre`nt jgr tfe rurdc pggr tg suppgrt sustdnodhce dbrnlucturedo` rurdc evecgpmeot. No grèr tg nolredse mdrket dlless, tfe @rumOet oetwgrk dccgwsjdrmers tg secc tfenr prgùle `nreltcy tg tfe huyer dt tfe rnbft tnme. Hy dbbrebdtnob tfeprgùle gj memhers, `nrelt dlless tg wfgcesdce do` lgrpgrdte huyers ns pgssnhce. Pfnsdccgws jdrmer memhers tg lnrlumveot tfe exnstnob suppcy lfdno gj smdcc-sldce hrgkers,cgldc trdospgrters, reseccers, do` gtfer noterme`ndrnes tfdt lurreotcy extrdlt vdcue jrgmedlf trdosdltngo.

@rumOets suppgrt leoters dre snmpce, stdo`-dcgoe jdlncntnes ldternob tg lcneots wfgrequnre fflodolndc, mdrket, do` telfonldc nojgrmdtngo no grèr tg mdke mgre prg ffltdhce trdos-dltngos. Edlf suppgrt leoter ns equnppe` wntf d lgmputer wntf d `ndc-up lgooeltngo tg tfenoteroet do` d mghnce pfgoe (B\M) tg cnok up wntf tfe leotrdc fuh no Odnrghn, wfnlf dltsds tfe mdno server do` `dtdhdse do` prgvnès do dlless leoter jgr tfe stgrdbe do` retrnevdcgj nojgrmdtngo. Edlf suppgrt leoter ns mdodbe` hy do dbeot, usudccy d memher gj tfe cgldclgmmuonty, wfg lgccelts do` `nssemnodtes nojgrmdtngo, dssnsts no jgrmnob jdrmer brgups,do` drrdobes huy do` secc èdcs. Fgwever, nt sfguc` he dlkogwce`be` tfdt @rumOet ns dtdo edrcy stdbe gj èvecgpmeot do` nts cgob term sustdnodhncnty ns yet tg he èmgostrdte`.

Jurtfer, tg nolredse gverdcc e lneolnes, @rumOet eoters notg lgotrdlts wntf huyerstg prgvnè trdospgrtdtngo gj tfe mdrket lgmmg`ntnes jrgm tfe spelndccy dccgldte` lgc-celtngo pgnots. Pfns eosures d snobce pgnot-tg-pgnot trnp hetweeo rurdc lgmmuonty do` huyer do` reùles trdospgrtdtngo lgsts.

Ecsewfere, nt fds heeo ghserve` tfdt lgotrdlt jdrmnob ns mgre prg ffltdhce tfdo noè-peoèot prgùltngo. No stu`nes no No`nd nt fds heeo jguo` tfdt tfe mdno heoe fflt lgmesjrgm reùlnob tfe trdosdltngo lgsts no sdces do` dcsg no dllessnob telfonldc do` mdrketdssnstdole tg eodhce tfem tg `nversnjy tfenr prgùlts. Nt nolredses prnle lgmpetntngo nocgldc mdrkets. Jgr exdmpce, no sgme ldses no No`nd lgotrdlt jdrmnob lgotrnhute` tgwdr`nmprgvnob mnck ynec` do` reùlnob prgùltngo lgsts gocy scnbftcy. Fgwever, lgotrdlt

jdrmnob fds heeo vnewe` wntf skeptnlnsm helduse nt ns seeo ds d lgotrdlt hetweeo uo-equdc pdrtnes wntf tfe wedker eotntytfe prgùlermgre vucoerdhce tg expcgntdtngo.Pfdt sdn`, tfere ns evnèole tfdt lggperdtngo `ges no jdlt fecp jdrmers tg mntnbdte hdr-bdnonob pgwer dsymmetry wfeo oebgtndtnob lgotrdlts.

Hnrtfdc et dc. (8996)4: no d stu`y gj tfe lgsts do` heoe fflts gj lgotrdlt jdrmnob no mnckno tfe stdte gj Xdadstfdo no No`nd jguo` tfdt tfe heoe fflts gj lgotrdlt jdrmnob were skewe`tgwdr` cdrbe prgùlers, mdnocy ùe tg elgogmnes gj sldce no tfe use gj jdmncy cdhgr noprgùltngo do` `nspgsdc gj mnck. Dt snmncdr sldces gj prgùltngo, smdccfgcèrs èrnve`snbonfflldot heoe fflts jrgm d reùltngo no trdosdltngo lgsts ùe tg lgotrdlt jdrmnob. Jgrsldcnob up tfns experneole no No`nd do` dppcynob tg tfe dbrg-prglessnob seltgr beoerdccy,

sgme cdws wguc` fdve tg he lfdobe` dcgob wntf nojrdstrulture recdte` tg trdospgrt do`lgc` lfdnos. Hnrtfdc et dc. (8995) 42 sfgw tfdt, no tfe ldse gj Yuoadh, wntf tfese nmprgve-meots no pcdle, Oestce No`nd Cnmnte` wds dhce tg revgcutngonze nts mnck prgùltngo wntfvertnldc lggr`nodtngo.


42/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y86

Eceltrgonl Noterme`ndtngo

Pfere dre twg hdsnl melfdonsms jgr lggr`nodtnob tfe gw gj bgg`s tfrgubf dàdleotsteps no d vdcue lfdno1 mdrkets do` fnerdrlfnes (Heoadmno et dc. 4>6:). Mdrkets lggr`n-odte tfrgubf suppcy do` èmdo` jgrles do` exlfdobes hetweeo no`nvnùdcs do` fflrms.\ulf exlfdobes dre no ueole` hy prnle, qudcnty, qudotnty, do` dvdncdhncnty gj tfe bnveobgg` tfdt wncc serve ds do noput notg tfe oext prgless. Fnerdrlfnes, go tfe gtfer fdo`,lggr`nodte tfe gw gj bgg`s hetweeo dàdleot steps hy lgotrgccnob do` `nreltnob dt dfnbfer cevec no tfe mdodberndc fnerdrlfy, rdtfer tfdo ce nob mdrket jgrles lggr`nodtesulf gws. Mdodberndc èlnsngos, ogt mdrket jgrles, ètermnoe tfe qudotnty do` prnlegj tfe bgg`s requnre`.

Ds tfe snze gj d mdrket brgws, lgmmuonldtngo lgsts nolredse. Oew nojgrmdtngotelfogcgbnes fdve bredtcy reùle` tfe lgst gj dlqunrnob, prglessnob, do` lgmmuonldtnobnojgrmdtngo. Pfe reùltngos fdve, no turo, resucte` no lfdobes no tfe wdy tdsks dre dl-lgmpcnsfe` wntfno fflrms do` fgw fflrms mdodbe tfe gw gj bgg`s wntfno vdcue lfdnos.

Ds sulf, do` ogt surprnsnobcy, tfey fdve fd` do nmpgrtdot nmpdlt go cgbnstnls. Ecel-trgonl lggr`nodtngo fds twg gtfer nmpgrtdot e elts1 hrgkerdbe do` notebrdtngo e elts.Hrgkerdbe e elt ns tfe dhncnty tg put notg lgotdlt wntf edlf gtfer tfe mdoy pgteotndc huyers do` seccers do` mdtlf tfem. Rfeo eceltrgonl nojgrmdtngo ns use` tg cnok `n ereotprglesses, tfns ns tfe eceltrgonl notebrdtngo e elt. D mdagr heoe fflt gj sulf notebrdtngo nstfe tnme sdve`. Eceltrgonl mdrkets reùle tfe uont lgst gj lggr`nodtngo. Pfe lgmpcexntygj d prgùlt gjteo ètermnoes tfe suntdhncnty gj eceltrgonl mdrkets. Yrgùlts tfdt dresnmpce do` ldo he stdo`dr`nze` dre pdrtnlucdrcy sunte` tg sulf mdrkets.

Nt fds heeo drbue` tfdt edrcy èvecgpers gj hndse` eceltrgonl lfdooecs sfguc` expelt

tfdt tfenr lgmpetntnve d`vdotdbe wncc ogt lgotnoue noèffl

ontecy. G\uccnvdo (4>64) jguo`tfdt, nontndccy, tfe use gj NP ced`s tg do gverdcc sfnjt tgwdr`s nolredse` lggr`nodtngo hymdrkets rdtfer tfdo noterodc èlnsngo mdknob hy fflrms. NP noogvdtngos mdke nt edsner tgdlqunre, mdodbe, do` prgless nojgrmdtngo do` dccgw lcgser notebrdtngo hetweeo dàdleotsteps no tfe vdcue lfdno. Fgwever, gver tnme, edrcy d`gpters sfguc` pcdo jgr uohndse`lfdooecs ds nojgrmdtngo helgmes mgre red`ncy dvdncdhce.

Nt ns gjteo dske` nj eceltrgonl mdrkets cgwer tfe lgst gj mdrket trdosdltngos do` ced`tg `nsnoterme`ndtngo (n.e., tfe ecnmnodtngo gj tfe rgce gj noterme`ndrnes). Fgwever, sev-erdc pneles gj resedrlf ogw subbest tfdt mdrkets `g ogt helgme `ns-noterme`ndte` hut helgme jdlncntdte` hy nojgrmdtngo telfogcgby. No jdlt, tfe Beccmdo fypgtfesns fgc`s

true tfdt wfnce sgme trd`ntngodc noterme`ndrnes mdy he `nmnonsfe` no eceltrgonl mdr-kets, oew rgces gj noterme`ndrnes emerbe. No tfns lgotext, goe gj tfe dreds relenvnob d cgtgj d eotngo no cgw-nolgme lguotrnes, espelndccy tfgse no Djrnld, ns tfe rgce tfdt mghncetecepfgoes dre pcdynob no jdlncntdtnob èvecgpmeot do` trdè. Pfns treo` requnres è-tdnce` dodcysns do` ns tfe suhaelt gj d è`nldte` stu`y tg lgmpcemeot tfns nontndc repgrt.

Pfe oext twg seltngos expcgre no sgme ètdnc cgbnstnls servnles noterme`ndte` hy dlggperdtnve do` tfgse mdodbe` tfrgubf eceltrgonl noterme`ndtngo.

Ogtes

4. Dof, Kfdoècwdc, do` Ren (8949) Pfe Xgce gj Noterme`ndrnes no Jdlncntdtnob Prdè, rdjt resedrlf

pdper.8. Pfe Lgotdnoer Lgrpgrdtngo gj No`nd Ct` wds estdhcnsfe` no 4>66 do` fds g cgdè` dhgut


43/94

Cgbnstnls no Cdbbnob Xebngos 8>

ldotcy tg tfe brgwtf gj lgotdnoernzdtngo no Ogrtf Dmernld. Xdncrgd`s tfere pdrtnlnpdte vnbgrguscyno tfe cgbnstnls mdrket no d vdrnety gj rgces.0. Exlept jgr cgob-`nstdole lgotdnoer mgvemeots tg Henanob do` go tfe ^dob e Xnver lgrrn`grs tgRufdo do` Lfgobqnob.5. Jdjlfdmps do` Fncc (8995) Yrnle Prdosmnssngo do` Prdèr Eotry no @gmestnl Lgmmg`nty Mdrkets, BYXB RY\-9662:) \pdtndc Yrnle Ygcnlnes Xevnsnte`. Hecc Agurodc gj Elgogmnls, Zgc. 2, Og. 8(Dutumo 4>2:), pp. :4>:8>.6. Oydhyumhd Uonte` Jdrmers Brgup, Kdhdce. Jgrme` no 4>>6 wntf jgrty memhers.>. Dcnbumd, Mdbdcd, do` Cwdsd (8992) Ubdo`d 1Lgooeltnob smdcc-sldce prgùlers tg mdrkets1 Pfe ldsegj tfe Oydhyumhd Uonte` Jdrmers Brgup no Kdhdce `nstrnlt, Xebgveronob Mdrkets Noogvdtnve Yrdltnlesernes, NNE@, Cgo`go.49. Ubdo`do Odtngodc \ee` Ygtdtg Yrgùlers Dssglndtngo, Kdlfwekdog Qgodc Dbrnlucturdc do` Xe-sedrlf @evecgpmeot Nostntute, Odtngodc Dbrnlucturdc Xesedrlf Grbdonsdtngo, Noterodtngodc Leoterjgr Prgpnldc Dbrnlucture do` Djrnldre.

44. Dh`n (8990) Pfe No ueole gj Xurdc Cgbnstnls do` Xurdc Prdospgrt Lgsts go Jdrm Nolgme do`Ygverty no Keoyd1 Pfe Ldse gj Knsumu do` Oydo`drud @nstrnlts, Keoyd, Rgrc` Hdok Xepgrt,@elemher 8990.48. Dcdm do` Zermd (8992) No`nd1 Lgooeltnob smdcc-sldce prgùlers tg mdrkets. D ldse stu`y gj d sul-lessjuc suppcy lfdno no U drdkfdo`, No`nd. Xebgveronob Mdrkets Noogvdtnve Yrdltnle sernes, NNE@,Cgo`go. Dcsg, Herèbu, Hnodhe, do` Yeppeceohgs (8996) Keys tg nolcusngo gj smdcc-sldce prgùlersno yodmnl mdrkets1 Noogvdtnve prdltnle no lgooeltnob smdcc-sldce prgùlers wntf yodmnl mdrkets, Xebgv-eronob Mdrkets Noogvdtnve Yrdltnle sernes, NNE@, Cgo`go.4>9s do` goe emerbnob goe. Lfnod do` No`nd were lgosnère` pdle se ers jgr tfe tfnr`wdve do` jgr juture èvecgpmeots. (Xedr`go do` Herèbu (899:) Pfe Xetdnc-Ce` Prdosjgrmdtngo gj Dbrnjgg` \ystems do nts Nmpcnldtngos jgr @evecgpmeot Ygcnlnes Xnmnsp-Cdtno Dmernldo Leoter jgr Xurdc@evecgpmeot).45. www.`rumoet.grb/prgaelts4:. Hnrtfdc, Afd, Pngoblg, Mdrntes, do` Odrrg` (8996) Nmprgvnob Jdrm-tg-Mdrket Cnokdbes tfrgubfLgotrdlt Jdrmnob. @nslussngo Ydper 99640. NJYXN.42. Hnrtfdc, Agsfn, do` Bucdtn (8995).Zertnldc lggr`nodtngo no fnbf-vdcue jgg` lgmmg`ntnes1 Nmpcnldtngos jgr smdccfgcèrs. Mdrkets, Prdè, do` Nostntutngos @nvnsngo @nslussngo Ydper Og. 65. Rdsfnobtgo,@.L. NJYXN.


44/94


45/94

29, wgrc`wnè prgùltngo gjsnsdc èlcnoe` steepcy ùe tg lgmpetntngo jrgm petrgceum-hdse` syotfetnls (no pdrtnlu-cdr, pgcy-prgpyceoe fdrvest twnoe) do` lurreotcy stdo`s dt dpprgxnmdtecy goe-tfnr` gjnts pedk vdcue. \nsdc prgùltngo wds dhgut 829,999 tgos no 8996, wntf Hrdznc (495,999tgos), Lfnod (:9,999 tgos), Pdozdond (). 4 Hrdznc fds heeo tfe wgrc`scdrbest prgùler do` expgrter gj snsdc gver tfe cdst jgur èldès, prgùlnob hetweeogoe-ffljtf do` goe-fdcj gj tfe wgrc`s tgtdc tgoodbe per yedr (JDG 8999). Pfe lgmpgsn-tngo gj snsdc expgrts `n ers snbonfflldotcy hetweeo tfe Djrnldo lguotrnes, wfnlf expgrtmdnocy snsdcffl her wntfgut doy mdoujdlturnob, do` Hrdznc, wfnlf fds d mgre `nversn ffleèxpgrt lgmpgsntngo tfdt nolcuès ffl her do` mdoujdlture` prgùlts cnke twnoes, ydros,do` ldrpets.

Nmpgrts gj snsdc dre fedvncy lgoleotrdte` no tfree mdno hcglks, odmecy tfe Uonte`\tdtes, Lfnod, do` tfe Eurgpedo Uongo, edlf wntf mdrke` `n ereoles no nmpgrt pdt-teros. Lfnod ns respgosnhce jgr 0: perleot gj tfe wgrc`s nmpgrts gj snsdc ffl her do` dcmgstog mdoujdlture` prgùlts. Pfe Uonte` \ ns d mdagr nmpgrter gj mdoujdlture` bgg`s(52 perleot gj wgrc`s nmpgrtsmdnocy hdcer twnoe) do` oebcnbnhce ffl her nmpgrts.Pfe Eurgpedo Uongo ns respgosnhce jgr d snmncdr sfdre gj tfe wgrc`s nmpgrts gj ffl her

(8< perleot) do` mdoujdltures (84 perleot). (JDG 899>)


46/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y5 perleot gj tfe lguotrys tgtdc prgùltngo wfncetfe stdtes gj Ydrdnhd, Xng Brdoè `g Ogrte, Ledrd, do` Yerodmhulg dre respgosnhce jgrtfe remdnonob 5 perleot (NBHE 899>). Jurtfermgre, prgùltngo no Hdfnd ns lgoleotrdte`no d jew muonlnpdcntnes cgldte` drguo` tfe snsdc terrntgry, do dred wfere snsdc prgùl-tngo grnbnodccy tggk pcdle do` wfere mgst gj tfe snsdc prglessnob pcdots do` jdltgrnesdre cgldte` (tdhce 0.4). No 8992, gocy teo muonlnpdcntnes were respgosnhce jgr 22 perleotgj Hdfnds snsdc prgùltngo do` tweoty muonlnpdcntnes (dcc cgldte` wntfno d 899 kncgmeterrd`nus) were respgosnhce jgr >5 perleot gj tfe stdtes tgtdc prgùltngo (NBHE 899>).

Pfe Ogrtfedst rebngo ns fgme tg 86 perleot gj tfe lguotrys pgpucdtngo (5< mnccngonofdhntdots) do` fds trd`ntngodccy heeo goe gj tfe cess èvecgpe` rebngos no Hrdznc. No-lgme per ldpntd ns cess tfdo fdcj tfdt gj tfe sgutf do` sgutfedst rebngos, do` tfe rebngordoks cdst no B@Y per ldpntd, F@N, cnje expeltdoly, nojdot mgrtdcnty, do` cnterdly rdtes.Pfere dre, oevertfecess, sgme eolcdves gj fnbf brgwtf no tfe ogrtfedst, typnldccy tfgsewfere sgyhedo ns prgùle`. Fgwever, tfe snsdc terrntgry ns goe gj tfe pggrest no Hdfnd,wntf nolgmes per ldpntd no tfe cgwer qunotnce gj tfe stdte (NBHE 899>). Nt ns estnmdte` tfdt299,999 wgrkers no tfe rebngo dre empcgye` `nreltcy do` no`nreltcy no tfe snsdc prgùl-tngo do` expgrtnob lgmpcex, beoerdtnob drguo` U\$69 mnccngo no reveoues do` mdknobsnsdc tfe teotf mgst nmpgrtdot expgrt prgùlt no Hdfnd (tdhces 0.8 do` 0.

Ynemgote Ogrte `g Ntdpnluru >4,699 2,>84 44.5>

Ynemgote `d @ndmdotnod 0:,999 :,548 2.9:

Lfdpd`d @ndmdotnod 44,::5 4,200 :.:>

Hdlnd `g Adlupe 0,< 9 89 4,590

Oetfercdo`s 9 29 9 86 20,2

\gurle 1 Dutfgrs estnmdtes jrgm UO LGMPXD@E `dtd.


47/94

Cgbnstnls no Cdbbnob Xebngos


48/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y


49/94

Cgbnstnls no Cdbbnob Xebngos , LGODH wds huynob rdwffl her dt X$4.90 per kncgbrdm, wfereds mn``cemeo no Ldmpg Jgrmgsg were huynob dtX$9.>9.

Pfe `rne` snsdc ffl her ns trdospgrte` tg leoters wfere nt ns hrusfe`, lcdssn ffle`, do`presse` notg hdces. @urnob tfe hrusfnob prgless, ùst, `rne` pucp, do` gtfer nmpurntnesstulk tg tfe ffl her dre remgve`. Usudccy, 6 perleot gj tfe grnbnodc wenbft gj tfe ffl hers nscgst ùrnob tfns prgless ùe tg tfe remgvdc gj resnùes do` sfgrt-ceobtf ffl hers. Djter hrusfnob, tfe ffl her ns sepdrdte` dllgr`nob tg tfe stdo`dr` lcdssn fflldtngo tfdt tdkes notglgosnèrdtngo tfe ceobtf gj tfe ffl her do` nts nmpurnty rdte. Pfe ffl her tfeo bges tfrgubftfe pressnob prgless, do gperdtngo tfdt prepdres tfe snsdc jgr nts trdospgrtdtngo tg jgrenbolguotrnes gr gtfer noùstrnes no tfe rebngo wfere tfe ffl her ns trdosjgrme` notg mdoujdl-ture` prgùlts cnke twnoes, lgr`s, ldrpets, do` rubs.

Pfe dhgve èslrnhes tfe trd`ntngodc snsdc vdcue lfdno. Nt ns lfdrdlternze` hy fnbf cev-ecs gj jrdbmeotdtngo wntf edlf pcdyer fdo`nob gver lgotrgc gj tfe prgùlt tg tfe oextcevec dcgob tfe lfdno.

Cgbnstnl Nssues no tfe \nsdc Expgrt Lfdno

Pfere dre severdc jdltgrs tfdt no ueole snsdc cgbnstnls pd eros no Hdfnd1

Ydymeot Perms

Pfere ns d trdè-g hetweeo tfe ceobtf gj tnme nt tdkes tg relenve pdymeot do` tfe prnletfdt ns g ere` (tdhce 0.0). Cgwer prnles dre g ere` jgr nmme`ndte pdymeot do` fnbfer

goes wfeo pdymeot wncc tdke severdc `dys. Pfns ns d wecc estdhcnsfe` pd ero no dbrn-lucturdc mdrkets. No Hdfnd, tfe cgwest prnle g ere` seems tg he no ueole` hy tfe prnletfdt ns set hy LGODH. Mn``cemeo g er d prnle tfdt ns, go dverdbe, 0 perleot hecgw tfdtg ere` hy LGODH.

Pdhce 0.0. Dverdbe Pnme jgr Ydymeot do` @nstdole tg Hrusfnob Mdlfnoe

Xespgosnhncnty jgr PrdospgrtDverdbe Pnme

tg Bet Ydn` Yrnle no X$ per kb@nstdole tg

Hrusfnob Mdlfnoe

Hrusf gperdtgr 2.8


50/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y


51/94



52/94


53/94


jrgm snsdc ns tfrgubf jgrmnob lggperdtnves ds d wdy jgr rurdc jdrmers tg nmprgve trdèlgo`ntngos. Bnveo tfe begbrdpfnldc `nspersngo gj snsdc jdrms, tfe fnbfcy èleotrdcnzeòdture gj èlgrtnldtngo lgotrdsts fedvncy wntf tfe lgoleotrdte` cgldtngo gj hrusfnob md-lfnoes do` mdoujdlturnob noùstrnes do` expgrters. Mgre tfdo 28% gj tfe hrusfnob md-lfnoe ldpdlnty ns cgldte` no jgur `nstrnlts gj tfe trd`ntngodc snsdc terrntgryvnz1 Lgoleng`g Lgnt, Zdceote, \g @gmnobgs, do` Xetnrgco`ndwfnce mdoujdlturnob pcdots drelgoleotrdte` drguo` tfe muonlnpdcntnes gj Zdceote do` Lgoleng `g Lgnt, ds wecc ds no\dcvd`gr (`d Fgrd et dc. 8996). Pfns pd ero d elte` tfe recdtngosfnps no tfe suppcy lfdno,ds jdrmers fd` tg trdvec tg tfe jew leoters tg secc tfenr prgùlts. Pfe prghcem wds tfdt nogrèr tg bet tg tfe gpeo mdrkets no tfe lntnes, jdrmers were requnre` tg pdy d tdx ( fflslg) dttfe eotrdole gj tfe lntnes. No d``ntngo tg tdxes, tfey were lfdrbe` d ffloe jgr nccebdc trdos-pgrtdtngo gj bgg`s (MGL 8992h). No jdlt, dt tnmes, jdrmers eoè` up bnvnob dwdy tfenrprgùle rdtfer tfdo secc nt.

Jdrmers, tferejgre, stdrte` d mgvemeot ldcce` tfe NLM\ mgvemeot, wfnlf ce` tgtfe estdhcnsfmeot gj fflve cgldc jdrmers dssglndtngos no fflve lntnes gj tfe snsdc rebngo. Goegj tfese dssglndtngos wds tfe Dssglndg `gs Yequeogs Dbrnluctgres `g Estd`g `d Hdfnd(tfe Dssglndtngo gj \mdcc-sldce Jdrmers gj tfe \tdte gj Hdfnd, gr DYDEH), wfnlf wdsjgrme` no 4>69. DYDEH brew notg goe gj tfe mgst pgcntnldccy do` elgogmnldccy no ueo-tndc dssglndtngos no nts fgme lnty do` surrguo`nob goes. Nt fds sgme 4:> snsdc ffl her suppcn-ers no 44 muonlnpdcntnes no tfe snsdc trd`ntngo wntf mgre tfdo 699,999 jdmncnes.

DYDEH lggr`nodtes prgùltngo dmgob fuo`re`s gj noèpeoèot snsdc brgwers, do`drrdobes trdospgrtdtngo do` prglessnob gj tfe ffl her, do` uctnmdtecy mdoujdltures snsdclgr`s, rubs, do` ldrpets ( fflbure 0.0). Fdcj gj nts lurreot prgùltngo ns mdrkete` do` sgc`gverseds. Hy 8999, DYDEH fd` lredte` 99 aghs no d lnty gj 89,999 pegpce, do` tfe re-bngos per ldpntd nolgme trnpce`. Dt tfe sdme tnme, DYDEHs gwo dssets weot jrgm $0,999tg $> mnccngo. DYDEH ogw noaelts mgre juo`s notg tfe cgldc elgogmy tfdo `ges tfe cgldcbgveromeot. DYDEH fds d mdrketnob pdrtoer no Bermdoy, wfere nt gwos 54 perleot gjtfe pdrtoersfnp, tg `nstrnhute nts prgùlts no Eurgpe. Yrevnguscy nt fds wgrke` wntf d`nstrnhutgr no tfe Oetfercdo`s. Nt prgvnès lre`nt cnoes do` sknccs trdnonob do` uoèrtdkesd rdobe gj elgcgbnldccy heoe ffllndc dltnvntnes, nolcu`nob relylcnob do` use gj prgùltngowdstes, prgùltngo gj bgdt mnck, etl. Nt ogw fds d oumher gj gtfer dltnvntnes, nolcu`nobrd`ng do` tecevnsngo lgmmuonldtngos jgr trdnonob, slfggcs, d lgmmuonty leotre, d lggp-erdtnve hdok, do` d cdrbe brglery stgre. Pfe noterodtngodc èvecgpmeot lgmmuonty do`

exterodc jguo`dtngos, sulf ds R.K. Keccgbb, pdrtoer do` suppgrt nt.\nole DYDEH mdoujdltures snsdc ffl her jgr ydros do` rubs, hut dcsg fds nts gwo hrusf-nob mdlfnoes, nt ldo g er jdrmers d mulf sfgrter suppcy lfdno tfdo wguc` gtferwnse he tfe ldse. Pfns reùles ogt gocy tfe oumher gj noterme`ndrnes no tfe lfdno hut dcsgtfe trdosdltngo lgsts dssglndte` wntf d jrdbmeote` suppcy lfdno, mdknob tfe gperdtngorecdtnvecy mgre e lneot.

Dogtfer wdy no wfnlf tfe DYDEH noterveotngo d``resses tfe nssues rdnse` dhgvens tfe jdlt tfdt tfe dssglndtngo huys snsdc ffl her `nreltcy jrgm jdrmers do` g ers `n er-eot prnles dllgr`nob tg qudcnty, d sntudtngo tfdt ns ogt tfe ogrm snole gocy djter ffl her ns hrusfe` `g hdteènrds lfdrbe `n ereot jgr types gj snsdc. Dllgr`nob tg Dcves, tfe mdrket

prnle wds X$9.65 (type twg) do` X$4.95 ( ffl her extrd). Medowfnce, DYDEH pdn` X$4.4< jgr type twg. DYDEH hrusfes tfe ffl her gopremnses, lcdssnffles tfem, keeps tfe hest qudcnty ffl her jgr use no tfe ldrpet jdltgry, do`seccs tfe rest tg gtfer noùstrnes (mdnocy hdce twnoe noùstrnes).


54/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y09

Nmpdlt gj Lggperdtngo

D lgmpdrnsgo gj tfe tfree mdno types gj snsdc vdcue lfdnos ns bnveo no tdhce 0.5. Pfe`dtd sfgw tfdt tfe lggperdtnve fds tfe fnbfest tgtdc lgsts, mdnocy ùe tg tfe cgldtngo gjtfe mdoujdlturnob jdlncnty recdtnve tg tfe expgrt pgrt. Pfe lggperdtnve `ges ogt prgùleeogubf vgcume tg austnjy novestnob no nts gwo trdospgrt eet do` fds tg recy go tfnr` pdr-tnes. Pfe prnvdte lgmpdoy go tfe gtfer fdo` ns dhce tg mnonmnze lgsts ds nt fds d eet gjtrulks tfdt dre use` tg ècnver prgùlt tg tfe pgrt jgr expgrt.

Dctfgubf DYDEH g ers sgme sgcutngos tg tfe nssues rdnse` no tfns ldse stu`y,eveo tfns nontndtnve seems tg fdve nts cnmnts no terms gj redlfnob d snzedhce sfdre gj snsdcjdrmers. D`vgldtnob jgr tfns ds d sgcutngo wncc prghdhcy ogt fflx tfe prghcem. Doy sgcu-tngo wguc` fdve tg tdke notg dllguot tfe se nob do` lfdrdlternstnls gj tfe recdtngos do`nostntutngodc drrdobemeots dmgob tfe `n ereot pcdyers no tfe snsdc vdcue lfdno.

\gme nssues remdno d mystery do` oee` tg he stu`ne`. Pfe questngo gj prnle trdos-mnssngo hetweeo expgrter prnles do` jdrm bdte prnles, do` fgw tfns ns noterme`ndte` hy mn``cemeo gr hrusfnob leoters, ns do nmpgrtdot nssue tfdt fds heeo stu`ne` no gtferse nobs. \nmncdrcy, sgme gj tfe prdltnles gj mdoujdlturnob noùstrnes, do` no wfnlf sntu-dtngos tfey d`gpt jdrm bdte gr uonjgrm ècnvery prnlnob, dre wgrtf expcgrnob jurtfer.

Jnbure 0.5 sfgws tfdt tfe lgsts per kncgbrdm jgr tfe prnvdte lgmpdoy dre cgwer tfdotfgse gj tfe lggperdtnve. Fgwever, tfe prnvdte lgmpdoy lfdno `ges ogt eobdbe no fdr-vestnob gj ffl her jrgm tfe fflec`s. Pfns ns d mdagr lgst lgmpgoeot gj tfe lggperdtnve. Jur-tfer, tfe prnvdte eoterprnse mdoujdltures mgst rgpe do` twnoe, wfereds tfe lggperdtnve

Jnbure 0.0. DYDEHs \nsdc \uppcy Lfdno

\gurle 1 Dutfgr.

@elgrtnldtnobMdlfnoes

Mdoujdlturnob

Hdcer twnoe &lgr`dbe expgrts

\nsdc Jnec`s

Ldrpets do` rubs


55/94


mdoujdltures mgstcy rubs do` ldrpets. Uctnmdtecy, tfe gutputs dre tgtdccy `n ereot, wntftfe lggperdtnve prgùlnob twg lgotdnoers per mgotf ds lgmpdre` tg tfe lgmpdoy tfdtprgùles bgg`s tfdt fflcc 85 lgotdnoers every mgotf. Pfe husnoess nmperdtnves gj tfe twgeotntnes dre very `n ereot. No jdlt, tfe lggperdtnve ns eobdbe` no vdrngus gtfer dltnvntnesnoteoè` tg heoe fflt nts memhers.

Ogtes

4. Gtfer prgùlers gj snsdc nolcuè Zeoezuecd (49,599 tgos), Md`dbdsldr (6,


56/94


57/94

029s, mdnocy ùe tgnts d`dptdhncnty tg vdrngus dbrg-lcnmdtnl lgo`ntngos. Pfe Uonte` \tdtes ns tfe cdrbest prg-ùler no tfe wgrc` ( fflbure 5.4). No`nd ns tfe ffljtf cdrbest prgùler, dllguotnob jgr sgme0 perleot gj bcghdc prgùltngo no 8996. Mgre tfdo 59 perleot gj prgùltngo no No`nd nsno tfe stdte gj Md`fyd Yrdèsf ( fflbure 5.8). Jdrmnob no No`nd ns lfdrdlternze` hy d pre-`gmnodole gj smdcc-snze jdrms, wntf dt cedst 69 perleot gj jdrms henob 8 feltdres gr cess.

\gyhedo ns prglesse` tg extrdlt gnc do` d fnbf prgteno resnùe ldcce` sgy medc grè-gnce` ldke (@GL), wfnlf ns use` ds d mdagr donmdc jee` nobre`neot jgr pguctry do`

ld ce. No No`nd, sgyhedo lgmpgsntngo ns dhgut 69 perleot @GL do` 4689 perleot e`nhcegnc4 (fflbure 5.


58/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y00

Jnbure 5.4. Rgrc` \gyhedo Yrg`ultngo 89926

Uonte` \tdtes


59/94


Jnbure 5.0. No`nd \gyhedo @GL Pgp 49 Expgrt @estnodtngos

Jnbure 5.5. Dverdbe JGH Yrnle no $/t, 89926

Jnbure 5.:. Mgotfcy @GL Expgrt Zgcumes tfrgubf tfe Mdno Ygrts, 89926 no tgos

\gurle 1 www.sgpd.grb.

ZNEPODM \GLXEY

ADYDO

NO@GOE\ND

PFDNCDO@

YDKN\PDO NX


60/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y0:

gperdtngos gj jrenbft vefnlces. Dbrnlucture do` tfe cnleosnob gj rgd` trdospgrt dre uoèrstdte aurns`nltngo, ds dre severdc kno`s gj cgldc tdxes. Pfns oelessntdtes lfelkpgnots do`rgd` hcglks dt stdte hgrèrs do` wntfno stdtes tg eosure tfdt bgg`s go tfe mgve dre per-mn e` tg `g sg do` tfdt tdxes fdve heeo pdn`. Pfese prdltnles resuct no ècdys do` è-terngrdtngo gj prgùle do` prgvnè oumergus gppgrtuontnes jgr reot-seeknob hefdvngr.Pfgmds (8996) estnmdte` tfdt wntf he er rgd`s, nmprgve` trulks, do` remgvdc gj uooel-essdry lfelk pgsts, trdosnt tnme hetweeo Mumhdn do` @ecfn lguc` he reùle` tg 80:9s, every yedr, tfe bgveromeot gj No`nd dooguoles budrdotee`mnonmum suppgrt prnles (M\Ys) 8 jgr stdpce jgg` brdnos tg he pdn` hy nts dbeolnes do`lgmpdones. No tfe sdme perng`, tfe leotrdc bgveromeot mdo`dte` sdce gj jdrm prgùledt rebucdte` mdrkets ldcce` mdo`ns, wntf d `dncy dultngo gj prgùle g ere` hy jdrmers

tg rebnstere` trdèrs, fec` uoèr bgveromeot duspnles. Mgst No`ndo stdtes fdve tfenrgwo Dbrnlucture Yrgùle Mdrketnob Lgmmn ee (DYML) Dlts tg lgoùlt tfns husnoess.

Mgst gj tfe prgùle ns pdlke` no hdbs tfdt dre stgre` no tfe wdrefguses. Brdnos dretypnldccy pdlke` no 59>9 kncgbrdm hdbs, wfnlf dre lgoveoneot jgr fdo`cnob do` stgrdbe.\tgrdbe jdlncntnes dt jdrm cevec dre pggrcy èvecgpe` gr dhseot wfeo lgmpdre` tg mdagr leoters. Lurreotcy bgveromeot dbeolnes do` pdrdstdtdcs dre tfe cdrbest eotntnes prg-vn`nob wdrefgusnob, tfgubf prnvdtecy gwoe` wdrefgusnob ns dcsg dvdncdhce. Pfgubfnt ns beoerdccy `n luct tg fdve do dllurdte fflbure gj stgrdbe ldpdlnty, < tfere ns d wnèoetwgrk gj stdte-prgvnè` stgrdbe nojrdstrulture. Pfe estnmdte` stgrdbe ldpdlnty noMd`fyd Yrdèsf ns drguo` 4.6 mnccngo metrnl tgos, gut gj wfnlf tfe Leotrdc RdrefgusnobLgrpgrdtngo (LRL) dllguots jgr dhgut d goe-tfnr` gj tfe ldpdlnty; tfe rest ns prgvnè` hy tfe \tdte Rdrefgusnob Lgrpgrdtngo (\RL). Utncnzdtngo rdtes gj tfe stdte wdrefgusesns dhgut 6965 perleot do` ds fnbf ds >9>5 perleot dt sgme cgldtngos. Pfe stdte nojrd-strulture ns lgmpcemeote` hy oumergus prnvdte seltgr stgrdbe jdlncntnes dlrgss tfe stdte.

Goe gj tfe mdagr prghcems jdle` ns pgst-fdrvest cgsses. No No`nd, wfnce estnmdtesvdry, d releot revnew 0 estnmdte` tfdt cgsses were dt cedst onoe perleot gj tgtdc dbrnluctureprgùltngo. 5 Cgsses dre 649 perleot no jgg` brdnos do`


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prdltnles tfdt wgrk tg tfe ètrnmeot gj tfe wecjdre gj tfe jdrmers, nolcu`nob tfe uoèr-wenbfnob gj tfenr prgùle, tfe ghcnbdtngo gj tfe jdrmer tg pdy tfe lgsts gj wenbfnobdo` hdbbnob, do` tfe jdrmer ogt henob pdn` tfe jucc dmguot dt tfe tnme gj sdce, nosted`fdvnob tg lgme hdlk tg tfe mdo`n jgr tfe hdcdole gj tfe pdymeot ùe tg tfem. No d`-`ntngo, tfe mdo`n system lduses prghcems jgr tfe eoterprnses `gwostredm tfdt prglessdbrnlucturdc prgùle. Pfe muctnpce fdo`cnob stdbes resuct no nolredse` tnme do` lgsts,nolgosnsteot qudcnty gj prgùle, do` no dtngo gj prnles hy tfe lgmmnssngo dbeots, hgtfdt tfe mdo`n do` tg tfe trd`nob lgmpdoy.

Gver tnme, tfe lguotry-wnè mdo`n system fds fd` d perverse strdobcefgc` go dbrn-lucturdc trdè hy veste` noterests, wfnlf ldpture` tfe system do` mdè tfenr cnvnob gutgj tfe stdtutgry mgogpsgoy lgmhnoe` wntf rebngodc huyers ldrtecs. Yrg fflts dre ghtdnoe`tfrgubf drhntrdbe hetweeo cgw prnles bnveo tg jdrmers seccnob prgùle dt tfe mdo`nsdo` fnbf prnles lfdrbe` tg huyers wfg fdve tg ghtdno tfenr dbrnlucturdc noputs jrgmtrdèrs wntf stglks.

Pfe cdlk gj prnle nojgrmdtngo do` restrnlte` mdrket melfdonsms no rurdc dreds ce`tg suhstdotndc mdcprdltnles jrgm tfe vnccdbe-cevec trd`nob lgmmuontnes wfg gjteo fd`

d wnèspred` oetwgrk tfdt preveote` prnle lgmpetntngo jgr jdrm-bdte sdces. Pfese è-presse` sdces resucte` no lgotnounob tfe smdccfgcèrs lylce gj pgverty do` èpeoèolygo exterodc noterme`ndrnes. Nt dcsg ce` tg tfe estdhcnsfmeot gj d pressure brgup gj trdèrswntf lgosnèrdhce no ueole.

Znrtudc Lgccdhgrdtngo tfrgubf NLP

Pfe mdo`n system wds tfe gocy wdy tg secc prgùle uotnc tfe 4>>9s wfeo tfere wdsèrebucdtngo gj tfe dbrnlucturdc mdrkets dccgwnob prnvdte seltgr tg pdrtnlnpdte. Rntf tfeèrebucdtngo, prnvdte-seltgr eoterprnses no No`nd lguc` tdke pdrt no prgùle mdrkets.Goe gj tfe snbon fflldot nontndtnves tg emerbe do` lgmpete wntf tfe mdo`n system wds tfeuse gj nojgrmdtngo telfogcgby tg notebrdte dbrnlucturdc vdcue lfdnos. Goe sulf noogvd-tnve slfeme, ldcce` e-Lfgupdc, wds èvecgpe` no 8999 hy tfe No`ndo Pghdllg Lgmpdoys(NPL) dbrn-husnoess `nvnsngo. Pfe noteotngo wds tg mdke NPLs prgluremeot husnoessmgre e lneot do` tg dvgn` tfe fnbf trdosdltngo lgsts dssglndte` wntf tfe mdo`n system.

\gurle 1 Doupno`n do` \nvdkumdr (899:).

Jnbure 5.2. Prd`ntngodc Yrgluremeot Usnob Mdo`ns


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Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y06

E-Lfgupdc sgubft tg dvgn` sgme gj tfe pdymeots tg trd`ntngodc noterme`ndrnes do` no-sted` sgubft tg ghtdno prnmdry dbrnlucturdc prgùle `nrelt jrgm jdrmers. Tudcnty wdsno`n ereot no tfe mdo`n system do` tfere were cgsses gwnob tg muctnpce fdo`cnob. Pfelgmpdoy re-eobnoeere` tfe prgluremeot lfdno tg reùle tfese dvgn`dhce lgsts.

NPL DH@ stdrte` e-Lfgupdc gperdtngos no MY no 8999 ds d goe-wdy pcdtjgrm jgrtfe prgluremeot gj sgyhedo, wfnlf ns d fgmgbeonze` lrgp wntf recdtnvecy jew qudcntypdrdmeters. Pfe fflrst e-Lfgupdcs were estdhcnsfe` no tfe stdte gj Md`fyd Yrdèsf. Pfesystem novgcves estdhcnsfnob d leoter no d vnccdbe wntf d lgmputer, pgwer suppcy, do`recndhce noteroet dlless. : D trdnoe` lggr`nodtgr (d sdolfdcdk, wfg ns dcsg d jdrmer do`pdn` d lgmmnssngo go lgmpcete` trdosdltngos) gperdtes tfe vnccdbe kngsk, prgvn`nob jreenoteroet dlless tg dhgut :99 jdrmers no fflve tg snx vnccdbes wntfno dfflve kncgmeter rd`nus.Esseotndccy, nt ns d fuh-do`-spgke system. Rfeo tfe lgolept stdrte`, NPLs bgdc wds tgfdve d fuh wntfno sfgw tfe spred` gj `nstdoles tg tfe oedrestfuh no twg stdtes, U er Yrdèsf do` U rdkfdo`.

Pfrgubf e-Lfgupdc, tfe jdrmer ns prgvnè` wntf d jdlncnty jgr lurreot prnle `ns-lgvery do` gtfer nojgrmdtngo rebdr`nob fns prgùle do` fds tfe gptngo gj mdknob do

Pdhce 5.4. e-Lfgupdc Lgverdbe ds go Mdrlf

e-Lfgupdcs

Oumher gje-Lfgupdcs

>4 060 4, 49

Znccdbes oetwgrke` 089 8,869 :,25 899


63/94

Cgbnstnls no Cdbbnob Xebngos 0>

nojgrme` èdc wntf NPL jgr d sdce tfdt wncc tdke pcdle go tfe oext `dy. NPL mdkes `dncyprnle g ers jgr purlfdses jrgm jdrmers tfdt ns set hy nts fflec` mdodbers no edlf stdte,pgste` dt nts weh pgrtdc, do` vdcn` jgr tfe oext `dys trdosdltngos dt edlf goe gj nts fuhs.Pfe prnle go g er jgr edlf fuh ns hdse` go tfe oedrest mdo`n gr mdo`ns prnles do` tfemdrket lgosnèrdtngos gj NPL DH@, sgmewfere hetweeo tfe fnbf do` cgw mdo`n prnlesgj tfdt `dy.

Nj d jdrmer lfggses tg secc tg NPL, fe fflrst hrnobs d sdmpce tg tfe sdolfdcdk, wfglgoùlts d qudcnty dssessmeot usnob d lfelk cnst (tfns prgvnès trdospdreoly no prnlnob).Pfe sdolfdcdk tfeo bnves tfe jdrmer d teotdtnve prnle qugte d sdu`d pdrlfn , jrgm tferetfe jdrmer prglee`s tg do NPL prgluremeot fuh wntf fns prgùle. Pfere ns, tferejgre, oguolertdnoty dhgut tfe NPL g er prnle. \gmetnmes, tfe NPL prnle g er ns nolredse` drguoòggo gj tfe oext `dy nj mdo`n prnles rnse sfdrpcy hut tfe prnle ns oever cgwere`. (Pfeprnle ldo gocy he reùle` nj, go nospeltngo, prgùle qudcnty ns cess tfdo tfdt stdte` notfe sdu`d pdrlfn.) Pfns bnves redssurdole tg tfe jdrmer, helduse fe ldo èlnè tg secc dt dprnle tfdt sunts fns lnrlumstdoles do` tfeo trdospgrt prgùle tg tfe NPL fuh rdtfer tfdotdke tfe eotnre lgosnbomeot tg tfe mdo`n do` secc dt d prnle tfdt ns gocy kogwo djter fens dcred`y pfysnldccy lgmmn e` tg secc.

Dt tfe fuh, dogtfer qudcnty test ns uoèrtdkeo, wntf prnle èùltngos resuctnob jrgmtfe preseole gj jgrenbo md er gr mgnsture lgoteot, lgolepts tfdt dre wecc uoèrstgg` hy tfe jdrmers (cdh tests dre ogt yet dllepte` hy jdrmers). Djter nospeltngo, tfe prgùlens wenbfte` usnob do eceltrgonl sldce, remgvnob pgssnhce fumdo errgrs gr gtfer sfd`yprdltnles tfdt gllurre` dt tfe mdo`ns. Rntf tfe prnle do` wenbft kogwo, tfe jdrmer tfeolgccelts fns jucc pdymeot dt tfe fuh pdymeot lguoter. Dt tfdt tnme, tfe jdrmer ns dcsgrenmhurse` jgr trdospgrtnob tfe lrgp do` relenves d lgpy gj tfe cdh repgrt do` d relenpt.Pfe husnoess pcdtjgrm rdpn`cy ghtdnoe` tfe trust do` lgo fflèole gj tfe jdrmnob lgmmu-onty.49 Pfe e-Lfgupdc Yrgluremeot system ns sfgwo no fflbure 5.49.

Pfe e-Lfgupdc system stncc uses tfe mdo`n lgmmnssngo dbeots kogwo ds \dmygadks.Pfe sdmygadk gperdte dt tfe mdo`ns do`, jgr d lgmmnssngo, fdve prgùle hdbbe`, fdo-`ce`, do` trdosjerre` tg tfe fuhs prglessnob uont wdrefguse gr trdospgrts tfe hdbs tgd oedrhy wdrefguse ds requnre`. Ds èslrnhe` hecgw, wfnce NPL DH@ mdy ntsecj gwo

Jnbure 5.>. @nstrnhutngo gj e-Lfgupdc @nstdole tg oedrest fuh no Utter Yrdèsf \tdte


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Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y59

wdrefguses, nt dcsg fnres sgme jrgm gtfer pdrtnes dt vdrngus cgldtngos. Pfe oext stdbe nsprglessnob tg extrdlt gnc, cedvnob @GL. Pfe lgmpdoy `ges ogt gwo prglessnob pcdotsdo` gutsgurles tfns dltnvnty.

Nmpdlt gj Eceltrgonl Noterme`ndtngo

No grèr tg gverlgme tfe prghcems gj smdcc-snze/jrdbmeote` jdrms, muctnpce noterme-

`ndrnes, do` pggr nojrdstrulture, tfe e-Lfgupdc lgolept fds fd` jgur nmpgrtdot e

elts1 Jdlncntdtnob mdrket exlfdobes. Pfe noterme`ndtngo ns no mdrkets tfdt fdve redlfe`

d èbree gj e lneoly, wfere mere trdosdltngo lgst sdvnobs `g ogt dllrue edsncy.NPL wgrks tg nmprgve cnqun`nty, jdlncntdtnob lgotrdlt eojgrlemeot do` g ernob

he er rnsk mdodbemeot tggcs jgr dcc tfe pdrtnes no d trdosdltngo. Nmprgvnob qudcnty gj prgùlt. Pfe jrequeoly gj fdo`cnob gj prgùle fds heeo res-

lue`, tferehy nmprgvnob tfe qudcnty gj tfe prgùlt tfdt ns ècnvere`. Yrgùle trdledhncnty. Zdcue d``ntngo hy trdledhncnty no tfe suppcy lfdno, wfere

NPL uses nts noterme`ndtngo no suppcy lfdnos tg fecp prgùlers ghtdno premnumprnles do` fflodc lgosumers tg kogw tfe sgurle gj tfe prgùlt. Pfns wncc nolreds-nobcy helgme lrntnldc ds mgre empfdsns ns pcdle` go ldrhgo jggtprnot do` sgurlegj prgùlts.

\gurlnob fnbf vdcue prgùlts jrgm rurdc dreds. Do exdmpce ns grbdonldccy brgwoprgùle tfdt fds d spelndcnze` fnbf-vdcue mdrket. Pfns lguc` exteo` tg servnlessgurle` no rurdc dreds no tfe juture ds wecc.

Prdè Zgcumes

Pfe cdrbest prgpgrtngo gj NPLs sgyhedo prgluremeot tdkes pcdle no MY, wfnlf ns tfecdrbest sgyhedo prgùlnob stdte no No`nd. Jnbure 5.44 sfgws tfe prgpgrtngo gj vgcumespurlfdse` hy NPL ds lgmpdre` tg tfgse dt tfe mdo`ns.

Pdhce 5.8 prgvnès tfe qudotum gj NPLs purlfdses jrgm trdèrs (dbeots) dt mdo`ns.NPL DH@s sfdre gj sgyhedo purlfdses no tfe mdrket fds heeo estnmdte` tg vdry hetweeo8 do` > perleot no tfe pdst tfree yedrs.

\gurle 1 Doupno`n do` \nvdkumdr (899:).

Jnbure 5.49. e-Lfgupdc Yrgluremeot no Ydrdccec wntf Mdo`ns


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Pfgubf, gverdcc, trdèrs dllguot jgr aust hecgw 59 perleot gj tfe vgcumes jrgm jdrm-ers, tfey secc tg jewer fuhs do` dllguot jgr fnbf vgcumes dt tfgse cgldtngos. Gver tfe899:2 sedsgo, tfe dverdbe dmguot purlfdse` jrgm jdrmers wds 5,599 tgos, wfereds tfdt

\gurle 1 Dutfgrs estnmdtes, dtd jrgm NPL DH@ do` MY Mdo`nhgdr`.

Jnbure 5.44. Yrgpgrtngo gj Mdo`n do` NPL e-Lfgupdc Jdlncntdte` Yurlfdses

Pdhce 5.8. Mdo`n do` NPL Fuh Yurlfdse Zgcumes gj \gyhedo no Pwg êdrs

Yrgluremeot Ldtebgry

L^ 899:92 L^ 899296

Tudotnty, t Xs Mncc Tudotnty, t Xs Mncc

NPL prgluremeot jrgm Prdèrs 40:,0>6 4,>6>.8 409,:


66/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y58

jrgm trd`ers wds 6,499 tgos. No d``ntngo, trd`ers dcsg relenve d fnbfer prnle per tgo tfdojdrmers, Xs40,:5>.99, lgmpdre` tg Xs4


67/94


Gtfer servnles prgvnè` hy NPL DH@ dre pdrt gj tfe lgmpdoys lgrpgrdte sglndcrespgosnhncnty tfrust. Pfese dre ogt lgmmerlndc dltnvntnes do` e-Lfgupdc ns ogt `nreltcynovgcve`, exlept tfdt tfe cgldc kogwce`be, std preseole, do` jdrmers `dtd hdse dregj use no strulturnob dltnvntnes do` eosurnob tfdt tfey dre sullessjuc. Pfese nolcuèsglndc do` jdrm jgrestry, wgmeos empgwermeot, cnvestglk èvecgpmeot, do` prnmdryeùldtngo.

Ogtes

4. Nojgrmdtngo jrgm tfe \gyhedo Yrglessgrs Dssglndtngo gj No`nd (\GYD) do` DbMdrket (@epdrt-meot gj Dbrnlucture do` Lg-gperdtngo, BgN).8. D Lgmmnssngo jgr Dbrnlucture Lgsts do` Yrnles relgmmeo`s tfe M\Y djter d ètdnce` stu`yedlf yedr do`, novdrndhcy, tfe bgveromeot èlcdres d suppgrt prnle tfdt ns scnbftcy fnbfer jgr tfejgrtflgmnob purlfdse sedsgo.h).:. Dcc e-Lfgupdcs fdve very smdcc dperture termnodc cnoks jgr tecelgmmuonldtngos. Yreseot lgstsgj do e-Lfgupdc wguc` he dhgut Xs485,999.99nt wds dhgut Xs4:9,999.99 no 8994. Lurreot dooudcmdnoteodole lgsts dre dhgut Xs49,599.99 per nostdccdtngo. \gurle1 NPL [email protected]. Rfeo e-Lfgupdc stdrte`, tfere were dcsg jdvgurdhce lgmmeots go tfe lgotrdst no tfe wdntnobdreds prgvnè` jgr jdrmers dt tfe NPL fuhs do` tfe `nbonty wntf wfnlf tfey were tredte`, uocnkeprdltnles prevdceot dt mdo`ns. Pfns fds fd` tfe heoe ffllndc nmpdlt gj nmprgvnob tfe wdy jdrmers dre

tredte` dt mdo`ns ds wecc.6. Nj nt wds mgre, jdrmers wguc` use jgur- tg fflve-tgo pnlkups dvdncdhce jgr fnre tg hrnob tfenrprgùle tg NPL fuhs, nosted` gj trdltgr-trdncers.>. Hdse` go lurreot fnre lfdrbes jgr d rurdc dred, fflve-tgo vdo gj Xs599.99 per dy. \gurle1 NPL [email protected]. Do`, no lgosequeole, jdrmers prejerre` tg secc dt cdrber mdo`ns nj pgssnhce.44. Adwdfdrcdc Oefru Ygrt Prust (AOYP) dt Odvn Mumhdn.48. Pfe lgmpdoy wguc` use rgd` servnles nj tfey were uoèr pressure tg meet d sdncnob dt pgrt doùodhce tg bet rdncwdy wdbgos gr, wfeo tfere wds d su`èo suppcy gj hdlk-fduc, cgw-rgd` trulkstfdt lfdrbe cess tfdo tfe rdnc jrenbft.4


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75/94


76/94

Rgrc` Hdok \tu`y:8

trdosdltngo lgsts, tdknob d`vdotdbe gj elgogmnes gj sldce do` reùlnob dsymmetrnes notfe hdrbdnonob pgwer gj suppcners.

Luctnvdtnob Xecdtngosfnps do` Oetwgrks

Lgmmerlndc exlfdobe novgcvnob smdcc-sldce prgùlers ns lfdrdlternze` hy repedte`trdosdltngos do` lggperdtngo hetweeo dbeots dmn`st fnbf cevecs gj dsset speln ffllnty,lfdoles jgr gppgrtuonstnl hefdvngr, do` gtfer kogwo fdzdr`s. Prust ns tfe mdno prgh-cem seccers do` huyers jdle. Fgw ldo edlf snè he sure tfdt tfe gtfer snè wncc ogt lfedt7Xdhdccdo` (899>) expcgres tfe lggr`nodtngo prghcems usnob bdme tfegry tg èslrnhe fgwnoterdltngos hetweeo no`nvnùdc jdrmers ldo resuct no d suh-gptnmdc equncnhrnum tfdt

Pdhce :.4. Mdrket do` \uppcy-Lfdno Juoltngo gj @njjereot Noterme`ndrnes

Noterme`ndry Mdrket juoltngo \uppcy lfdno ejjelts

Ntnoerdot trdèr

Xeùle sedrlf lgsts Zdrndhce notebrdtngo

Lgosgcn`dtngo tg dlfneve elgogmnes gj sldce

Hunc` trust do` recdtngosfnps tfrgubf repedte`noterdltngos

Ydymeot go ècnvery Yggr prnle `nslgvery

Xnsk mdodbemeot

Lgmprgmnses qudcnty Yggr nojgrmdtngogws

Lggperdtnves

Lgosgcn`dtngo tg dlfneve elgogmnes gj sldce Lgosgcn`dtngo gj pfysnldc vgcumes

Xecdtngosfnps hetweeo prgùlers do` huyers Eofdole` vertnldc notebrdtngo

Jdlncntdtngo gj mdrket exlfdobes Xeùle` sedrlf lgsts

Ydymeot tg prgùlers Noej ffllneot pdymeot systems

Tudcnty nmprgvemeots

Xnsk mdodbemeot hy prgvn`nob d cdrbe pggcgj suppcners

Ogo-trdospdreot wgrknobdrrdobemeots do` ldpture hy jew`gmnodot pcdyers

Eceltrgonl noterme`ndtngo

Yrnle nslgvery Upstredm nsnoterme`ndtngo gjtrd`ntngodc pcdyers

Oetwgrk evecgpmeot Fuh do` spgke oetwgrk strulture

Jdlncntdtngo gj mdrket exlfdobes Ej ffllneot nojgrmdtngogws

Lgotrdlt drrdobemeots

Oetwgrknob hetweeo lgotrdlt suppcners do`huyers

Cgob term cgbnstnls drrdobemeots

Yrnle set no d`vdole, pdymeot budrdotee` Yre`nltdhcegws

Cebdc hdsns jgr mdrket exlfdobes

Xnsk mnonmnzdtngo nofflo`nob mdrket

Tudcnty nmprgvemeots

Xnsk mnonmnzdtngo tfrgubf budrdotee` suppcy

Jnodolnob tfrgubf prgvnsngo gj lre`nt Lfdnofflodolnob\gurle 1 Dutfgr.


77/94

Cgbnstnls no Cdbbnob Xebngos :>2). Nt lguc` dcsg serve ds d lgmpcemeot jgr mgre jgrmdc lgotrdlt-hdse` recdtngo-sfnps (Ygppg do` Qeober 8998).

Oetwgrks dcsg fdve `nrelt e elts go huyer-seccer recdtngosfnps do` jdrmers mdrket-nob hefdvngr. No tfe preseole gj oetwgrks, husnoess trdosdltngos dre mgre cnkecy nojgrmdcdo` recdtngosfnp-hdse`, rdtfer tfdo jgrmdc lgotrdlt-hdse` (Cu et dc. 8992). Jurtfermgre,pdrtnlnpdtngo no oetwgrks fds heeo sfgwo tg nolredse gppgrtuontnes jgr smdccfgcèr veb-etdhce jdrmers no Lfnod tg pdrtnlnpdte no supermdrket do` noterodtngodc mdrket gutcets,eveo wfeo tfe qudcnty gj tfenr prgùlts ns hecgw lgoveotngodc stdo`dr`s. (Cu et dc. 8992)

Noterme`ndrnes ldo preveot pdrtnes tg d trdosdltngo jrgm hefdvnob gppgrtuonstnldccy.Ydrtnes kogw tfey mdy fdve tg èdc wntf edlf gtfer dbdno no tfe juture do` dre, tfere-jgre, cess nolcnoe` tg tdke d`vdotdbe gj edlf gtfer. Dcsg, noterme`ndrnes dre novgcve` nomgre trdosdltngos tfdo no`nvnùdc suppcners do` ldo eoagy elgogmnes gj sldce no tfenrnovestmeots. D``ntngodccy, trust, recdtngosfnps do` oetwgrks ldo fecp expcdno drrdobe-meots dcgob tfe suppcy lfdno tfdt ldoogt he expcdnoe` hy pure elgogmnl tfegry. Jgrexdmpce, tfe seceltngo gj trulknob servnle lgmpdones hy smdcc Mexnldo pnoedppce ex-pgrters seems tg he no ueole` hy trust jdltgrs do` ogt gocy hy prnle (Mdrtoer 8990).

Jdlncntdtngo gj Mdrket Exlfdobes

Nojgrmdtngo dsymmetry ns d mdagr sgurle gj reots jgr noterme`ndrnes. Usudccy, jdrm-ers `g ogt pgsses nojgrmdtngo go prnles, qudcnty requnremeots, gr mdrket cgldtngo; tfejdlt tfdt nt ns lgstcy tg ldpture tfns nojgrmdtngo preveots tfem jrgm fdvnob d strgo-ber pgsntngo wfeo oebgtndtnob wntf noterme`ndrnes wfg oebgtndte wntf mgre lgmpcete

nojgrmdtngo. Rfere tfey lfggse tg, noterme`ndrnes reùle tfe lgsts gj nojgrmdtngoexlfdobe. Pfey gjteo dre he er dt mdtlfnob seccers do` huyers do` prgvn`nob prnle-`nslgvery servnles.

Nojgrmdtngo-bdtfernob lgsts do` sglndc oetwgrks dcsg d elt tfe lfgnle gj tfe mdr-ket lfdooec use` hy jdrmers. Yggr lgmmuonldtngo do` dlless tg nojgrmdtngo sgurlesno rurdc dreds usudccy preveot nojgrmdtngo jrgm redlfnob jdrmers no do dèqudte wdy.No tfe Etfngpndo brdno mdrket, smdcc jdrmers nèotnjy wfere tg trdè do` tfeo èlnègo wfetfer tg use d hrgker tg sedrlf jgr prnle nojgrmdtngo do` secc tf

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