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Logbook part 3 of 5 Louis Wyatt
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W EE K6glossary
Rafter: A rafter is one of a series of sloped structural elements within the main roof structure. The rafter extends from the ridge or hip of the roof to the wall plate or eave. The rafters are designed to support the roof deck and its associated loads with a pair of rafters known as a couple.
Eave: The eave is the bottom edge of the roof, which often overhangs the main external wall structure. By doing so, the eaves reduce water from making contact with the building, while also providing shade for any windows or openings beneath.
Purlin: A purlin is any horizontal structural element within the rood, except for the beams and plates placed at the top/bottom of the roof structure. While most commonly seen in timber frame construction, purlins are also found in steel based designs.
Cantilever: A cantilever is a beam or structural element which is only anchored at one end. Under sheer stress, the beam carries the load, with such construction allowing for overhanging structures without external bracing. Beyond beams, cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs.
So!t: A so!t broadly describes the underneath of a structural element, this can include; the underside of an arch, the underside of a "ight of stair, the underside of a cornice or chimney or the underside of a ceiling to #ll the space above kitchen cabinets.
Top Chord: The top beams within a roo#ng system are known as the Top Chord, who, generally working in com-pression, allow for the main structural elements to be laid.
http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2010/09/dzn_Balancing-Barn-by-MVRDV-07.jpg
Such a house represents an exampleof a cantilever
W EE K 7knowledge maps
rubber
natural
arti!cial
technically a plastic
waterproof
good seal
gaskets
1.5 times density of
water
"ooring
insulation
resistabrasion
hosing
EDM
should not be exposedto sun and
weather
!rst made in 20thcentury
will notshatter
highly "exible
NEOPRENE
siliconehighly durable
W EE K7online learning
Detailing for Heat and Moisture:Insulation and the prevention of rain penetration are vital for any design and construction.
Detailing for Moisture: Eaves, walls, windows, !at roof, box gutters. If the basement goes below water table, then the basement needs to be ‘tanked’ with a rubber sheet. Equally, a loose aggregate can be placed on the outside of the building to help draw water to the footings rather than a basement.
Water which hits roofs need to be carried away from the building, which is done through the use of eaves and gutters, and down pipes. If there is an internal roof, then it will drain to the external of the building. With an eave, water is less likely to enter the wall. The window frame is a high-risk area for water seepage.
For water to penetrate into a building all the following must occur: an opening, water present at the opening, a force to move through the opening. Remove any of the these and water wont enter.
To prevent water from penetrating a building; remove openings, keep water away from openings, neutralise the forces that move water through openings. One is su"cient, but tow or more strategies are pursued than this is added security that the building is water tight.
http://www.abelroo#ng.com.au/images/gallery/down_pipes01_big.jpg
Gutters and Downpipes ensure water from the roof reaches the ground
in a safe manner
W EE K7online learning
Detailing for Heat and Moisture (continued):Openings can be planned such as windows, doors, skylights. Or the are unplanned, poor construction, deterio-ration of materials. Common techniques are used to remove openings, a sealant, and gaskets (performed shapes made from arti!cial rubber). Both these will inevitably need replacing.
Sloping roofs and gutters are used to discharge water. Overlapping cladding and roo!ng elements prevent water entering. Sloping windows and door sills and roof "ashing.
Neutralising the forces will help prevent water penetration. Forces at play include Gravity, surface tension and capillary action, momentum, or air pressure di#erential. By altering the slope of a building, you help alter the gravitational pull. The paving adjacent to a house, should angle away form the house. Typically using a drip or break between surfaces to prevent water clinging to the underside of a surface (such as a window sill or parapet capping). These gaps and breaks prevent water reaching and entering openings because the surface tension of the water is broken at the drip/gap location. Instead, the capillary action movement of the water stops and the water is released in drop form. Windblown rain, moisture and snow can move through simple gaps. To inhibit this movement the gaps are often constructed in more complex labyrinth shapes. With gusts of wind, water can still be moved through a complex laby-rinth if there is a di#erence in the air pressure, between the outside and inside. You need an internal barrier, to create Pressure Equalisation Chamber (PEC).
http://cdn.home-designing.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Skylights.jpeg
Windows and Skylights are areas in whichwater can easily enter a building
W EE K7online learning
Detailing for Heat and Moisture (continued):Detailing Heat: Heat loss and gain occur when the heat is conducted through the building envelope, the building envelope and building elements are subject to radiant heat sources, thermal mass is used to regulate the !ow of heat through the building heat. Thermal mass is an important money saver through the lifetime of the building.
Conduction can be controlled using thermal insulation, thermal breaks (made from low construction materials like rubber), double glazing (reduces !ow of heat).
Controlling heat from radiation is done through re!ective surfaces, or shading systems such as verandas, eaves, solar shelves, blinds, screens and vegetation.
Controlling heat though thermal mass; large areas of exposed thermal mass can be used to absorb and store heat over a period of time. Materials traditionally used for ther-mal mass include, Masonry, Concrete, and Water bodies. This is most useful in places where the temperature at night and day varies.
Controlling air leakage: The principle of airtight detailing is similar to watertight detailing; an opening, air present at the opening, a force to move air through the opening. Strategies to stop leakage include; eliminating any one of the causes, wrapping the building in polyethylene or re!ection foil sparking to provide an air barrier, with stripping around doors, windows and other openings.
http://advice.myhome.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Attic-Insulation-Image-2.jpg
Insulation in roofs help maintain a consistent heat
W EE K7glossary Downpipe: A downpipe is a vertical pipe used for caring
rain water from a gutter and directing it towards the sewer. Downpipes are normally placed on the exterior of a build-ing.
Vapour Barrier: A vapour barrier is any material which acts as damp proo!ng, preventing water from slowly seeping into a building. Typically made from plastic or foil sheets, the vapour barrier can be placed outside or within the external walls of the building.
Flashing: Flashing refers to a thin piece of impervious material installed to prevent he passage of water into a structure from a joint or as part of a weather resistant barrier.
Gutter: Placed on the roof of a building, gutters collect the rainwater before beginning the process of sending the water to the stormwater drainage system. Gutters empty into vertical downspouts and are typically made from vinyl, galvanised steel, or aluminium.
Insulation: Insulation refers to any material placed within a building whose purpose is to reduce heat loss and gain. Typically found in walls, "oors and ceilings, insulation can be constructed from a variety of materials including !bre glass, recycled paper and sheep’s wool.
Parapet: An extension of a wall along a roof, walkway, balcony etc., a parapet is a section of the wall which extends above the roo"ine. In modern construction, a parapet is often used for aesthetic reasons, concealing the connection between the roof and exterior walls.
Sealant: Sealants are viscous material which when applied around windows, skylights and other forms of glazing prevents water entering the structure through capillary action.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Kings_chapel_roof.jpg
A historic Parapet
W EE K 8knowledge maps
glass Crystal Palace(1851)
300,000panes of
hand blownglass
made from sand
Royal Exhibition
curtin wall
allows for warmth
glass was mass produced
by the 1950s
must be heatedto extremely
high temperatures
glass has becomedominant design
element in commercial buildings
skyscapers
requires concreteto support
glass
glass is cheaper
United Statesof America
by the 20th century, it was
realised that the sun wastherapeutic
during the 19th century thesun was viewedwith suspicion
glass can nowbe heatedcan cooled
aesthetic qualities and energy
e!ciencies metsimiltaneously primary
modulator ofsunlight
W EE K 8online learning
Openings – Doors and Windows: Windows: Windows are used to create aesthetic features, allow light and natural air!ow if opened. A major consideration when designing windows is that they must be cleaned in their lifetime. Windows are composed of a number of elements including; glass pane, frame, sill, jamb, architrave, apron, !ashing and sealant.
Window frames, if placed in a brick veneer system, sits on the timber frame. Aluminium windows while used domesti-cally, are commonly used in commercial buildings. If large aluminium windows are used, then a steel or other struc-tural element may be required to ensure the structure is sound. Steel can be used as a window frame, but is uncom-mon in Australia.
Curtin walls, is a wall which is formed out of windows. The windows themselves are hung from the concrete frame, with the loads transferred back to the concrete structure. Loads must always be carried around the window.
Doors: Doors can be part of the ‘theatre’ of entering a building. Doors and their frames are composed of many elements, including; door leaf, latch and lock, handle, head, jamb, stop, architrave and sill.
Aluminium doors are common in commercial buildings. Doors are not normally designed for a speci"c build, but rather work from a manufacturers range. Steel is often used in conjunction with another material when constructing a door.
http://www.onyxsolar.com/images/photovoltaic-curtain-wall.jpg
An example of a Curtin Wall
W EE K 8tutorial activity
While di!cult to see from the exterior, the section which I was instructed to complete a 1:1 drawing of was located along the northern wall of the Function room, where the change in roof height occurred. The Drawing title was ‘Function Room Roof North 02’.
Broader location of drawing
PASTE A1 DRAWING HERE
W EE K 8glossary
Window Sash: A window sash is the framed part of a window which holds a sheet of glass in place. Commonly referring to the moving pane of glass within the frame, a sash window is a historic window design, which uses a counter weight to hold the window open.
Moment of Inertia: Moment of Inertia is the mass property of a rigid bod, which de!nes the torque required for an acceleration around an axis.
De!ection: De"ection refers to the amount a structural element will bend (with or without breaking), when a dead or live load are added. De"ection can often be seen in historic timber beams which have been carrying heavy loads for extended periods of time.
Door Furniture: Door furniture refers to any item which is attached to a door to enhance its aesthetic or practical qualities. Door furniture can fall into a variety of catego-ries including; hinges, handles, locks, fasteners, and other accessories.
Shear Force: Shear force occurs when two separate forces push an object (or series of objects) in opposite directions. When these two forces are pushing towards each other, it is known as compression forces.
http://www.sashwindows-northwest.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/s
ash_windows_2.jpg
A sash window, with the lowerseries of panes known as
the Window Sash
W EE K 9knowledge maps
composite materials
many forms !bres
remain bonded together
created throughthe combination
of two or morematerials
particulatelaminar made into
"at and pro!led sheets
made from glass !breand resin
!re and water resistent
!bre glass
!bre reinforcedcement
used incladding
sandwhichpanels
hybrid
resins
two or morecomposite materials
gravel
light
two materials,di#er in form
or composition
retain their identities and
properties
does not burn
resistent towater
used ascladding
made fromglass, portland
cement, sand andwater
W EE K 9online learning
Construction Detailing: Detailing is about how materials are put together.
Movement joints: movement joints include; expansion joints and contraction joints. Expansion joints in brick walls are provided with a !ller.
Health and Safety: ensuring people are safe during !re. Balustrades on staircases, as well as tred width and heights are all important. Materials are often chosen based on their !re rating. Depending on Building height and owner type, di"erent !re ratings exist.
Age: Choosing materials to suit the site, is vital. Some detailing deterioration is wanted, such as copper. Timber can grey and can be considered both attractive and unattractive.
Repairable Surfaces: how easy is the material to repair. A skirting board helps to prevent damage to the plaster-board. Extra protection is often placed on the corner of the internal walls, this is often painted/skimmed over to hide such detail.
Cleanliness: Hospitals, cafes, etc all require materials that can be easily cleaned.
Maintenance: By having a suspended ceiling, there is easy access for maintenance and cleaning throughout the lifetime of the building.
Constructability: if a detail is di#cult to construct, it is more expensive to create. Easy to assemble, should be forgiving, should be e"ect use of construction facilities and labour.
http://squaretexture.com/uploads/product/171/thumbs/texture_328_aged_timber_
roof_shingles_620w_product_preview.JPG
Exterior roof shingles which have aged and weathered
over time
W EE K 9tutorial
Site visit to Cancer Centre:
The Cancer Centre under construction represents a complex building, complex both in terms of its construc-tion, but also the architectural detail which had to be considered prior to the commencement of work.
A substantial way through the project, there were a variety of trades on site, as the lower !oors begin their "rst "x, while in contrast, the upper !oors are still having concrete slab !oors poured. On the lower basement !oors, insulation had gone in, wiring and plumbing services had been installed, along with ducting, air-condition systems, and internal walls. On the upper !oors, windows had just started being installed, signify-ing the start of a long process ensuring that the building would inevitably become water tight.
Yet this level of "nishes are not consistent throughout the entire building, with the presence of cranes, con-crete and large swathes of sca#olding highlighting the minor progress evident on the higher !oors.
With such a variety of progress throughout the building, a vast array of trades were required to ensure that a steady and consistent level of work is maintained. Beyond general labourers, the construction manage-ment, architect and project manager, carpenters, electri-cians, plumbers, joiners, glaziers, and crane operators are all present.
Internal walls in the Prayer Room
Copper Pipes in the basement levels