Location allocation for urban waste disposal site using … not consider the environmental factors. Location of waste disposal ground suggests the unconsciousness about the environmental

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 3, No 1, 2012

© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on May 2012 published on July 2012 74

Location allocation for urban waste disposal site using multi-criteria

analysis: A study on Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal, India Suman Paul

Assistant Professor in Geography

Post Graduate Dept. of Geography, Krishnagar Govt. Collage,

Krishnagar, Nadia, West Bengal. India.

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The solid waste materials in cities are the natural outcome of human activities. Most

of our cities and municipalities in third world countries like India is a major concern of the

government due to the health problems associated with improper disposal of waste. Several

factors are considered in site selection for waste disposal. Provision of such system appears

to be a major problem due to the complication and the wide nature of waste

production. Due to the different parameters involved, deciding upon a suitable location

is also very complicated, costly and time consuming. Geographic Information System

(GIS) allows users to view, understand, question, interpret and visualize spatial and non-

spatial data in many ways that reveals relationships, patterns and trends in the form of maps,

reports and charts. This study investigated most suitable site(s), as a waste disposal site(s) for

Nabadwip Municipality which is located in the extreme west of Nadia district, West Bengal.

Suitable disposal site must follow environmental safety criteria and attributes that will enable

the wastes to be isolated so that there is no unacceptable risk to people or the environment.

Criteria for site selection include natural physical characteristics as well as socioeconomic,

ecological and land-use factors. Multi-criteria analysis has been done for solid waste disposal

site selection in this study. The Geographical Information System (GIS) can provide an

opportunity to integrate field parameters with population and other relevant data or other

associated features, which will help in selection of suitable disposal sites.

Keywords: Key Words: Waste disposal, Suitable site, GIS, Multi-criteria analysis, Integrate.

1. Introduction

The solid waste materials in cities are the natural outcome of human activities. Most

of our cities and municipalities in third world countries like India is a major concern of the

government due to the health problems associated with improper disposal of waste. The rapid

growth of population and urbanization decreases the non-renewable resources and disposal of

waste matter and toxic waste haphazardly are some of the major environmental issues posing

threats to the existence of human being. The most common problems associated with

improper management of solid waste include diseases transmission, fire hazards, odor

nuisance, atmospheric and water pollution, aesthetic nuisance and economic losses

(Basagaoglu,H. et.al. 1997). Waste disposing is an important part of waste management

system, which requires much attention to avoid environmental pollution. Only major cities

have some sort of waste disposal system. Solid wastes management is carried out by the

Municipality for which conservancy fee also charged on to the urbanites of Nabadwip. But

waste management system of Nabadwip Municipality of Nadia district is not satisfactory. As

a part of such improper management system selection of solid waste disposal site for this city

Location Allocation for Urban Waste Disposal Site Using Multi-criteria Analysis:

A Study on Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal, India

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International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012 75

does not consider the environmental factors. Location of waste disposal ground suggests the

unconsciousness about the environmental factors in Nabadwip Municipality. A Disposal site

must consider all the socio-economic, environmental and land use factors within the city as

well as people safety. Geographical Information System (GIS) can analyse the suitable site

selection for urban waste disposal considering all the criteria (Multi-criteria Analysis) which

will help local governing body as a part of e-governance. The use of GIS in selection process

will reduce the time and enhance the accuracy.

Nabadwip, one of important historical urban centre on Nadia district, is one of the fastest

growing townships in the West Bengal. The city, its municipalities and its adjoining urban

areas have an annual population growth rate of 6.9 per cent. Nearly half the population of

Nabadwip Municipality (45 per cent) is poor, and many live in slums and squatter settlements

with no access to municipal sanitation services. The city generates about 3,500 tons of solid

waste each day, 45 per cent of which is collected and disposed of by the municipality

(Nabadwip Municipal Report, 2008). Of the mainly inorganic, recyclable materials, 15

per cent is collected by the informal sector; including waste pickers, popularly known as

‘tokais’. Though ‘tokais’ extract most of the readily available material from the waste stream,

it remains considerable amount they leave behind. This value lies in the organic portion of the

solid waste, which constitutes about 80 per cent of the total generated waste, if converted into

compost. The waste that is not collected by the municipality or removed by the ‘tokais’ is left

to rot in the heat and humidity of the city open spaces. The resulting stench, rodents, and

clogged drains pose a serious health risk to the resident of Nabadwip. With an increase in

population and horizontal expansion of the city, it is becoming very difficult to locate a waste

disposal site within easy access of the city. Increases in solid waste generation in future will

aggravate solid waste disposal problem, unless the proper sites will not consider.

1.1 Study Area

Nabadwip Municipality is located in the western part of Nadia district and river Bhagirathi

bound from north to east. Nabadwip Municipality lies between 88021’E.–88

023’E and

23023’N.–23

0 23’N and the town has a total area of 11.66 sq. km. consisting of 24 wards with

a population of 115036. The location of the study area is shown in Figure no.1. Mayapur

(ISKON) and Nabadwip Dham – birth place of Sri Chaitanya Mahapravu attracts huge

pilgrimage to Nabadwip City. Ras Yatra is one of the important festivals to city dwellers. Not

only from Nadia but from its surrounding districts, people came here to experience the

occasion. Due to such gathering a huge amount of solid waste generate in the city which

make the life heal to the city dwellers of Nabadwip. Considering all these aspects, the study

of urban waste disposal site selection has been taken into account, which may generate a

better e-governance to Nabadwip Municipality. It is very evident that the amount of

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated within the Nabadwip Municipality is very high and

has to be managing properly. In this study several objectives has been set for proper

management and suitable site selection for waste disposal for Nabadwip Municipality.

1.2 Objectives

The objectives are underlying:

• To study the management system operating for solid waste in Nabadwip Municipality

• To examine the factors affecting the site selection for municipal solid waste disposal and

• To select the suitable site as waste disposal ground depending on multi-criteria analysis

through G.I.S. application.



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Figure 1: Location of the study area

2. Materials and method

The data for the present study was obtained through both household surveys and secondary

sources. In January 2010, a pilot survey was conducted to assess the nature of waste

generation in different season of the year. The main survey was started in February 2010 and

completed in March 2010. Primary data is collected through field survey in every wards of

Nabadwip Municipality with structured questionnaire. 20 households has been survey at

random basis through a face-to-face interview with the head or any other working member of



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the household from each ward to assess the nature of waste generation. Market owners,

shopkeepers are interviewed separately. The secondary data for Industrial waste, hospital

waste and other sources of waste are taken from Nabadwip Municipality. On the other hand,

the maps of different criteria taken into e.g. location of schools, colleges, commercial houses,

water bodies, drainage lines, road network, land use etc. are given by the Nabadwip

Municipality authority which actually help to formulate the base of multi-criteria analysis.

Methodology is a logical as well as systematic part of the study to guide scientific

investigation. A method involves a process or technique in which various stages or steps of

collecting data or information are explained. The methodology of this study covers some

sequential steps. Spatial feature extraction or classification is one of the GIS capabilities for

searching suitable sites .The ultimate aim of GIS is to support spatial decision making which

has been structured into three major phases: Intelligence, Design and Choice as shown in

figure 2a. Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA) is a decision support technique where a decision is a

choice between alternatives (such as alternative actions, land allocations, etc.).

Figure 2a: Framework for spatial multi-criteria analysis

Figure 2b: Three phase of decision making process



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In Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), an attempt is made to combine a set of criteria to achieve

a single composite basis, a score function, for a decision according to a specific objective.

Expert classification shell has now been incorporated in the GIS software and this expert

classifier has been used to locate suitable sites for solid waste disposal in this study. The

framework for multi-criteria decision analysis (Fig No. 2b) is treated as an expert classifier.

Though there are numerous criteria used for evaluation, here, environmental, economic,

social and technical-operational has been considered. The corresponding indicators are:

2.1 Environmental Criteria

Environmental consisting of surface water, groundwater quality, land cover and ecological

character, disposal site management and public health, safety and nuisance.

2.2 Economic Criteria

Economic land use and social value consisting of the distance from human settlements,

industry and proximity to protected places, and impacts on housing and/or other development.

2.3 Technical-operational Criteria

Technical operational consisting of the altitude, the design of the site, i.e. hydrological

evaluation, and grading of the surfaces/protection of the slopes, access roads, and the distance

from the main source of waste consumption. The ratings of the above indicators are done

according to the performance of the criteria as follows:

1. Very suitable,

2. Moderately suitable, and

3. Less suitable.

3. Result and discussion

3.1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management

MSW management refers (Figure No. 3) to collection, transfer, separation, biological

treatment, recycling, resource recovery and disposal of solid waste.

3.1.1 MSW Collection and Transportation

In a typical MSW collection and transportation system, consists of (1) household waste

containers, (2) waste collecting equipped trucks, (3) workers with protective suite. In big

cities, however, a transfer station may be needed due to the large amount of waste and the

long distance to the MSW facilities. A transfer station consists of temporary MSW storage,

transfer point, vehicles and equipment for MSW transfer, and the procedures for operating

and maintaining these facilities and equipment. In Nabadwip Municipality, Municipal

Administration Offices (MAO) and were responsible for collection, transportation, and

disposal. Due to the unavailable waste collection services in outside municipality areas, open

dumping and burning are typical disposal method for MSW in such areas.

3.1.2. MSW Processing and Disposal



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In Nabadwip Municipality, MSW disposal was still not meeting with sanitary purpose such as

open dumping, and open burning. The open dumping is the most commonly used method of

MSW disposal, due to the unavailable waste collection. In accurate operation and

maintenance are the main sources of MSW disposal problems. The most common methods

used for MSW in Nabadwip Municipality are sanitary landfill, composting, open dumping,

incineration and others (Figure 3). There are only 97 disposal facilities that quite properly

designed for serving the population of 24 wards of Nabadwip Municipality (i.e., 91 sanitary

landfills, 3 incinerators, and 3 integrated-system facilities).

Figure 3: Solid waste management of Nabadwip municipality

3.1.2.1 Open Dumping

Open dumping sites are the most popular MSW management method in Nabadwip

Municipality. Open dumping has been applied to manage MSW for many years and it can

manage a huge quantity of MSW generated per day. Open dumping site can be utilized with

the easily fermented, and low cost but it can also cause visual pollution, and odor. In addition

open dumping can probably pollutes to soil and groundwater. Although the Thai government

has started working on developing sanitary landfill sites in several municipality areas. The

open dumping sites still remain a choice for many areas due to its low cost and its effective



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performance in getting rid of a huge amount of waste. However, open dumping should not be

allowed because it is unsightly, unhygienic, and potentially disastrous to our environment.

3.1.2.2 Landfill

Sanitary landfills are usually located far from sources, resulting in increasing of the transfer

costs and additional investments for infrastructure. Direct land filling of such waste creates

the nuisance owing to the generation of highly concentrated leach ate, methane gas emission,

and extreme waste settlement in landfill. Rapid waste decomposition eventually affects the

landfill stability. Even though there are 91 sanitary landfill sites in Nabadwip Municipality,

more sites are still required to decrease the amount of open dumping and open burning waste.

3.1.2.3 Composting

Composting is the most promising area for the recovery of organic wastes. Volume of waste

good for composting (i.e., organic waste) was about 48% of the total MSW in Nabadwip

Municipality making it a good choice for Nabadwip Municipality sustainable MSW

management method. Moreover composting generates a valuable fertilizer or a soil

conditioner for agricultural and horticultural uses. However, composting is not well practiced

in Thailand due to the lack of knowledge and the high cost in maintenance.

3.1.2.4 Incineration

Incineration is one of the methods for MSW management in Nabadwip Municipality

(Figure 3). This method is used for the huge municipality and tourist municipality area

because sanitary landfill is not enough for disposed MSW. Even though the incineration can

rapidly reduce the amount of waste, it can cause an air pollution concern especially in the

tourist areas.

3.2 Selected Factors for Waste Disposal Site Selection

Different factors have been selected for the overlay and buffer analysis. This information is

basically needed (Figure 4) to process the multi-criteria analysis.

3.2.1 Road network

The linkages of urban centre are possible to the development of part road, rail waterway, and

airways. Nabadwip is small area. There has only the road and Rail network. Nabadwip

municipality area is served by a network of puce (metalled), semi-puce and kuccha

(unmetalled) roads. Total road mileage in area is about 42.474 kms of which 42.474 kms are

pucca. Most of the roads are in good condition except those which are kuccha and semi-pucca.

The single lane pucca roads are narrow, often 4 meters in width, with un-surfaced kuccha

shoulders and insufficient or no space for parking and pedestrian movement.

3.2.2 Population distribution

The present average density of population of Nabadwip city stands at 17,735 persons per sq.

km and the highest density found in ward no. 2, 10, 11, 12 and 15 and density varies there

from 26000 to 42000 persons per sq. km. The moderately population density ward are 3, 9,

14, 15, 17 where density varies between 15300 to 26800 persons sq km. The lowest density



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located in the north-western part where the structures are sparsely built and dominated by

huge vacant land.

Figure 4: Creation of layers and buffer zones for multi-criteria analysis (MCA)

3.2.2 Land use Pattern

Land use can define as activity is development that occupies land. Out of the total

geographical area of the Nabadwip Town, more than 75 % is under noncommercial and

residential area and various industries and commercial establishments occupy 7%. More than

60% Shops are concentrated in the core of the city i.e. Poramatala More, Buroshibtala More,

Krishnakalitala More, Aswathatala More and Remaining Shops are scattered in the outskirts

of the core area. The residential area is mainly located to the southwest and northwest of

Nabadwip. Various new housing colonies are emerging at the above-mentioned areas. The

river Bhagirathi is the main drainage line and there are several ponds and water bodies in this

town. There is a large stretch of fallow land in the Northern part of the town and one other

fallow land in the south. The fallow lands comprise 5% of the total area. The land use map of

Nabadwip Town indicate that a very few of land under agriculture in the north eastern part,

near the river bank of Bhagirathi.

3.2.3 Water Bodies

Basically river Bhagirathi bound Nabadwip municipality from north to east. Water bodies,

mainly ponds have seen in Nabadwip Municipality. The people use the water of pond for

wash cloths, bath etc. This pond also carries the water which is flow the town due to rainy

season. Pisi-culture also has done this water. In Nabadwip Municipality area there have



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number of ponds. In the river side area there have a big size of pond ward no. 17, 18 and all

the ward of the municipality area, there have small type of pond.

3.2.4 Health Care Facilities

Nabadwip, the health facilities is normally improved by the Government. There are one State

General Hospital is located between ward no. 4 and 5. There are few nursing homes in ward

no. 10, 12, 13 and 17.

3.2.5 Educational Centres

Education is one important infrastructure of the society. In Nabadwip Municipality area there

have about 53 primary and higher secondary school and 2 colleges. Waste disposal near the

school make the environment very polluted. For that reason, it is very essential criterion to

choose the perfect buffer for the waste disposal site selection.

3.2.6 Commercial Establishment

There are two categories of markets in the city wholesale and retail. Wholesale markets are

further classified into grocery, vegetables and fish markets etc. According to municipality

sources, there are 9 daily markets and 1 wholesale market in the town under its jurisdiction.

Markets are one of the important sources of waste generation.

3.2.7 Administrative Office

The administrative offices of the government agencies, many of which are divisional offices,

have been built all around the city. Furthermore, many structures in different residential areas

are being used as government and non-government offices.

3.3. Multi-criteria Analysis:

Multi-criteria analysis is a sequence of processes in which several decisions has to take for

the problem recognition and ends with recommendations. Any sort of decision making is

depending on three basic phases:

3.3.1 Intelligence Phase

Intelligence phase involves searching or scanning the decision environment for conditions

calling for decisions. The data acquisition, storage, retrieval and management functions

convert the real world situation into GIS database during this phase. This involves

assumptions or views of the world underlying a particular decision problem. The

assumptions are concerned with the following questions, which of the real world entities

should be observed, selected, filtered, classified and recorded as data items and which items

are relevant to subsequent spatial decision problem? Coordination must be given to the

usefulness, accuracy, reliability and flexibility of data.

3.3.2 Design Phase

Design phase involves inventing and analyzing a set of possible solutions to problem

identified in the intelligence phase. Here in case of site suitability analysis for urban

development. What are the spatial decisions criteria or decision rules we have to consider in

locating those suitable sites? So design phase represents the decision situation by structuring



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and formalizing the available data and information about the decision problem. Spatial

decision alternatives are derived by manipulation and analysis of the data and information

stored in GIS. Design phase will help us in creating rule based decision trees or knowledge

base in Expert Classifier shell of the software used in this present study.

3.3.3 Choice Phase

Decision rules for locating suitable sites for solid waste disposal has been prepared based on

expert knowledge and multi criteria analysis process. Table 1 shows the decision rules for site

suitability for solid waste disposal. In the decision process, at this phase each alternative is

evaluated and analyzed in relation to others in terms of specific decision rules. The rule is

used to rank the alternatives under consideration. The ranking depends upon the decision

maker is preference. In general, GIS does not provide a mechanism for representing choice

and priority in context of evaluating conflicting criteria and objectives. Under these

circumstances, the ultimate success of GIS in decision making depends on how well the

system can succeeded as a spatial decision support system in the decision making process.

Figure 5: Determining factors for suitable site selection for waste disposal through overlay

analysis

There are four suitable sites have been located by the multi criteria analysis method and

shown in Figure no. 5. One site is coinciding with the present waste disposal site. Each of

these plotted points has satisfied all the criteria adopted for highly suitable sites for solid

waste disposal. To gain the prime objectives of this research work the suitability of the sites

are classified on the basis of different criteria .As for example:

3.3.4 Highly Suitable Site

The sites considered as suitable for disposing solid waste if it satisfy all the criteria (Table 1)

as distant 300m from drainage, 200 m from any water body, 100 m from hotel, market and

shopping centers etc., 500 m from bank, 250 m from socio-cultural institutions and 1 km



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from educational institution, health facilities and administrative offices. For gaining high

suitability the sites had to also satisfy the land elevation or contour, soil type, land use criteria,

specifically which are considered in selecting the sites and obviously the site plotted in low

dense area.

Table 1: Decision rules for multi-criteria analysis for suitability site selection

Suitability Classes

Criteria Highly

Suitable

Moderately

Suitable

Less

Suitable

Water Bodies 200 m distance 150 m distance 100 m distance

Drainage 300 m distance 200 m distance 100 m distance

Road Network Good Moderate Low

Commercial Establishment

• Hotel, Market,

Shopping Mall etc. 100 m distance 300 m distance 500 m distance

• Bank 500 m distance 300 m distance 100 m distance

Socio-cultural Institutions

Community Centre, Club etc. 250 m distance 150 m distance 100 m distance

Educational Institutions 1 km distance 750 m distance 500 m distance

Health Facilities 1 km distance 750 m distance 500 m distance

Administrative Office 1 km distance 750 m distance 500 m distance

Land Use

• Settlement Area 1 km distance 750 m distance 500 m distance

• Commercial Area 1 km distance 750 m distance 500 m distance

• Agricultural Land 500 m distance 300 m distance 100 m distance

• Mixed built-up 300 m distance 100 m distance 50 m distance

Population Low Density Area Moderate

Density Area

High Density

Area

Source: Author’s Decision Rules.

3.3.5 Moderately Suitable Site

The sites considered as moderate for disposing solid waste if it satisfy all the criteria of

moderately suitable column of Table 8 as distant 200 m from drainage, 150m from any water

body, 300 m from hotel, market and shopping centers etc., 300 m from bank, 150 m from

socio-cultural institutions and 750 m from educational institution, health facilities and

administrative offices. For gaining moderate suitability the sites had to also satisfy the land

elevation or contour, soil type, land use criteria specifically which are considered in selecting

the sites shown in Table 1 and obviously the site plotted in moderate dense area.

3.3.6 Less Suitable Site

The sites considered as less suitable for disposing solid waste if it satisfy all the criteria of

less suitable column of Table 8 as distant 100 m from drainage, 100 m from any water body,

500 m from hotel, market and shopping centers etc., 100 m from bank, 100 m from socio-

cultural institutions, 500 m from educational institution, health facilities and administrative

offices. For gaining less suitability the sites had to also satisfy the land elevation or contour,



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soil type, land use criteria specifically which are considered in selecting the sites shown in

table 1 and obviously the site plotted in highly dense area.

Figure 6: Suitable sites for waste disposal using suitability analysis

for Nabadwip municipality

4. Conclusion

This study used GIS integrated standard methodology for the selection of sites, which are

suitable for the disposal of solid wastes. This methodology incorporates a large number of

environmental and economic factors which are essential to identify the sites which have no or

minimum adverse impact on environment. In fact, many other parameters are required for

this study, but the most important parameters have been taken into consideration. The study

illustrates the importance of GIS technology in the present days. GIS technology, as an



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information tool, has helped in the acquisition of recent land use information studies aimed at

solving environmental problems. Information on different aspects for this study like land use,

road, and slope etc., has been derived using this technique. Further integrating this data using

GIS has helped in the analysis of the study, which would have otherwise been difficult to do

manually using the conventional method. The involvement of such factors or criteria requires

adequate database of different dimensions. So adequate attention is required for data

management to ensure the perfection of the decision based methodology. Though GIS based

methodology is highly sophisticated or developed or standard one but it is success depend on

the proper and careful application of it. Thus with the use of these technologies management

of municipal waste will no longer be a problem for city administrators.

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Documents

Location allocation for urban waste disposal site using … not consider the environmental factors. Location of waste disposal ground suggests the unconsciousness about the environmental