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Local Pulse Production Concerns
Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, Saskatchewan Pulse Growers and You!
Today:
• Pulse Root Rots
• Pea Production
• Lentil Production
• Local Concerns
Pulse Diseases: Root Rot Pathogens
•Fusarium
•Pythium
•Rhizoctonia
•Aphanomyces
Photo courtesy of Dr. S. Chatterton, AAFC Lethbridge
Pulse Root Rots: Aphanomyces euteiches
•Reports on Aphanomyces spp. in Canada since 1938 (SK 2012)
•2014 widespread identification in soil and plant roots across SK
Data from CDC, Discovery Seed &
SK Agric. Crop Protection Labs
S. C
han
t , S
MA
Seed & Seedling Health: Pulses
WA
RM
Cochliobolus sativus
Fusarium spp.
Fusarium spp.
Cochiobolus Sativus
Rhizoctonia spp.
Aphanomyces eutiches
CO
LD
Rhizoctonia spp. Rhizoctonia spp.
Fusarium spp. Pythium spp.
DRY MOIST WET
Photo courtesy of C. Armstrong-Cho
Normal watering conditions
Varietal differences in resistance to Aphanomyces in Lentil
University of Saskatchewan data
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
IG7
28
15
L01
-82
7A
CD
C D
azil
Esto
n
CD
C G
ree
nla
nd
CD
C Im
ax
CD
C Im
pac
t
CD
C Im
po
wer
CD
C Im
pro
ve
CD
C Im
vin
cib
le
CD
C K
R-1
CD
C M
axim
CD
C R
edb
err
y
CD
C R
ob
in
CD
C V
icer
oy
CD
C F
ron
tier
CD
C M
ead
ow
Dis
eas
e s
eve
rity
(0
-5)
Pulse Root Rots: Fusarium spp.
Photo courtesy of Dr. B.
Gossen, AAFC Saskatoon
S. C
han
t , S
MA
Seed Treatments:
Pulse Root Rots
CROPS DISEASES
Ch
ickp
ea
Dry
Bea
ns
Fab
abea
n
Len
til
Pea
Ap
ha
no
myc
es
Gen
eral
See
d
Ro
ts/B
ligh
ts
Bo
tryt
is s
pp
. (s
eed
/so
il-b
orn
e)
Fusa
riu
m s
pp
. (s
eed
/so
il-b
orn
e)
Scle
roti
nia
sp
p.
(see
d/s
oil-
bo
rne)
Pyt
hiu
m s
pp
. (s
oil-
bo
rne)
Rh
izo
cto
nia
sp
p.
(so
il-b
orn
e)
Agrox FL X X X X •*
Allegiance FL X X X X •
Apron Advance X X X X X • • • •
Apron Maxx RTA / Apron Maxx RFC X X X X X • • • •
Belmont 2.7 FS X X X X •
Crown X X •** •** •**
Cruiser 5FS Ɨ X X X X X
Cruiser Maxx Pulses Ɨ X X X • • • •
Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Beans Ɨ X • • •
EverGol Energy X X X X • • • •
Heads Up Plant Protectant X •
Insure Pulse - NEW X X X X X • • • •
Intego SOLO Fungicide – NEW use X X X X • •
Thiram 75WP X X •*
Trilex AL X X X X • • • •
Trilex EverGol X X X X • • • •
Vibrance 500FS - NEW X X X •
Vibrance Maxx RTA / Vibrance Maxx RFC X X X • • • •
Vitaflo 280 /Vitaflo SP / Vitaflo X X X •** • • •
Ɨ Available to commercial seed treaters only.
Refer to 2016 Guide to Crop Protection and labels for specific information on pathogens and insects listed as well as expectations for control vs suppression.
Seed Rot, Seedling Blight, Damping-off, and/or Root Rot can be caused by a complex of Botrytis, Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and/or Sclerotinia *some products do not specify pathogens; **some products lentil only
Pulse Disease (Pathogen) Threshold on Seed
Action if Over Threshold
Seed rot & damping off (Pythium and/or Phytophthora
spp.)
N/A (soil-
borne)
Use seed treatment IF: history of disease; cool-moist seeding conditions; kabuli
chickpeas, low-tannin lentils, damaged peas
Seed rot & seedling blight (Botrytis + Sclerotinia + Fusarium)
10% Use seed treatment
Ascochyta/Mycosphaerella complex (pea)
10% Use seed treatment
Ascochyta lentis (lentil) 5% - 10% Use seed treatment (>10% do not use)
Anthracnose (lentil)
N/A
Although seed-to-seedling transmission is low, do not use infected seed if planting in a field where lentil has never been grown.
Stemphylium Blight (lentil) Seed staining and infection can occur but seed-to-seedling transmission is unknown. Research is in progress.
Ascochyta rabiei (chickpea) 0.3% Do not use as seed
Pea
Fertility • Nutrient uptake per bushel:
– 3.1 lbs N
– 0.9 lbs P2O5 (important for nodule development and N fixation)
– 2.8 lbs K2O
– 0.3 lbs S
• Above 25-35 lbs/ac N from soil and fertilizer, nodule development may be delayed and reduced. Above 50 lbs/ac N nodulation may not occur.
• Below 10 lbs/ac N, some starter N may help the crop because nodule development takes 3 to 4 weeks.
In Crop Control of Cleavers in Peas
• Authority/Authority Charge and Edge granular (before cleaver emergence, suppression)
• Basagran/Basagran Forté
• Odyssey
• Odyssey Ultra
• Viper ADV (suppression)
Control of Group 2 Resistant Wild Mustard in Pea
Pre-seeding/emergence
• CleanStart, glyphosate, Aim, Authority Charge, Heat, MCPA amine
In Crop
• Basagran/Basagran Forté, MCPA sodium salt/amine, MCPB/MCPA, Metribuzin (Sencor Solupak 75 DF, Sencor 75 DF, TriCor 75 DF), Viper ADV
Group 2 and 9 Resistant Kochia in Pea
• Authority/Authority Charge, Edge Granular and Valtera will control kochia if application is made before kochia plants emerge
• MCPA in crop
• Pre-seeding Aim, Authority Charge, CleanStart, Heat, Gramoxone and MCPA amine
Residual Herbicides to Watch For
One season after application
• There are at least 16 products that have a one year re-cropping restriction for pea
• See Page 74 and 75 of the 2016 Guide to Crop Protection
2nd season after application (ie. 18 months re-cropping)
• Imazamethabenz in Brown and Dark Brown Soil zones (Assert 300SC, Avert)
• Muster
Pea Diseases
• Mycosphaerella blight is the most common disease on peas in SK.
• Ascochyta complex includes:
– Mycosphaerella blight
– Ascochyta leaf and pod spot
– Ascochyta foot rot
Ascochyta complex
• One in three year pea rotation where it is a problem
• Infected stubble is the most important source, followed by infected seed
• Scouting and fungicide application should begin at early bloom stage
Fungicide options for the Ascochyta complex
– Acapela (Group 11)
– Bravo 500 (Group M5)
– Delaro (Groups 3 & 11)
– Echo 720 (Group M5)
– Elatus (Groups 7 & 11)
– Headline EC (Group 11)
– Lance (Group 7)
– Lance AG (Groups 7 & 11)
– Priaxor (Groups 7 & 11)
– Quadris (Group 11)
– Quilt (Groups 3 and 11)
– Vertisan (Group 7)
Desiccant/Pre-Harvest Herbicide Timing
• Aim and CleanStart: less than 30% moisture
• Diquat (Reglone, Reglone Ion, Desica, Diquash,/Dessicash, Stage, Masterline Diquat): bottom pods are ripe and dry and the seeds are detached from the pods
• Glyphosate: 75-80% of the pods are brown
• Heat: 70 to 80% of the pods are brown
• Look into MRLs before application
Lentil
Seeding Rate
• Target 12 plants per square foot
– doubled for extra small red lentils
• Seeding rate should increase when there is high weed pressure
• Use thousand kernel weight to calculate seeding rate
Nutrient Uptake
• Nutrient uptake per bushel (per 1,400 lbs/ac crop):
– 3.1 lbs N (71)
– 0.8 lbs P2O5 - important for nodule development and N fixation (18)
– 2.8 lbs K2O (60)
– 0.3 lbs S (5)
Nitrogen Fertility
• >25-35 lbs/ac N, additional N will reduce nodulation and N fixation
• Above 50 lbs/ac available N, nodulation will be reduced or absent
• <15 lbs/ac available N, 18 lbs/ac N added as starter fertilizer may be beneficial
Phosphorus Fertility
• P is important for nodule development and nitrogen fixation
• If there is less than 20 lbs/ac available P, some should be added at seeding
Group 2 and 9 Resistant Kochia in Lentil
• Edge Granular applied in the fall will control kochia if application is made before kochia plants emerge
Pre-seeding
• Aim, CleanStart, Heat, Gramoxone and MCPA amine
Group 2 Resistant Wild Mustard in Lentil
Pre-seeding/emergence
• CleanStart, glyphosate, Aim, Heat, MCPA amine
In Crop
• Metribuzin (Sencor Solupak 75 DF, Sencor 75 DF, TriCor 75 DF)
Residual Herbicides to Watch For
One season after application
• There are at least 30 products that have a one year re-cropping restriction for lentil
• See Page 74 and 75 of the 2016 Guide to Crop Protection
Residual Herbicides to Watch For
2nd season after application (ie. 18 months recropping)
• Authority/Authority Charge
• Quinclorac (Clever, Masterline Quinclorac)
• Curtail M
• Prestige XC
• Infinity/Tundra/Velocity m3
• Muster
• Paradigm
• Pixxaro
• Triton C (may be longer in some environments)
Residual Herbicides to Watch For
3rd or 4th season after application
• Metsulfuron (Ally/Accurate)
• Re-cropping restriction varies based on soil type, pH and environmental conditions
Sclerotinia
• Other broadleaf crops are also susceptible
• Scouting for this and other diseases should begin at early flowering
31
Anthracnose
• There are many lentil varieties that are moderately resistant
• Favoured by warm moist weather
• Mainly stubble and dust borne
Ascochyta
• This disease is most damaging to maturing pods and seeds if prolonged wet weather occurs during July and August
• Most varieties have moderate resistance
• Seed and residue-borne
Approaches to Disease Management
Crop rotation
Disease tolerant cultivars
Prevention & sanitation
Seed health
Crop scouting & diagnostics
Disease forecasting
Foliar fungicides
Good record keeping & planning
Grasshoppers
• Feed on buds, flowers and developing pods
• At 2/m2 there is enough feeding pressure for an insecticide application to be worthwhile
Desiccant/Pre-Harvest Herbicide Timing
• Diquat (Reglone, Reglone Ion, Desica, Diquash,/Dessicash, Stage, Masterline Diquat): lowest pods are light brown and rattle when shaken
• Glyphosate: bottom 15% of pods are brown and rattle when shaken
• Good Harvest: 40–60% of the pods turn yellow or brown
• Heat (red lentil only): bottom 15% of pods are brown and rattle when shaken
• Look into MRLs before application