I u :

31 May 1972

LOCAL FALLOUT FROM NUCLEAR TEST DETONATIONS (U)

VOLUME IV. ANNOTATED COMPENDIUM OF DATA ON RADIOCHEMICAL AND RADIATION

CHARACTERISTICS OF FALLOUT (U)

PART 2. RADIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION, INDUCED ACTIVITY, GAMMA SPECTRA (U)

- "

H E A D Q U A R T E R S Defense Nuclear Agency Washington, D.C. 20305

P R E P A R I N G AGENCY Nuclear Chemistry Division

Chemistry Research Department Naval Ordnance -Laboratory

Silver Spring, Maryland . ~ .~, . .. .~ ~ . , ~ .~, ~~ .. ~ ~~~~~ . . ~ .,. , ~ ., _ , 1 ,.

CTED R E % t a i n s P L A s This docum I RECORD COPY I defined i n the-

w i t h i n t a n i n g o f \ Title U. 8. C.. Secs. 7

I - ~ ~~

'BY Act of 1954. I Lormation affecting

United states lonage laws T 794, the

transmission or revelation o f h h i c h in any manner to an unauthorized P e r s 0 n i s pro- hibited by law.

ROUP- ___.^ Excluded r

When this report is no longer needed, Departmentof Defense Organizations wi 11 destroy i t in accordance with appropriate procedures. Contractors will destroy the report according to the r e q u i r e m e n t s of the Industrial Security Manual for safeguarding classified information.

Retention of t h i s document by DoD Contractors is authorized in accordance with Paragraph 2, Industrial Security Letter 71L-3, dated 17 May 1971.

RE T h i s define

T h i s t h e n wi th i Title trans mann hibit,

DNA 1251F

31 May 1972 NOLTR 72-137

LOCAL FALLOUT FROM NUCLEAR TEST DETONATIONS (U)

VOLUME IV. ANNOTATED COMPENDIUM OF DATA ON RADIOCHEMICAL AND RADIATION

CHARACTERISTICS OF FALLOUT (U)

PART 2. RADIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION, INDUCED ACTIVITY, GAMMA SPECTRA (U)

1. R. Bunney J. D. O'Connor 0. R. Crocker

' F o r m e r l y at the Naval Radiological Defense l a b o r a t o r y . N o w at t h e Naval Weapons l a b o r a t o r y , D a h l g r e n , Va.

H E A D Q U A R T E R S D e f e n s e Nuclear Agency, Washington, D.C. 20305

P R E P A R I N G A G E N C Y Nuclear Chemistry Division, Chemistry Research Department,

Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Silver Spring, Maryland

Energy Act of 1954.

information affecting %%he United States

THIS PUBLICATION CONTAINS 570 PAGES.

9 OF 78 C O P I E S , SERIES A. - COPY -

S E C R E T Uh

ADMINISTRATIVB INFORMATION

NOLTR 72-137 31 May 1972

Local Fal lout f r o l Muclear Teat Dctonatlona Volume IV. Annotated Compendium of Datn on Iladlochedcal and Iladlatlon Charac- t c r l a t l c a of Fal lout Part 2. P.dlochsllica1 Capoaitlom, Induced A ~ t l v l t y . CI. Spactra

This work ham been .upported by the Defenae Ihrclaar Agency under Subtark PDo13.

ROBERT WILLIAMSON I1 Captain. VSN Corander

By dlrectlom

The work on t h i r volume wnn r t a r t ed a t the Naval Radiological Ikfenae Laboratory. ser ious in te r rupt ion In the project .

co re reaninle. Ordnance Laboratory.

The cloaure of thnt laboratory In 1969 c a r e d a An a t t a p t var u d c t o finiah

The volume ha# f ina l17 been completed a t the Naval the vel- *t thr h v r l ,U-o-ems J -hmrrtrrr b*+ bh4 I A 4 A m - c -----

Because of the c a p l e x hlmtory of t h l a project many people rnre Involved in the c a p l e t i o n of the work. Inevi tably, proper ackuowl- e d g a e n t s t o some of the people have k e n overlooked and to these we apologlze. i n t c r c r t and guidance. E. Goya, f o r h l a a d l t o r i r l a r r l s tance , and t o L. hgga fo r typing the copy.

Bowoer, thanks a re due t o E. C. P re l l l ng f o r his contlnued Special appreclatlon ahould be given t o

RES& m ED .( DATA WM

ABSTRACT

Many technical reports have been published t h a t contain data describing local f a l l o u t from nuclear weapon tes ta . Data on f a l l o u t from diss imilar types of weapons detonated under d i f f e r e n t conditions usually are not d i r e c t l y comparable. and thus f a r only l imited attempts have been made t o sumnariee these data so as t o characterize local fa l lou t . Correlating a given body of data w u l d require t h a t i t be converted t o a standard form, the s ign i f icant parameters be computed, and these be compared according t o some theory o r empirical formula. A prerequis i te would be the compilation of the data and authori ta t ive commentary. For t h i s purpose, a study vas made t h a t resul ted i n f i v e volumes of such da ta , published a s a s e r i e s under the general t i t l e Local Fallout frw Nuclear Detonations. -

The study vas intended t o c r i t i c a l l y re lec t and compile, from published reports , data on a l l charac te r i s t ics of local fa l lou t from nuclear weapon t e a t s held through 1958. cluded a l l per t inent da ta from t e a t s concluded pr ior t o the f i r s t moratorium on above-ground test detonations. Rowever, the Dominic Test Ser ies of 1962 extended the time span t o be covered; thus, the f i r a t four volumes contain t h e data f o r t e s t s through 1958. volume of the Series includes material published on weapon t e s t a conducted through 1962.

These reports would have in-

The l a s t

The f i r s t wlume i n the s e r i e s , Indexed Bibliography of United States and Bri t ish Documents Character is t ics of Local Fal lout , vas published i n 1961. from which relevant information was t o be selected, while the select ion and compilation of data progressed. to the references by f a l l o u t charac te r i s t ics , an index t o the references ky authors' names, and a l i s t of the references.

-- It made available a ready reference t o e p o r t s

m e volume cons is t s of an index

The second volume, Compilation of Fallout Pat terns and Related Test Data (9, vas published i n aeveral par t s i n 1963-66. information on f a l l o u t pat terns , on wind and cloud data pertinent t o shot conditions, such a s y ie ld , burst h e i g i t and placement.

It contains and on a l l t h a t 1s

The th i rd volume, Annotated Compendium of Data on Phyaical Chemical Properties of Fallout (9, was published i n 1966. the more s igni f icant of the data published t h a t per ta ins to the physical

It contains -- and chemicai nature of local f a l l o u t par t ic les . Included are general Statements made by the or ig ina l invest igators on the physical and chemical nature of the p a r t i c l e s , as vel1 as spec i f ic observations produced by detailed experimental analyses. Also included wherever possible are data

ill

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED ABSTRACT UP

,. I'

descr ipt ive of the s a p l e s analyzed, together with relevant information on col lect ion equipment,location of col lect ion, processing involved. and purpose of the analyses.

This, the fourth,volume is a compendium of data on radiat ion and radiochemical charac te r i s t ics of local fallout. It is publiahed i n twu parts . Part 1 presents data on radioact ivi ty investigated as a function of mass, p a r t i c l e s ize , and time. Accordingly, Part 1 is organized i n t o three main data sections: Specific Activity, Activity- Size Distribution. and Decay. zhis par t , Part 2, presents data r e l a t i n g a c t i v i t y measurements w i t h radiochemical content (sections on Radionuclide Composition and Induced Activity) and energy (section on GaDrma Spectra).

Again, as i n the t h i r d volume, included besides the primary data i s background information on the location and types of col lect ion equipment used, the instrumental or radiochemical proceeslng involved. and the purposes of the analyses.

The f i f t h volume, Transport &Dis t r ibu t ion of Local (Early) Fallout From Nuclear Weapon Tests (9, was published i n 1965. It p r e s e n t s and evoluates information re la t ing t o nuclear detonations through 1 9 6 2 , tha t concerns the formation of the p a r t i c l e cloud, p a r t i c l e f a l l behavior, f a l l o u t dynamics. and f a l l o u t pa t te rn features .

i v

UNCLASSINED -

imation ved ,

R and in

ma

V i t p 'elating 'ionucl tde ectra).

da ta is u i p e n t the

LS

I

I

# a r t i c l e

CLASSIFIED

F

CLASSIFICATICN GUIDANCE

Tnfomaticn I n t h i s report is c la s s i f i ed a s follows:

1. Yields are Confidential-Formerly Restricted Data when l e s s than 1 megaton, Secret-Formerly Restricted Data when equal t o or grea te r than I megaton, unless they have been announced by publicat ion i n The - Effects of Nuclear Weapons, in which case they are Unclassified.

2 . Event names not l i s t e d i n The Effects of Nuclear Weapons a r e Confidential.

6SlFlED A V

UNCLASSIFIED

TABU OF OD-

ADMINIS”fUTIVIB INFORMTIOIY . . . . . . . . . . . A-WS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A = ~ ~ . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . UASSIFICATION (;DIDANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION1 INTRODIICTION . . . . . . . . . . .

=SERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l n I s VOLUME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scope of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . bn8 ide ra t ioaa in Select ion of Data Ranentation of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6enerAl Dircu8.ioU Of Data . . s * . *

Padiormclide Capoa i t ion . . . . . . . . Induced Activity . . . . . . . . . . . 0-4 Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION I1 COWPENDDIVW OF DATA . . . . . . . . . W S S A R Y OF SMBDLS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND TZRMS - - *

TEST SITg REFBBgnCEIUPS. . . . . . . . . . . RADIOIIIICLIDE ColIpOSITIOl. . * * - * * * *

Nr or Balloon . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h s t e r - J m g l c . . . . . . . . . . . . mbler -Snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . Ivy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . upBhot-bOtho1~ . . . . . . . . . . . Redving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P l u b o b . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tower. . . . . . . . . T t i n i t y . . . . . . . Sandatom * . . Dreellbouro . . - lhbler-Snapper . . . . hstcr-Jan81* . . . . . Opabot-1InothOle . . . . Teapot . . . . . . . Redving . . . . . . . P l u b o b . . . . . . . b r a n t a m on data ePeludad

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ii ii

iii

. .

. . . . T . . . . 1 . . 1 3 3 3

* . 6 . . 9

9

12 13 . . 16

See ?a r t 1

&e Part 1 . . 17

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . 17 . . 17 . . 29 . . 32

. . 41

. . 37

. . 45 . . 47

. . 52 . . 52 . . 51 62 . . 75 . . 80 . . 81 . . 81 09 91

. .

. . . . . . 105

. . ii . . ii . . iii

. . v I . 1 . 1

' . 3 ' . 3 3 6

9 . 9 . 12 . 13 16

Par t 1 Part I

17

17 I 7 29 32 37 41 45 47

52 52 57 62 75 80 81 87 89 91

105

I

JNCLASSIFIED WNlWTS

UADIOAOCLIDE W~SITIOI'4 (continued)

Ground Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 hs t e r - Jang le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Ivy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Redwing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Hardtack I . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 195 Comnentary on da ta excluded . . . . . . . . . 208

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 8uster-Jangle . , , . . . . . . . . . . . 210 F Teapot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

[ UaterSurface . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 242 i ' Cast le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Redving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Hardtack I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Conenentary on da ta excluded . . . . . . . . . 271

Underwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 U i p m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Hardtack I . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . 276 Commentary on da ta excluded . . . . . . . . . 278

INDVCED ACTIVITP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Nr or Balloon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 279 Crossroads . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 279 Ranger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Buster-Jangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Ivy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Upshot-Knothole . . , . . . . . . . . . . 288 Redwing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Plumbob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Comnentary on da ta excluded . . . . . . . . . 307

Tower . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 310 Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Upshot -Knothole . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Plumbob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

Conmentary on da ta excluded . . . . . . , . . 331 Hardtack I1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

Ground Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Buster-Jangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Ivy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Redwing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Bardtack I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Comnentary on da ta excluded . . . . . . . . . 352

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Cmmemtary on da ta excluded . . . . . . . . . 355

SSIFIED vii

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED u

I)IB)CED ACTIVITY (continued)

Water Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 -ntaqf on data rzs1ud.d . . . . . . . . . 383

O d e w a t e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 C r O B E r O d B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 W i g v a o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 U a r d t r k f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 C o r s a t a l 7 on data errluded . . . . . . . . . 394

611lLu SPECmA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Air or Balloon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Vpp.hot-b-mthole . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

U d r i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 l l a b o b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

Towr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Oreeahorue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4002 Tumbler-Snapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Oprbot-&aotbole . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 teapot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Bedring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Pllabob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Budtack 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

Ground Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 BzBter-Jmgle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 C m t l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Redwing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Capluntaxy on data excluded . . . . . . . . . 463

underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 kBtcr -J .np le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

water Surf ace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 C u t l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Eedwinp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

on data excluded . . . . . . . . . 535

Ordrrr. ter (no data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

SBCTIOM I11 LIST OF PgPBBMcES . . . . . . . . . . . 537

%.pot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

raapot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

v i i i

UNCLASSIFIED

. . . . I . ' .

8 .

5 .

.

.

385 385 386 392 394 395

395 395 396 397 401 402 402 406 407 41 2 421 425 430

431 431 440 446 463

464 464 474 509 509 515 535

536 i3 7

SECTION I INTRODUCTION

THE S E R I E S

The study of fallout began with the first nuclear detonation but, in the early years, the magnitude of the explosion effects overshadowed the significance of the radiation effects. exposed to radioactive fallout and when fallout generation was examined as a military tactic, the phenomena of fallout - its mechanics and effects - were investigated more thoroughly and more comprehensively.

When humans were accidentally

As nuclear detonations and tests became -re sophieticated and highly instrumented, more and more data on fallout was reported, Bow- ever, such information was not always available to investigators not in- volved in a test: the participating projects published their detailed findings in separate reports or the information was sunrmarized in final reports, and the reports were classified. Often pertinent details of the collection of samples were neglected or overlooked when such in- formation would have helped explain discrepancies in the data that became apparent when the samples were analyzed.

Fallout was produced and information was collected at an increasing pace during the thirteen years from the first nuclear detonation to 1958, the date of the first moratorium. 1962 and until the second moratorium became effective, data on all phases of fallout production, transport, and characteristici were reported, most frequently in classified documents.

Again, during the testing in

Many of the projects of these field tests were conducted independ- ently, with each project doing its own planning to achieve its objec- tives. Consequently, the vast quantity of data from all these independ- ent experiments has not been examined collectively and has been corre- lated very little. This probably resulted from the physical scattering of the data and the lack of a complete literature search.

Such a search was made of the reports from these tests, and (1 com- pendium of data was prepared as a series of volumes under the general title Local Fallout - from Nuclear Test - Detonations. were selected as sources of i n f o n n a t i o n i a x e s s e n t i a l to studies

Over 200 documents - for the definition of the physical and chemical parameters of the local fallout produced by nuclear detonations. These documents are listed in the indexed bibliography that constitutes Volume I of the Series. This compendium is being issued to bring together in one set of documents the significant data on fallout that w u l d be useful for the understanding of the formation of radioactive debris, the physical parameters of the fallout material itself, and the long-range residual effects and hazards associated with the dispersed radioactivity. I

f 1

\SSIFlED 1 U NCLASSIFIED

INTRODUCTION UNCLASSIFIED RIE SERIES

%is is Part 2 of the fourth of the five volumes t h a t c o q r i s e the Series.

'Ihe other par t s of the Series are:

I Valume I. F. K. Kawahara, Ii. lee. Indexed Mbliographr of the United S ta tes and Bri t ish Documents on Ch.ractcr is t ics Local pal lo^.^. S. Naval Radioloncal Defense U b o r a t o r ~ . --

I - .

~ 1 2 5 1 , v o l : f (USGL-469), 27 June"1961 (Canf ident ia l ) . Volume XI. U. lbrgenthau, E. B. b i e r a n , R. L. Showers,

J. L. l b r s e . Compilation of Fal lout Pat terns e Related Test - Dsta (E). U. S. Amy h C i & Defense-tory. DAM-1251, Vol. 11. Parts 1 and 2 (RDL-TR-34, p a r t s 1 and 2). August 1963 (Secret-Restricted Data).

U. lbrgenthnu, R. 1. Showers. Su lement Foreign Nuclear T- (U). 0. S. Amy Wuclear Defense - La ra tory, USA-1251, V o l . XI, Sup&ment (UDL-TR-34, Supplement). October 1964 (Secret-Restricted Datn).

R. L. Showera. N. J. Oorbcck, A. C. O l r C i A . -- Part 3. Laboratory. DAM-1251, Vol. 11, Part 3 (NDL-TR-34, Part 3), mrch 1966 (Secret-Restricted Data).

Nougat Through Riblick (9. I). s. Amy Huclear Defense

Volume 111. F. K. Kawahara. J. D. O'Cormor, 8. l ee . H. A. Cannors. Annotated endium of Data on p i c a 1 and7Chemicsl

- - r r rory , MSA-1251, Vol. I11 @SmL-497). 16 November 1966 (Secret-Restricted Data).

R o p e r t i e s of PaJ lm? %Fer.- . * ___-__ _-

I Volume IV. J. D. O'Conaor. C. R. mocker. Annotated endium of Data on Radiochemical and Radiation Character is t ics

K s i m - .c , V a l . IV. Part 1 (RRDL-68-2). 11 September 1968 (Secret-Restricted Data). I Volume V. P. D. LaRiviere, S. L. Brow, J. D. Sar tor , C. F. Kil le r . Transport: and Distribution OL Local (e) Fallout From Nuclear Weapons l k s t q U ) . Stanford R e s e x I n s t i t u t e , - DASA-f251.01. V (ND-65: SRI-4-3338), M y 1965 (Secret-Restricted Data).

2

UNCLASSI FIE0

INTRODUCTION THIS VOLUME

oqrise the

w g cs of -- oratory, .1).

mrs, 1 rest !51, 1963

t.

htokr L e o - ,

a. bfease 1 h r c b

1. A.

e b66

.stic. , s

Ulout

THIS VOLUElE

Volume IV is a two-part compilation of critically #elected data from radioactivity measurements of fallout samples produced by large- scale tests of nuclear weapons by the United States. As with the other volumes of the Series, attention has been restricted to local or close-in fallout.

Zhe nature of the data dealt with in this volume (measurements of radioactivity) required the frequent exercise of critical judgment on the part of the compilers in deciding what portions of a fairly large body of published activity measurements on fallout were worthy of inclusion. It seems appropriate here to review briefly some of the problems involved in measuring fallout radioactivities, the circum- stances under which the data were acquired, the techniques employed in making the measurements, the methods followed in reducing and reporting

data for inclusion in the volume. I data, and the general criteria adopted by the compilers for .electing

SCOPE OF DATA

The data in this volume consist, in the main, of measurements of ionizing-radiation properties in terms of physical or chemical charac- teristics - the activity-size distribution, the radionuclide content, or the energy spectra, for example - of a fallout sample. These determinations are possible only because of the radioactivity inherent in the true "fallout" part of the sample, as distinguished from the inert debris also disturbed by the event. the hazard also permits definition of the problem and its extent.

The radioactivity that poses

m e r e is less descriptive text from the source documents in this volume, in comparison with Volume 111, since much of the data is in tabular form (count rate or disintegration rate per unit of time) or as decay curves (decrease in count rate as a function of time) and energJ- spectrum diagrams. presented where useful. limited to that needed to clarify the sampling or analytical techniques or to amplify the resulting data.

CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTION OF DATA

Explanatory text from the source documents I s Chmentary by the authors of thfs volume is

Radioactivity measurements are intended to assay the rate at which radiation is emitted by unstable nuclides as they decay to more stable states. In the case of fallout, measurements are usually restricted to beta and gamma radiation. radiation) is always detectable in fallout but is of slight importance, since the penetrating power of alpha rays is low and the levels of alpha

The third kind of nuclear radiation (alpha

5SIFIED

i 3

U NCLASSI FlED

UNCLASSIFIED IIRRODUCTION SELECTION OF MTA

aCtiviCy i n f a l l o u t from devices of appreciable y ie ld a re invariably ins igni f icant . themselves. v i t h t h e exception of two nuclides of exceedingly long ha l f - l i ves do not emit alpha rad ia t ion a t a l l . f a l l o u t i s due primarily t o the presence of unfissioned uranium and/or plutonium isotopes, or t o isotoper produced by neutron ac t iva t ion of t h i s mater ia l .

As a matter of f a c t , the products of f i s s i o n events

me alpha a c t i v i t y i n

Essent ia l ly a11 f i s s i o n products c m i t beta rad ia t ion a t the r a t e of one beta p a r t i c l e per dis integrat ion.* hand, is not emitted a t a l l by many f i s s i o n products and the number of photons per d i s in tegra t ion from the gmmo-crit ters va r i e s widely. For instance, 85gKr emit6 only about 0.01 g- photons per d i s in tegra t ion , while 83gSe emits an average of roughly 4.2 photons (of many d i f f e r e n t energies) per d i s in tegra t ion . A large proportion of gamM and beta a c t i v i t y measurements a re made v i t h "counting" instruments which record individual d i s in tegra t ion events, i .e . , beta p a r t i c l e s or g- photons reaching the detector . a pure radioactive substance fo r wbich the photon or p a r t i c l e abundance6 per d i s in tegra t ion were known, the counting r a t e would be an absolute measure of the a c t i v i t y . I f a mixture of radioact ive substances were present , it w u l d be necessary t o measure the t o t a l a c t i v i t y repeatedly over an appropriate time in t e rva l and then t o rasolve the decay curve i n t o Its proper a c t i v i t y components. This l a t t e r procedure would be ntccessful only i f a l l the ha l f - l i ves of tbe substances prement rcre s u f f i c i e n t l y d i f f e ren t .

I n prac t ice , the determination of absolute counting rates requires

Gama rad ia t ion , on the other

I f i t were possible t o count a l l the events i n

r a the r e laborate and painstaking procedures, even fo r pure substances. Many correct ions must be carefu l ly accounted for: the geqmetry of thq

_-__, -..- --..e)-" ". L.. S y...d, L C v m smlpre t o detector , the thickness of the sample. the energy response character- istics of the detector , the resolving t i m e of t he counting c i r c u i t r y , and such e f f e c t s a s backscattering by the sample mounting material and bremsstrahlung i n the detector . u t e r i a l present, f a l l o u t samples, generally speaking. a r e poorly sui ted for accurate beta-counting and only s l i g h t l y better sui ted f o r g-- counting. In addi t ion, the rad ioac t iv i ty of f a l l o u t ssraples is produced by s complex mixture of radioact ive substances (the f i s s ion products). many of which may have closely s imilar ha l f - l i ves . r e l a t i v e proportions of these substances may vary widely from sample t o sample. on account of f rac t iona t ion phenomena which accompany the process of f a l l o u t formation. Thus, there is no pos r ib i l i t y . i n general, of resolving a f a l l o u t decay curve in to i t s individual a c t i v i t y canponents, even i f abrolute counting data were obtainable.

_-_._ I _ - . - "

Because of the mass of absorbing i n e r t

The

t a r t ab le to t e of f i si n-product radionuclides decas p the * % x s t a t i wit$u2 &ta amfasfon. I f thee states a re reg r Id as m s t i n c t ra ionuc i ea, the statement above goes not hold exact y .

4

UNCLASSIFIED

IRPRODUCTION SELECTION OF DATA

k II

I f absolute beta counting data could be obtained, it would be unnecessary to r e f e r the measurements t o other standard measured counting r a t e s or theoret ical calculat ions. Since geometry and absorption fac tors f o r f a l l o u t samplea usually cannot be controlled closely enough t o obtain absolute beta counting r a t e s , a reference standard i s required to lend significance t o the data. One of the procedures which has been used is t o ca l ibra te the counter with samples of known amounts of a standard a c t i v i t y , such a s RaE, i n a well-defined and reproducible geometry. The counting r a t e s for f a l l o u t samples are then expressed i n terms of "equivalent" amounts of the standard a c t i v i t y . This method is f a r from sat isfactory since, because of differences i n energy and source mass and geometry, the "equivalence" of the sample t o the standard is largely an i l l u s i o n .

The reduction of gama counting data on f a l l o u t samples t o absolute terms is even more d i f f i c u l t than the reduction of beta counting data , because of the wide var ia t ion (mentioned e a r l i e r ) in the number of gmmas photons emitted i n the d is in tegra t ion of d i f f e r e n t f i s s i o n product radio- nuclides. For this reason, ganaLa counting data are almost always r e - garded simply a s r e l a t i v e measurements of a c t i v i t y .

It is apparent t h a t beta- and garma-counting data or garrma ionization chamber data for f a l l o u t , even under favorable circumstances, must be interpreted w i t h considerable care. counting r a t e s are d i r e c t l y equivalent t o dis integrat ion r a t e s , uh i le absolute gama counting r a t e s are only roughly proportional t o d i s i n t e - gration ra tes . From t h i s point of view, beta counting might seem preferable for f a l l o u t s tudies , afnce absolute beta count r a t e s determined by di f fe ren t invest igators on d i f f e r e n t samples (even from d i f f e r e n t events) should be d i r e c t l y comparable, while g- count r a t e s from di f fe ren t invest igat ions can be compared only i f they a re referred t o comparable standards. on the other hand, the uncertaint ies tha t attend b e t a counting of f a l l o u t ramples preclude the possfb i l i ty of obtaining r e l i a b l e absolute count r a t e s on most f a l l o u t samples, so t h a t reference t o a standard i s always desirable and usually necessary. the external beta-radiation hazard t o personnel from f a l l o u t is negligible, compared with the external gama exposure, so that ganaM masurements a re of more operational significance. However, the Office of Civil Defense has become concerned w i t h the e f f e c t s of beta radiat ion and s o f t photons on plant and insec t l i f e .

In general, absolute bets

Furthermore,

It should be mentioned tha t any observation of a quant i ta t ive nature of the in tens i ty of radiat ion is i n a sense a radioact ivi ty measurement. Thus, various k i n d s of field-meter readings, dosimeter readings, film-darkening measurements, e t c . , might, under the appropri- a t e circumstances, be regarded a s rad ioac t iv i ty measurements. Ihe weapon-test l i t e r a t u r e contains repor t s of pang such observations, but

5

UNCLASSIFIED

INlROWCTIoLI PPeSERTATIOll O? DATA UNCLASSIFIED

they have not been included in t h i s c o q l l a t i o n since they canme be in te rpre ted except i n the spec ia l i red context i n uhich they were reported.

measurement were concerned. During the ea r ly p a r t bf the period most r ad ia t ion measurements on f a l l o u t were nude with metering devicer. e i ther of the Geiger-Mueller counting type or the ionizat ion current type. These devices were subsequently replaced by proportional counters and b-pi ion i r a t ion chambers. and the s ignif icance of acme of the rad ia t ion measureatbents reported by inves t iga tors improved. the period, sodium fodide (NaI) r c i n t i l l a t i o n detectors came in to general use fo r Baama counting. pulse-height analysis instrumentation u n t i l a f t e r Operation P.rdtsck.

In the 1a.t years of

l?o important use was rade of game

1t.h worth remembering tha t much of the da ta were obtained under d i f f i c u l t and t rying conditions. personnel and equipment o f t en had t o be transported long dis tances i n t o l o c a l i t i e s with poor f a c i l i t i e s f o r l i v ing and working end with clfiutes unfavorable to men and i n s t n n ~ e n t ~ . 2be labora tor ies involved i n f a l lou t s tud ies during the period 11.0 con- tended with chronic shortages of equipment and qua l i f ied personnel. would be un rea l i s t i c to suppose that these f a c t o r s did not a t times nf fec t the qua l i ty of the measurements t ha t were w d e and reported.

PRESENTATION OF DATA

It

'Ihe da t a presented are in the form of d i sc re t e extracts taken from the var ious source documents: t ab les , and i l l u s t r a t i o n s . The e x t r a c t s a r e verbatim copies except where fragmentary correct ive o r explanatory information is inser ted , within square brackets. on which the o r ig ina l data appears. With most ex t r ac t s , the shot t o which the data r e f e r s i s ident i f ied within brackets near the beginning of the ex t rac t . Zhe extracted data , and the c-ntary by the present authors. a r e presented in the Compendium of Data, Section 11.

passages of t e x t , whole o r port ions of

A boxed entry i d e n t i f i e s the document and page

f i e ex t r ac t s and re la ted c-ntarles are organired ,accord.in.Q. ..tq a.. U C ~ C T L ~8 .= .~ . . . . ~ .,.

~~ ~ ~~ gcheqe .of , . ~ l ~ a n e , j fir.+c+~- -c.~,*c- ayec-rrzc anta is c la s s i f i ed under de ta i led categories as follows:

. * ~ ' -' ~ ~- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . . ~ ~ . . . .

1. Firs t , according t o the indicated cha rac t e r i s t i c ; ac tua l ly , a l l of the da ta can be considered rad ioac t iv i ty investigated as a funceion of :

a c t i v i t y ) (activity-sire d i s t r ibu t ion )

The da ta used fo r t h i s coopilation w r e acquired durlng the veapons testing period from i ts beginning through Operation nardtack ia 1958. should be recal led that most o f this period also reprermted a develop- mental phase insofar as instrumentation and techniques fo r radiat ion-

It

! t

*Part 1 is comprised of items a. b, and c. Part 2 is colprised of d and e.

6

UNCLASSIFIED

d. radiochemical content (radionuclide composition and induced a c t i v i t y )

e . energy spectra)

2 . Second, the data under each of the above charac te r i s t ics are c l a s s i f i e d fur ther according t o location of burst i n the environment: a i r o r balloon (a11 devices detonated well above the e a r t h ' s surface - dropped from a i r - c r a f t , shot from guns, lof ted by rockets, or suspended by balloon); tower; ground surface (on or close to the land surface); underground; water surface (on or close to the vater surface, usually on barges); underwater.

Last, the data f i t t i n g any combination of a f i r s t and second category i s aubdivided according t o the nuclear weapon t e a t operation t h a t produced the data , i n t h i s chronological order:

3 .

Trin i ty Crossroads Sandstone Ranger Greenhouse Buster-Jangle Tumbler-Snapper IVY Upshot-Knothole Castle Wigwam Teapot Redwing Plumbbob Bardtack I Hardtack I1

Besides t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n by individual operation, broader cnte- gories r e f e r t o mre than one operation. As indicated i n Volume I, some of the source documents generalize, summarize, or compare datn according to q u a l i t i e s conmvn t o several operations: t e s t s over a span of yenra, height of detonation, detonation enviroment. These categoriea a re placed i n the sequence of operation names according t o the nearest point i n time. t ions involved, data could not be included under those operation names.

The data i s organized f o r presentation i n u n i t sect ions i n the

Where the document does not a l so mention the spec i f ic opera-

Compendium of Data, Section 11. t o one combination of the three categories. is indicated by the running heads a t the top of each page. head i s a combination of three terms representing the three categories.

Each u n i t sect ion contains data relevant f i l s organization of data

Each running

7

UNCLASSIFIED i

UNCLASSIFIED

Par t icu lar information can be found under one or another of the various canbinations of category terns. For ezample: radiolmclide cooposition data from a l l a i r shots i n Operation R.*er can be found under

Radionuclide Composition A i r o r Balloon, Ranger

Ihe Table of Contents also assists the reader to locate da ta per t inent t o h i s pa r t i cu la r interest.

Each un i t sect ion ( a l l pages with a c-n running head) begins v f th a display of introductory information, and the first page of the u n i t sect ions can be ident i f ied by the consis tent format used. the date and locat ion of tbe weapon t e s t . f o r the included data . It lists the re levant shots of the operation. each with i t a y ie ld , a d height or depth i f not a surface detonation. Ihe mmbers and l e t t e r s wi th in parentheaes following a shot lumc are addi t ional designations of the shot and indicate i t s sequential order i n the operation. shots l i a t e d can be found i n Volume I1 of t h i s series.) In each un i t section. the compentary by the authors of t h i s wlume follows this introductory information. general in fomot ion is given on where the subject sample was col lec ted , how it waa col lected, how it was processed, and. where porsible , why the data were collected. &carionally, the c-atary abs t r ac t s textual statements f r w a source document fo r which no arrociated data could be extracted and presented.

It gives It l i a r s the source document6

(b re de ta i led information on the device fo r the

For each document l i s t e d . when possible.

me introductory information and . thd ..I. cwa t r r t r .: . ~~

.a+. +--lr-.~' - ' -- '- ' ~'

a u n i t aect,$g .gr.-.~--:-~-=~ '.' .-.' '. ..____ . ' ' r v c ~ r n ~ e C M t contain information .--- -- B- stiota, one or -re. Bowever, the ex t r ac t s from the docu-

ments - which occupy the reminder of a unit sec t ion - are i n m r c r i c a l order of reference and page numbers; except for variations fo r cowenieocc of presentation.

, , , ~ ..... ~ .,, ' '

Although it was intended to include data i n a un i t sect ion t h a t are

Such ex t r ac t s were reproduced i n -- toto to avoid the work of per t inent only to the running head shown, some extracts s h o w other i n fo r - mation. separating the date not illmediately relevant , which d i d not reem worth- while.

Ihroughout the Compendium of Data Section, the source documents a re keyed by reference number and f i r s t author. to the L i n t of References. Section 111. This list of reference. is based on t h a t included i n Volume I of t h i s Series. Rowever, in the present list Br i t i sh documents have been excluded. only those references relevant to par t 2 of t h i s volume a re given, and some bibliographical d e t a i l s were op-dated.

, ~" _,. ~.,-,, . , . I - . ~ . . ; ~ . . , . ''. ,.,... . . ~ . ,

.~ ~ , , , ~ ~ ~ ~ ... . . . - ~ - ~ - ~ " - ~

, , , , , , , ~~ .... ~ .,, ' '

8

U NC LASS1 FlED

1 Pertilwnt

CLASSIFIED h ItVtKNWTION DISCUSSION OF DATA

~ N E R A L DISCUSSION OF DATA

Volume I of the Series, based on the results of the initial literature survey, assigns groups of data to the various categories of volume IV. However, further, more detailed examination has revealed that meny of these assignments would be more appropriately made to other categories of Volume IV, or occasionally even to a different volume. These changes are noted in unit sections for the categories deaignated in Volume I.

Radionuclide Compoai tion

From the inception of nuclear veapons testing, radiochemical studies of the debris have played a role of fundamental importance. At the outset of the testing program intereot in the radiochemical composition of debris per =was limited, since the tactical importance of fallout and its residual radiation properties was somewhat obscured by the more spectacular blast, shock. therms1 and initial radiation effects. Nonetheless, the development and improvement of nuclear weaponry was intimately dependent upon rsdiochemlcal atudiea. k c h of the phenomenology of a nuclear explosion cannot be studied on a labora- tory scale and studies of the fission products in the debris provided the 5 posteriori evidence for elucidating nanny of the details of the nuclear reactions in the device. The importance of radiochemfcal investigations of this kind, often called diagnostic radiochemiatry, has not diminished; and with the recognition of the importance of fallout, the need for a complete and detailed understanding of the distribution of fission products in the debris was ertabliahed. It should be noted that diagnostic studies and fallout studies are not exactly equivalent since certain radioactive products may be very sensitive diagnostic indicators but completely insignificant ea fsr as the residual radiation properties of the debris are concerned. Conversely, extremely important contributors to residual radiation m y be diagnostically uninteresting.

The radioactive constituents of nuclear debris include fission 1st are ' infor- If Drth-

products and various induced activities reaulting from nuclear reactions on the elements present in the device and the environment. The fission products are the most important and they have therefore received by far the majority of study and documentation. induced activities can also meke large contributions to the g.mma ex- posure rate under a number of circumstances and they also demnd con- sideration.

However. the

are -. The radiochemical methods used for analysis of Fallout samples Dents i

I

i ! are well-standardized and except for advances in the separation

chemistry of the lanthanides and actinides, they have not changed much since the first tests. The sample of fallout is dissolved along

I

9

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

:.: ? t- with added c a r r i e r s or i so topic t r ace r s fo r the f i s s ion products, the l a t t e r are aeparated individually from the solution. pur i f ied , and assayed for rad ioac t iv i ty by counting. These methodm a re t a d i m s and time-consuming and require great care on the pa r t of the anolyst i n

methods of ana lys i s , which a re widely used today and remove much of the human element from the analyses, were not su f f i c i en t ly developed t o be of s l c h use during the period covered by t h i s volume.

i order to yie ld r e l i a b l e r e su l t s . m e very rapid g- rpectrographic i

i

One of the most formidable problems i n fission-product ana lys i s of nuclear debr i s i s the reduction of the data t o absolute m u n t s of the f i s s i o n products present i n the sample. This can be accooplished only by painstaking standardization of procedures, i n conjunction v i t h r a the r e laborate instrument ca l ib ra t ion based on standard samples of k- assay. I n order t o compare r e s u l t s from two or more d i f f e r e n t laborator ies , i t i s necessary t o e s t ab l i sh tha t the labora tor ies a re agreed on ca l ib ra t ion or , i n the absence of agreement. what the magnitudes of the differences are. several l abora tor ies ch ief ly involved i n the radiochemfrtry of nuclear debr i s developed i n intensive program of es tab l i sh ing and u i n t a i a i n g a s t a t e of reasoluble intercal lbrat ior . .

During the t e s t i n g period the

me c a l i b r s t i o n and in t e rca l ib ra t ion problems are re f lec ted , t o .ome exten t , i n the choice of the u n i t s for report iog fission-product radionuclide concentrations i n nuclear debris . Perhaps the most con- venient un i t . a t l e a s t fo r f a l l o u t rtudie., is equivalent f i s s ions . l%e number of equivalent f i s s i o n s of any nuclide i n a sample i s the number of uranium o r plutonium a t m s which must have undergone f i s r i o n t o produce the mount of the nuclide found.

,-r-rcrLV~a raclos t o r tne f i s s i o n process i n question. nuclear ueapons these r a t i o s frequently were not knoun r i t h ce r t a in ty i n advance (it vas of ten oue of the aims of the radiochemical s tud ies to determine them) and, acco dingly, the un i t was not generally used. An exception is the case of 69$b for which r e s u l t s are frequently expressed ar equivalent f i s s ions o r , by abbreviation, sa "fissions". It was recognized r a the r ea r ly tha t the y ie ld of ggb doem not vary much f o r the types of uranium and p tonium f i se ion of i n t e r e s t - i t is always around 6%. Accordingly, && was of ten used as the primary ind ica tor of "the f r ac t ion of the bomb represented by tbe sample".

However. the uae of the e q u , ~ v a ] e n ~ ~ ~ f ~ s s ~ o s s ~ e n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ . ~ . ~ ~ . ~ . . - ~ - b----?--~~.. ~. ~ ~~

, -. "' - 1 ~" . ~ " ' ~. " ~ - _ - ' ' ~ . " " '' ' - ' ~ " ~ "

I n the case of

Several other fission-products were reported i n equivalent f i s s i o n s fo r the f i r s t nuclear test, Trini ty . t h i s case were derived from c e r t a i n in-p i le f i a s ion experiments on plutonium. Subsequently, i t became general p rac t ice t o e the v e l l - known production r e t i o r fo r thermal-neutron f i s s i o n of "'U as 6

standard v i t h which t o compare the r a t i o s found i n weapon. debris .

The production ratios u t i l i z e d i n

10

UNCLASSIFIED

t i

;

i i

"1rimately, a double r a t i o known as an "l-value" came i n t o general use. f i i s quantity can be better symbolized by R99(i), and is defined:

RY9(i) = [G] debria/ r&] U235, thermal n

Bere, a i and 899 represent the number of atoms of nuclide i and 99140, respectively. tor is not merely taken from the l i t e r a t u r e but i s determined experi- mentally, using the same procedurem and instruments used to determind the ra t io i n the a e r a t o r . the absolute magnitudes of the concentrations thum tend t o cancel out and R99(i)-ValUe# determined by d i f f e r e n t laborator ies on the same ample should agree closely.

It i s important t o note t h a t the r a t i o i n the demmina-

Instrumental and procedural influences on

f i e maJg$ity of the e x t r a c t s presented i n t h i s volume report results as R (i)-values, generally designated simply "R-values". nany of the tab &a a p y r , a t f i r s t glance, t o be l i s t i n g simple r a t i o s such a s Sr/ Mo, e t c . , but napection of the table headings reveals the r a t i o s a r e r e a l l y the R ( 8 9 ) , e tc . , double r a t 1 8. The R-valuee a r e usually near unity for nuclide8 l i k e 9 % ~ and leoBo,. vhich l i e i n the peak regions of the chain-yield d i s t r i b u t i o n curve fo r f iss ion. the curve m y show large departures from unity.

94

The R-values of nuclides on the wings and i n the val ley of

Units other than R-values a re occasionally used i n the ex t rac ts . nese a re generally absolute a c t i v i t i e s referred to mome f iduc ia l time-point, or r a t i o s of such a c t i v i t i e s , and are e i t h e r melf-explana- tory or accompanied by explanatory material .

I n addition t o the f i s s i o n products, other r a d i o a c t i v i t i e s produced by the act ion of neutrons on device and enviromental materials a re found i n nuclear debris . These induced a c t i v i t i e s sometimes assume major significance, both t o diagnostic s tudies and fallout s tudies . Many of the reports dealing with fission-product radiochemistry a l s o contain some data on induced a c t i v i t i e s . t h i s volume contains a sect ion devoted t o induced a c t i v i t y , i t appeared impractical i n many cases to separate fission-product data from induced-activity data , inasmuch as the or ig ina l authors of the reports made l i t t l e d i s t i n c t i o n i n t h e i r treatment of the two. Accordingly, the Induced Activity sect ion of t h i s volume contains only e x t r a c t s t h a t deal exclusively with induced a c t i v i t i e s . which t r e a t fission-product a c t i v i t i e s and induced a c t i v i t i e s j o i n t l y are t o be found i n Radionuclide Composition section.

Although

Extracts

11

UNCLASSIFIED

r n R I C ? I O l DISCUSSION OF MU U NCLASSI FlED

Some of the most formidable problems i n nuclear debr i s radio- chemistry r e s u l t from the phenomenon of f ract ionat ion. products a r e produced by f i r s i o n processes in f i n d proportions. but the proportions found i n debr i s a r e o f t en f a r from the erpected values and may vary considerably fror s m p l e t o sample. representat ive proportions t o evidence themnelves i n individual aamples is due t o differences i n the condensability of the elements conposing tbr f ission-product decay chain8 during the rapid quenching of the f i r eba l l . As a re8ul t . chains a i c h contain r a r e gases and halogens (vola t i le ) chains. e.g., masr 89 and mass 137) may condense a t a d i f f a t e n t time and i n a d i f f e r e n t way f rop chains which do not contain these elements ( refractory chains, e.g. mass 95 a d mass 144). The f rac t iona t ion e f f e c t seems to be present i n nearly a l l samples from a11 types of t e s t ing events, although the degree of aeve r iw of the e f f e c t var ies . f i e uaer of the data ex t r ac t s in t h i s volume will fLnd abundant evidence of f rac t iona t ion , aa well as frequent reference to the phenomenon in the extracted discussions and in te rpre ta t ions of the data .

%a f i s s i o n

This f a i l u r e of the

It i s the opinion of the compilers t h a t the radiochemical data contained i n t h i s vo lme d i f f e r widely i n qua l i ty , but m attempt has been made t o ass ign limits of r e l i a b i l i t y t o any p a r t s of it. most p a r t the o r ig ina l reports e i t h e r do not d iscuss r e l i a b i l i t y or discuss i t i n a very perfunctory way. ana lys i s t o assign random e r r o r l i d t s (usually r a the r mall) to reported values, but these cannot be taken as l i t e r a l l y as similar l i m i t s i n other kinds of c h e i c a l analysis . tracor quan t i t i e s of r ad ioac t iv i t i ea is su f f i c i en t ly complicated to provide many opportuni t ies fo r mat ters t o go badly astray. the nuclear debr i r analyst vi11 frequently have no way of k d n g t h a t a c e r t a i n r e s u l t i s much too high or much too low. determinations which i n more conventional circumstances would have been discarded as unacceptable, have found t h e i r way i n t o the reports . We know of no sa t i s f ac to ry way of weeding out these pieces of dsinfonmation.

Induced Act ivi ty

For the

It is customary i n radiochemical

The determination of

Unfortunately,

Conaequently, many

?he presentation of material i n t h i s sect ion w i l l deviate s l i g h t l y from the format of the other sect ions of t h i s Volume and of Volume 111 of the Series .

The format that had been followed is t o l i s t the references and the detonations covered by the extracted data a t the beginning of a new sect ion. Each reference is discussed separately and the pro jec t objec- t i v e s , co l l ec t ion of samples. special i red techniques, and the physical measurement or chemic81 analysis t h a t was conducted a re mentioned or described. I n many previous instances. the pro jec t descr ip t ion d id llot

12

U NCLASSI FlED

... . . . . ~~,,. ,'

f

change but the discussion of techniques o r messurements was t a i lo red to ,"it both the samples analyzed and the radiochemical par-ters determined.

Since the sections labeled Radionuclide Composition and Induced Activity both present the r e s u l t s of individual nuclide a m l 7 s i s . and these sections follow each other so closely, the introductory discussion has been curtai led i n the Induced Activity uni t . reduce repe t i t ion of information since the same samples or aaalysem usually produced both types of data.

This was done to

In the presentations i n which nothing was added or changed i n this introductory material , the reader w i l l be advised t o consult the corre- sponding section i n the section, Radionuclide Composition. f o r d e t a i l s .

unma 3 e c t r a *

are, of course, t h e d i r e c t r e s u l t of the radiat ions emitted by the fission-product and other radionuclides incorporated in the f a l l o u t particles. With the gradual recognition, during the e a r l y phase of nuclear weapons tes t ing , of the potent ia l mi l i ta ry significance of fallout, came t h e recognition of the need f o r knowing the f l u x and energy d is t r ibu t ion of the r sd ia t ion . This s o r t of quant i ta t ive description i s a necessary preliminary t o accurate calculat ion of such practical matters as exposure hazards and shielding protection factors .

- The unique hazards associated with f a l l o u t from nuclear explosions

If s u f f i c i e n t l y accurate knowledge of the composition of f a l l o u t with respect t o the radionuclides had been avai lable , along with a knowledge of the decay and radiat ion propert ies of the radionuelidea. the gama and beta spectra could have been calculated. In the e a r l i e r phases of nuclear t e s t i n g such calculat ions could not be r e l i a b l y made and spectral information fran f i e l d s tudies was very important. Even when such calculat ions became feas ib le (within the past decade) the complexity and the uncertaint ies involved made experimental v e r i f i c a t i o n highly desirable.** A t best such calculat ions can be made only for unfractionated f a l l o u t products and unfractionated compositions probably never occur i n the f i e l d . The s t a t e of fallout-formation theory does n o t yet permit accurate prediction of the compositional parameters for

., ' ,. . ~ L ~ ~ .ab!?* - . ~ , ; - . - ~ . ~ - ~ ~ , . ~ ~ ~ = , ~ , . ,, ,~ . , , ~ ,~, ,, ,. - ~... /. .. , . . .c ~

~~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ . .

*me sect ion heading "Gamma Spectra", which was selected by the compilers of Volume I and has been used i n other volumes of t h i s se r ies for cross-referencing purposes, has been retained i n t h i s volume to avoid confusion. I h e section ac tua l ly contains data on b o t h gama and beta spectra.

of fission-product puma spectra for unfractionated f i s s i o n product mixtures are not ye i n completely sa t i s fac tory agreement.

*The l a t e s t calculat ions and the l a t e s t d i r e c t experimental measurements

~ ~

ImOmCIIOR DISC[)SSIO1 OF DATA UNCLASSIFIED

,,. ' . , , ~.,-.. t " ' - ,~ , . , , , ~ ~ , , ~ , . I . ~ . . _ ~ ~ ' '

~ - ~ " . ~ ,,, ~ . . ~ ~ . . - ,, .. . ..., ~. _-.- - - - P A U L I an0 fusion processes themselves re lease tremendous , , , , , , . ~ ..... ~ "' ~ . , .

amounts of rad ia t ive energy. Rowever, t h i s rad ia t ion (urnally referred to as "prompt" rad ia t ion) cannot be regarded aa a property of fa l lou t a d , accordingly, is not d e a l t with i n t h i s volme. Ihe radiat ions frm f a l l o u t (usually called "residual" or "delayed" rad ia t ion) a re the g m a photon*, beta pa r t i c l e , alpha pa r t i c l e , and neutron emissions which accompany the decay of the f i r s i o n product8 and other radionu- c l ides . an extent t h a t they have customarily been disregarded in considerations of f a l l o u t rad ia t ion propert ies . here.

Of these, the alpha and neutron rad ia t ions occur t o .D s l i g h t

They w i l l not be fur ther discuased

r The hazard from exposure t o beta rad ia t ion from f a l l o u t has

generally been considered t o be of s much lower order than expomure t o the corresponding g- radiat ion. such a s the beta burns suffered by the Harahatlese f s landets during exponure t o f a l l o u t from opera on Castle. the known e f f e c t s of the lodgement of the beta-emitter %3r i n bone t i s sue , and speculative e f f e c t of short-range beta-radfation absorption by plant and animal l i f e , have brought a c e r t a i n mount of continuing e f f o r t t o bear on the problem of determining the d i s t r ibu t ion of beta energies i n f a l lou t . The beta spectrum of f a l l o u t is known, from theore t ica l considerations. t o be continuous and ra ther broad. Direct spectrometer measurements of the shape of the beta apectra of f a l l o u t samples a r e evidently impracti- c a l , on account of the d i f f i c u l t i e s involved i n cont ro l l ing or correcting fo r the absorption and sca t te r ing processes tha t take place i n the f a l l - out sample. No attempts a t mch measurements were encountered i n t h i s survey of the weapons t e s t l i t e r a t u r e . made t o resolve the spectra i n t o two or three "effective" components, by the analysis of beta-absorption curves or depth-dose curves. spite of obvious shortcomings, the r e s u l t s of such s tudies have been extracted and included here i n defaul t of better information.

Nevertheless, c e r t a i n observations,

Rowever, onny e f f o r t s have been

In

I n the enrlier phases of weapons t e s t ing , ' apectrometer measuremento Eere again, the reso lu t ion of of gaaau! rad ia t ion were also impractical.

absorption curves i n t o "effective" components was resorted t o i n an e f f o r t t o gain sme rough idea of the energy d i s t r ibu t ion of the g- radiat ion. However. during the period covered by t h i s volume, spectacu- l a r advances were made i n the f i e l d of g.mma-ray spectrometry. Sc in- t i l l a t i o n rpectrolllcters with large ElaI(T1) c r y s t a l s became generally avai lable along with sa t i s f ac to ry photomultiplier tubes , f o r handling the l i g h t output on the c rya ta l s , and multi-channel analysers f o r accumulating pulse-height data . prom Operation Castle onward reasanably r e l i a b l e gama-emission spec t ra l data obtained with t h i s kind of i n s t ru - ntentation began t o appear i n the wapons t e s t l i t e r a t u r e .

*"Gama photon" and "g- radiation". a s used i n t h i s discussion,

In view of

include X-ray photons and X radiat ion.

14

UNCLASSIFIED

.. . .. . ~.

LSSIFIIEO :!

i

INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION OF DATA

the avai labi l i ty of such information and the l imited usefulness of the g.a-absorption curve data, the r e s u l t s of s tud ies of the lat ter

have not been included i n th i s volume.

In several of the s tudies of gama rad ia t ion encountered, the instrumentation was placed i n the f a l lou t f i e l d fo r the accumulation of data, i n contrast t o the a l te rna t ive method of bringing f a l lou t samples in to the laboratory t o make the measurements. Bituation i s not very seeisfactory for the determination of gama- emission spectra from f a l l o u t f o r the following reasons: (1) In the f ie ld large amounts of degraded or scat tered low-energy rad ia t ion reach the detector, and there is no way of separating t h i s component from the unacattered d i r ec t component of the radiat ion; and (2) the rad ia t ion f ie ld is generally anisotropic; i . e . , the reaponae of the detector changes w i t h its or ien ta t ion t o the f i e l d . As a r e s u l t , the da ta from the f ie ld s tudies a re ap t t o be misleadingly d i f f e ren t then those from laboratory s tudies . We have, accordingly, not generally included extracts of measurements of t h i s kind. Rowever, the references contafn- ing reports of f i e l d s tud ies of gainma rad ia t ion a r e mentioned and the reader w i t h specialized interest i n such work is referred to the or ig ina l documents.

The f i e l d

The period covered by the material i n t h i s volume ended i n 1958. Since that time the f i e l d of gamma spectrometry has continued t o advance with almost explosive rap id i ty . In par t icu lar , the semi-conductor detector with i t s vas t ly improved resolut ion has come i n t o general use along with multiparameter analysis and great ly improved coincidence detection. Furthermore, the use of very sophisticated data-reduction technlgues .. .L ~~ dependent . ., ~ . . ~ ~ . . ~ on ~~ ~ the ava i l ab i l i t y of large-capacity high-speed comyvrsr~ ..PO "-..I__ ~ . which seemed very s igni f icant a t Operation Hardtack and pr ior Cescs -7 now have the appearance of being unsophisticated at best and crude or naive a t worst. hard-pressed t o determine whether most of the work was of anything other than h i s to r i ca l i n t e r e s t . We have t r i e d t o err on the s ide of conser- vatism and hope t h a t nothing of permanent i n t e r e s t has been omitted.

*--q~-*n-rtml. rtud,ies ., ,. , ., , .,, ~-~ I~ . . . . . ~ . * , ~._."__&l_

~~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . .

The compilers of t h i s volume have, indeed, been

15

UNCLASSIFIED

U NCLASSI FlED

SECTION I1 C O ~ E N D I U M OF DATA

The following sect ion contains a l l the reported data selected a s re levant , and useful , t o the subject of t h i s volume. i s information on the samples col lected, the locat ion and method of co l lec t ion , how the sample was analyzed, and other explanatory cOmment# by the authors of t h i s volume. See the Introduction Section f o r an explanation of the arrangement of data and for a general discussion of the data.

Also included

16

UNCLASSlFl6

UNCLASSIFIEI

ilADIONU!LIDE COI@OSITIOIJ A I R OR B A D O N , RANGER

OPEPATION RANGER, JANUARY 1951, NEVADA

xef. 10, Spence 3ef. 18, Singlevich +,pf. 34, Spence - I .- .. 44, Singlevich

A5le (1;A) 1.3 k t 1050 f t Baker-1 (2;Bl) 7.4 k t 1080 f t

.elected i 'asy (3;E) 1.0 k t 1080 f t included 9sker-2 (&;I%) 7.7 k t 1100 f t

?'OX ( 5 ; Freddy ;F ) 22.0 k t 1435 ft to- CO.I.Cnt*

3ef. 10 discusses various aspects of weapons development and i n - .-?,ades radiochemical r e s u l t s of Operation Ranger. . Samples of post-shot ~ 3 m L debris were col lected, beginning about one hour a f t e r each shot. Air-filtering uni t s ins ta l led on manned B-29 bombers were used t o co l l ec t the samples. Two types of f i l t e r p3per were used on Shot Able; one (labeled 1 ) was developed by the I n s t i t u t e of Paper Chemistry (IR), the other (labeled 2) was a Chemical Corps Type V f i l ter . Dapers were used f o r subsequent col lect ions of the operation.

? :

Only IR: f i l t e r

[ r t b o d of

for an ,*CUWBion of

i After the organic material of the papers was decomposed by digest ion

w i t h acids, any s i l i c a remaining was removed by centr i fugat ion and Was dissolved. The s i l i c a solution and the supernatant from the centrifuga- t i o n were combined and mde up t o 1oO-ml volume stock solution, from u!lich al iquots were taken fo r radiochemical analyses. If necessary, dilutions were made fo r the analysis of high-yield f i s s ion products.

For t h e determination of the f rac t ion of the bomb represented by a sax&, it was necessary t o know the fract ion of the f i s s ions occurring ir. t h e f i s s i l e material . This value was d i f f i c u l t t o determine s ince fission y ie lds a re sens i t ive t o the energy of the neutrons causing fission. bonb detonates except that the neutrons a re fast. To provide ca l ibra t ion mlues of the f i s s ion yields , experiments were performed which simulated bonk neutrons i n two d i f f e r e n t ways: The first was t o we port 5W i n the Fast Reactor a t Los Alamos, which gave neutrons which were fast but some- u:mt degraded from o r ig ina l f i s s ion neutrons; the second approach was t o irradiate samples i n a capsule of 23% whose walls were th ick enough t o stop a l l thermal neutrons. fissions i n the capsule w a l l . It was observed t h a t the values obtained ir: t h e case of the capsule i r r ad ia t ions depended on the posi t ion of the capsule i n the thermal c o l m . hr ident ly some nonthermal neutrons were leaking through the capsule walls. Accordingly, the capsule pos i t ion was standardized as far out i n the thermal column as was feas ib le . This Dosition was 47 i n . from t h e reac tor face. The ac t iv i ty - r a t io values due to bomb neutrons were expected t o f a l l between the values determined a t tar: 5h' and the capsule locations.

Not much was known about t h e neutron spectrum ex i s t ing when a

The sample saw only f a s t neutrons from

SSIFILD UNCLASSIFIED 5 17

I

;INCLASSIFIED

SECIZOI I11 LIST OF EZpBBgWcES

Thc refereaeea l i 6 t c d i n Section I11 are the sources of the data included i n the -dim of Data for Part 2 of Volar XV. A# described i n the Introductioa, the bibliosraphical eatrics have been broupbt up to date since the f irat l i s t ing i n Voluae I of the Series. one8 have k e n added.

A few M u

537 ASSlFlED UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

2. Shtlrcliff , W. A. mcbnical Report of operat i08 Croaaroda. pD- 208, Ibrakr 1946 (&mfi&atial).

Data).

Storm. E. "CI. Radiation ErpomrO a B a -zlon or IAWCUW.

Report 5 of @erat ion ~..p.r, w. 5, Prosr'r b a n l t a - Weapons

*mil - Formerly Restricted Data).

9. Yolfe, R. D. "P.diologica1 S a f e q . " Report 11 of b e r a t i o n w, VA. 4. Progrm E e m l t r - Ueapora Dwelopwrt . 0. 8 . n-al W i o l o g i c a l Defenw Laboratow, UT-201, Juao 1952 (Confidertial - Foolwrly Eeatricted Data).

10. Suence. E. W. " R d i o c W c a l Paaults for Oprration E..grr."

- " 8.

lor A i m 8 Scientific L a k r a t r w , yi-201, Jcae 1952

&por t -5 of b per at ion m, VA. 2. hogr; .sport. - ~ec.pomr Dewelomat . April 1951. Lea A l m a Bcie r t t f i c Laboratory, UT-203, J n l l 1952 (Sec ro t -h r t r i c t ed Data).

13. M a s . C. E., P. B. Bolden, U. B. Wallace. Operation Grrenhoure,

_ _ - " -- A T . "Y~.L..---, ". ...I 1. ". ------- __--___-- _ _ - Cloud genameaa: of Par t icu la te & Gareoua h&. Army C h d c a l Center md II. S. Ilaval Radiological h f e n a e Laboratory. UT-72. October 1951 (Secret-Restricted Data).

17. Krey. P. U. "Radiological Nature of tbe C o n t d n m t ; ?ractionrtion of & t i r e Ikcl idea v f t h MitMce." I n Patlont mu oaium, Armed Forcer Special Ueapona Cortrr , AFSYP-895, J w a q 1955 (Secret-Reatricted Data).

18. Singlevich, Y., E. 11. Douthett. Opcrationa ha te r - Ja .g l e , h d i o - ch.rica1, chcr ical Hq.. U. S. Air Force, mAT-1, W-320. May 1-cr.t-Eeatricted Data).

Phyaical A8alyaia of Atomic B m b Debria.

22. ~ 1 1 , P. D. "Radiochemical Studira of Largo Part ic lea , Project 2.54-3 (UT-333)," April 1952. Studiea. 1951 (Ikcrr t -Pcatr ic ted Data).

I. Operation J e . Part ic le * r u d Force. Special Weapona h o j o c t , UT-371, Octoher

.c ~ ...,, .. ,. . ~ . , ~ , , .., ., .. ~ . . . - ~ ~ ~ . I , . ~ .~, . .. .~ ~ . , ~ .~, ., . ~ . ~ , , ~~ ~ ~~

. ...

538 i

UNCLASSIFIED t !

UNCLASSIFIED

m-

I."

in. 1952 -

w- h . Zcted

u t i c l e nr

ASS1 FI E D

24. Tochili., E., P. E. Howland. S. B. ?i tch, 9. Guldem, J. T. h r r e t t . "Prolect 2.48. Beta-Rw .od --Ray b e r m of m i d ~ 8 1 C a r t d - nation ~ - 3 4 i ) .I* IS Op.ratiom d, ~ U o i o g i c r i nuards , Armed Force8 Special We8pom8 Project, UT-372, April 1952 (Umcl8881fied).

25. hm8tefr1, W., R. L. Q88e . J. B. E. h p e r .

June 1952. e. " R o j e c t 2.&,

0U-w S p 8 C t m b 8 8 U r W n t 8 O f b8idU8i B8dI8tlon m-348) s''

28. -11, 0. P. " h t u r e 8 d Di8tributlOB of Re8idu.l ComCrinat108, I. R o j a c t 2 . 6 ~ - 1 (UT-384)." June 1952. In Opmration Jm, Padiocbeica l lka8urement8 S n p l l n g Techi 08. e e d Forcer Special Weapon8 Project, VT-373, October + 1951 Corf idest ia l - F o n r l y Re8tricted D 8 t 8 ) .

31. Robbiar, C., H. 8 . Lebun, 0. B. Powerr, J. D. Wilcor. "Mrbonc

h u e d Force8 Special &.pol8 P8r t ic le Studies. Project 2.58-1 (WI-394)," July 1952. I8 Oper8tion J u r g l c . P a r t i c l e Studlee. Project, UT-371, October 1951 (Secret-IL8trlcted Data).

Poppoff, I. G., P. D. L8Riviere. E. C. Evan., C. E. M a r , J. Y. k8hkUhn, A. B . W8118Ce, 3. V. Z8ccor, 8. I. Ichlki, N. E. Parlow, P. K. Laurino, B. E. Soulc, E. A. Schuart. ? a r t i c l e Studies. R o j e c t 2.58-2 (WT-395)," 4ril 1952. (Uncl888ifled).

32.

"F8llOUt E.

33. h l l O U , E. E., L. K. 6tl88Cy. "W8ture 8nd Di8tr lbut ior Of Reridual Q n t r l n 8 t i o n . 11, Project 2 . 6 ~ - 2 (IFT-397)," Jtlu 1952.

October 1951 @ncla88ified).

35. b a r y Report: Weapomr Effect8 Te8t8, Operatlo8 J8n l e Amed Force8 special weapomr h o j e c t , UT-, % v a b r 19528(-$cret- Pc8tr ic ted nata).

C8dle, E. D. t d n a t i o n Frcol Atoric h b 8 . 760-2711Fira1, June 195)cret -%8tricted D 8 t 8 ) .

Tompkin8, 8. C., P. W. b e y . F8llOUt and F i l t e r smpk8 F z Operation J..ela. Ar=y Qemical Center, Chemlc8l amd P8diological Labor8torie8 CELIR-170, Aup8t 1952 (Confidential-Formerly Pe8trlcted D8ta).

41. Effects of Soil, u, a d Sc8lcd Depth e@- Stanford Beae8rch I n 8 t i t u t e , RTF

42. 8 8 d l o C h d C 8 ~ Studies om Size-Graded

539

U NC LASS1 FlED

!uN UNCLASSIFIEO

l lgggRKtiCES

! ~

43. Dagar. S. E. 011 RW E-rw SpecttM of Reridual Coatmination, Ogeratio8 Saapper, R o j e c t 2.2. t o r i e s , UT-523, February 1953 @Pelasr i f ied) .

- Bomb Debris -* Operation Tumbler-S8apper, R o j e c t 7.3. 0. S. Air Force, APOAT-1. UT-540, March 1953 (SeCrct-B.stricted Data).

Page. 0. B. Director (S.crrt-iestricted Data).

S i p a l Corps Bngiweriag Labora-

x 56. Singlevieh, Y. Radiochemical Phyrrlcal AUalydB of Atomic 1;

Headquarters,

46. Final Report, Operation Saapper', Peport t o the Tent Armed Forces Special Weapons k o j e c t a - 5 6 W.rch 1953

48. Olafmn, J. E., J. U. % e l , C. J. Spiegl, R. E. W i l D O U . P. C. awn, K. E. Larroa. Radioactive Materials, Uevada Rovin Qourds . I. Fallout

)U&Pra -- Dround Zero. DCLA-2rFebrua1-y 1953 (W~clasr i f icd) .

Preliminary Study of o f f - s i t e Airbeme

Originat ing Prom Snapper - 6, 1, d c - MBtOUCeX of University of Cr l i fo r r i z at lor k g d l c r .

52. Doaaldsoa. L. R. ladiobiological Studies Emirctok Before urd i~ppl isd I f sher ies - After Nike - Shot -' Operation a, Project 11.5.

Laboratory, DniversltJ of Uashiagtoa, YT-616, Jane 1953 (Dnclannified).

53. Bouton, E. E., P. B. Gordon, R. C. Torpkins, W. 8. V u Antrrrp, E. P . Wllsey.

Center, Chcrical u d ILodiological Laboratories, UT-617, June l Y > 3 (Secret-Restricted Data).

"Pal lQut Studies." In Part I of P a l l Q u t and .., ., .~ ~ . . . & ~ ~ ~ .,, .~, ._,. ,~ ~ - ~ %-.+:=% .%. *h .,. 4v~.hrqic& I ,. , ~ , , ~ , ,

. . , . . . . ~~ ..., - _ _ ~ - ---- .~ -

55. Schmhyk. M. J. "Cloud S w l l ~ g 'kchniques UBiBg s8.p SPplCrI." 1 Ibld Part 111. -.I

home, C. I., Editor. B s e l k ~ c l i d e r l a kmb Debris, 0 erat ion a, R o j e c t 1.lb. l o a A l m s Sc ie8 t i f i c Laboratory. !fi* March 1953 (Secret-Rertricted Data).

56.

57. Singlevich, W., C. K. k e d . R a d i o c h d c a l e Phyrical Amalyris of Atomic Debris Air Force, AFOAT-1

*, Project 7.3.. Baadpuartars. U.S. Jauuary 1958 (Secret-Restricted Data).

- - -* 61. Cadle, R. D.. C. F. Schadt. Com ar i ron of IVY a d Jaagle Fallout.

S t d o r d ilenaarch L s t i t u t e , -77ha1 Report. S R I W SR. December 1953 (Sccret-Re.tricted Data).

I i UNCLASSIFIED

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... .I . ~ ~ . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . .

e, bta-

rterm, kd

I1953

mnd

am8ffied). ,Gi

'P 8

k e a 1 1953

,mrr."

:f on -

UNC LASS1 FlED

62. b 8 8 , R. C., 1. J. B i t h . S. E. Ungar. 0.I. Radimtion SDeCtm of Rerldual Contanination, Operation Up.hot-lbthole. R o J e c t 2 . 2 n . Sigma1 cOrp8 Engineering Laboratorier, UT-718. May 1955 - ( b n f i d e n h a 1 -Rerir ic t id Datm)

64. Sfaglevich. U.. C. K. Reed. -- I&b Debri8, Operatiom ULJ-Kno tho le , Project 7.5. U. S. Nr Force, APOAT-1. UT-765, September 1955 (Secret-Reatric-

Cnlfbrntion Anal~mir of Cloae-in &- Eeadquarterm,

ted Data).

66. L indkrg , R. 6.. J. T. Scanlam, 3. C. Hntmon, H. A. Rhomdr. Envirolaeatal (lid Biological E of Fallout K. E. Larmon.

P z Nuclear Detonations in Areas Adjacent t o the Nevada Proving Ground8. Opermtion Up.hot-Eaothola. Project 27.2. Uaivermity of Cal i fernia a t L a &galam, School of Wcdiclae, UT-812 Februau 1954 (Uncla8aified).

67. Dahl, A. E. Effectivn Energy of Re8ldua1 Radiation ( O m - - t ion Ilpahot-llnotholc). UT-814. Janunry 1954 (Unclammified).

Univeraity of Rochemtar Medical School,

70 . Storm. E. e Radiation ~8 Function of Dimtance. 0 r a t i o n Up.hot-hothole. lorn A l m s Scient i f ic Lnboratoq, UT +K-- 82 February 1956 (Secret-Remtrictcd Dmtm),

71. Bouquet, F . L., W. E. Kregar, R. L. Mather, C. S. Cook. Appli- - cat ion of the S c i n t i l l a t i o n Spectrometer t o Radionctive Fal lout Spectr. Analp8i8. U. S. Naval b d i o l o g f c a l Dafenre Lmbrmtory, USRBDL-420, h p r t 1953 (Unclammifled)

73, Ungar. S. "Rsdlological Nature of the Contarinant; Radiation Field Csrrma Energy Spectra." Special Weapon# Project , APSVP-895, January 1955 (Secret -B.emtrlc - ted Data).

Uilmey, E. F., R. J. French, E. I. West. Fallout Studfe8, O m - t ion Cantle, P r o i s t 2.5b. Anmy Chcwical Cester, Chemical Unr- fmre Lnborrtorier, UT-916, February 1956 (Secret-Bemtrictcd Dmta).

In Fallout S p p omium, Armed Forcer

82. --

541 ,ASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED

U NCLASSI FlED

BEPEPKICJlS

83. rolpLin8, E. B . , L. B. WeMr. W C . 1 , P h l B i C 8 1 . ..d h d i 0 - chemical Characteriatica e a Conta inant , Operation w. Project 2.6.. U. S. Uav.1 Radiological Defense Laboratow, YT-917. S e p t m b r 1955 (Secret-Reatricted Data).

84. Tapkina, R. C., P. W. h e y . Operation Car t le , Project 2.6b. and Radiological L a b r a t o r i s e , UT-918, February 1956 (Unclaaaificd).

Radiochemical A W l ~ s i a of Fallout. Army Charnical Center, Chemical i

86. Reed, C. K., W. Singlevich. Muclear Callbratiem h a 1 aim of e- mic Devica D ~ b r i ~ (9, Oprration Cartle, project 7. -+- %adwartarm. U. S. Air Force. AF8AT-1, UT-932. July 1959 (Secret-Ahattictad Data).

87. Eeadrplarterr. F ie ld -and. S u a - Report of C n a d e r , --- Tsak Unit 13. Operation %. Military Effeetr R o g r u 1-9. Flald Cord, &mod Forcem Speclal Werpema Project, YT-934, January 1959 (Secret-Rertricted Data).

89. C a b . S. E., B. W. Pfnehart, J. K. Gong. J. S. Pobertaen. W. 1. Mlne . W. E. Chapmaa. V. P. Bond. Uature and E x t m m t of Intermsl Badloactive Cost-kination of -an &zrPPlanG & -la Exposed t o Fallout , Operatiou Caatle, R e j e c x . Radiological Defense Labra to ry a d Naval Medical Reaeucb

11. S. Naval

Institute, UT-936, 1955 (Uaelarr i f ied) .

.., . . . . ~~ ..,.

Data).

The Radioactive h a t F r a the Lsuclear Detonation (Bravo Shot, Caatla). M e a 1 Reaeareb, Supplementary Iaaue, l b v a b e r 1954 ( U 8 C h D - a i f iad) .

91. m o t e Univerri ty, h l l e t i m of the I n s t i t u t e for

93. Caok. C. S.. 8. F. J o ~ ~ D o . . B. L. Hather. F. M. Tamovec, 1. A. Webb: m S - B m y Spectral Neaaurceentr .f Fallout S a p l e a F r r

erati08 Cartle. I I . S. Uaval Radiologics1 Defcmrc Laboratory. k D L - l X - ~ S U P 4 2 2 ~ , January 1955 (Canfidentlal-Eortrictcrd Data).

94. Wiah. 1.. M. Eovcll. E. C. Frei l ing. E&axBuclidc ha lYre r _ _ ~ Perforrcd on S i p l a 8 Irr 8hota 4 & 1. & @eration B. U. 8. Ilaval k d i o l o g i c a l Defmnac Laboratory. US--R-70. Novnber 1955 (Secret-Ahatricted Datr) .

I 1 UNCL ASSlFlED

, L. m a l L-- Fa1

l r o s d

UNC LASS1 FlED

LBFBLBWCBS

96. Miller, C. F. k a l y r i s .f Fallout G. Part 11. D e c q & o r a - t e r i s t i c s & Radioactive Fallout. L a k r a t ~ r y . USURDL-TB-221, May 1958 (Ikcret-Restricted Data).

li. S. Waval Radiological Dafemre

98. T.rplrimo. R. C. Radiochemical Bst i ra t ion of Total Activity E- __._I_.- cluded Within DoSe-Rate Cortours for Bravo Shot, Opcrstion Castle @). Army Chomical Certer. Chemical a d Radiological Lsb.r . tdes , CilLR-636, March 1956 (Secret-Restricted Data).

99. Barnett, B. "Project 2.5b n d 2.6b Results, Operatiom Castle." In Fallout Symp eriun. A n d Force8 Special Weapoms Project AFSWP- 895, Jamuary 1955 (Secret-Remtrictrd Data).

100. Cook, C. S. "Radiological Nature of the bmtrisut; Source G p a Energl Spectra." e. Ballou. N. E. -a Radiation Field." E.

In te rpre ta t lea ef Castle Obocrvatioao." m. 111. Covan, W., T. B. Cook. Residual b n t a i s a t i c n e Nuc1e.r B.

Sandla Corp., SC-3466 ('I%), February 1955 (Socrst-Restrictsd Data).

114. Pocke, A. B. Scient i f ic Mrcctor 'o Summary Report (Operation

101. "Radiological Wature of the Cemtainaclt; Decq of the

103. Miller, C. F. "Physical lad (2lemical Wature ef the Cemtrriaamt;

W i g w a ~ ) . University of California Marine Physical L a k r s t o r ~ , UT-1003, lhy 1958 (Secret-Restricted Data).

115. h c k h a r t . L. E., R. A. Baus. Radiochemical Analyeis of Wigwcn Debris. llaval Research Lakra tory . UT-1010. HBY 1955 (Socrct - Restricted Data).

116. Ballou, M. E. u h e m i c a l and Phyoical C h d c a l Properties 02 Roductm of 5 &De Uderva ter hclear Detooatiom, Operatiom W i g v a m . D. S. Naval Radiological Defeue Laboratory, m-1011. -56 (Secre t -hs t r ic ted Data).

Verms Time and Dist88Ce @) (Operatios Teapat, Project m. U. S. &my signal Research a d Developmemt Laboratow, UT-1118, October 1959 (Secret-Restricted Data).

120. &aha, J. B., C. Carp, B. Markov, R. Root. G a a Dose Rate ---

121. Schrtnchyk, W. J.. E. 8. bu ton . Fa11out Studies (Operatiem Teapot. Project 2.5.1). L s k r a t * r i e r , WT-1119, Ju ly 1958 (Uaclasrified).

Arrp C b d c a l e a t e r , Chclical Warfare

LASSlFlED 543

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

REFEBEHCES

122. Crmley, P. M., J. L. Mck, J. E. M a , K. C. Kaericher, U. J. Bicblaon , E. Pinron. Costact Radlatism Earard Aawciated Wth C o n t d n a t e d Aircraft (-on T e a p t . R o j a c t 2.8.). A I 7 Iorce Special Weapon. Center, WT-1122, Octobor 1957 @r laaa i f i ed ) .

123. Tochrical of U l i t a r y Effects , R o g r u 1-9 CnJ (Operation - a p t ) . Agency. WT-1153, February 1960 (Secret-Rertricted Data).

E e d p a r t e r m . Field M, Defanae A t d c Suppr t

(Secret-Formerly Restricted Data).

129. Levine, E. D., R. T. Qmeron. t k a m r e a n t a of Beta a d C i a Cbaracteriatica of Shot Dcbrir .ad Fallout of Uucloar Ueapamm

(Operatios Teapot, Project 30.3). &w York Operations Off ice , ITR-1185. February 1955 (C.sfidential-Bcatricted Data).

131. Mother, P. L., R. F . Johnaon, F. M. Tomwvec, C. S. Cook.

A t d c Energy Colliasimn,

e Radiation Field Above Pallout Q a t s i n a t e d (Operatiea Teapot, R e j e c t 2.3b). U . S . Naval Uadielegical Defenae Laboratory, UT-1225. October 1959 (Ilnclaaaified).

Cook. rr.p.t. 0. S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, USMRDL-

AnalyPia of Gnma Radiation pallo out From OReratfon - TB-106, Parpat 1956 (Confidential-Bcstricted Data).

138. Cowan, M. Meutron-Iduced Radioactivity @) (Operation Redwiw, Project 2.52). (Secret -Ptatr ic ted Data).

Swdia Corp., WT-l314,-Decelkr 1959

139. Jemninga. F. D., F.. A. Schuartrlore. R. P. Bnffer. D. C. Uartin, i J. D. Ioanco. Falleut Studier 2 OccanographLc b t h o d a (Operatioa I Redwing, Project 2.62a). UT-1316, February 1961 (Secret-Eertricted Data).

Scrippa h a t i t u t i o n of Oceanography.

140. T r i f f e t , T., P. D. LaRiviero. g u a c t e r i z a t i o n .f Fallout (Operation Redwiap). U. S. naval Radiological Dafeaae Laboratsty Wp11317, W c h 1961 (Secret-Restricted Data).

UNCLASSIFIED

1 a

Led).

Lion

-

I1 a

,...

rt ion

S. E

[tory

142. krgenthau , M.. E. E. Shn, R. C. Tmapkina, P. W. Kray. Land Fal lout Studiea (DJ (Operation Redwlag, Project 2.65). rrs Qeaical Center, QIcmical Warfaro Laboratoriaal, W-1319, Februay 1960 (Secret-Realtricted Data).

149. Ihmpmon, W. E. Spectrometric Analpair of OBna Radiation Fallout E Operation Redwing. erne Labra tozy , USABDt-TB-146, April 1957 (Ce8fidemtial- Restricted Data).

U. S. U a v a l Radiological Dcf-

153. S t r a , P. 0.. J. L. Mackir. D. Ihcdonald. P. E. Zipram. t n n - - Lived.C.balt -Ismtopes Obsebed & Fallou; hm -- the-- Detonation .f Operation Beduin&. U. S. llaval Radiological Defense Laboratory, USMUIL-TB-215. llatch 1958 (Secret- Reatrieted Data).

157. Hackis, J. L., P. E. Zignan, D. 1. Love, D. hcdonald . D. Sam. Radiochemical Analpaim .f Individual Fallout Par t ic lea . Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, USURDL-TR-386. September

U. S.

1958 (Unclasaified)

158. LaRfviere, P. D. "Appendix A. Dirtr ibut ion of P a r t i c l e Claaaes." Krey, P. W. "Appeidix B. Operation Redwing Results." In RhUD P a l l m t syap osiua @€I. The RAND Corporation, AFSWP-1050 (Rand S-62), April 1957 (Secret-Restricted Data).

Compiled by S. M. Greenfield, R. R. b p p ,

159. Herian. R. F . , R. L. Capener. A Study of Fisaion E r e c t G-a Spectra of 8- Nuclear Cloud -- a t Air Porce Special Weapons Center, SWC-TR-58-44, December 1958 (Cenfidential -Restricted Data).

Times -- ( m e r a t i o n Redwing).

160. b e y , P. W . , E. F. Wilsey, J. E. k l i e i l l y , D. D. Peterson. E. W. Bloore. &I1 Activation by Neutron8 @) (Operation Plumbbob, Project 2.1). to r iea . W-1410, Hay 1960 (Secret-Restricted Data).

Anmy Chemical Center, Chemical and Warfare L a b r a -

161. Cook. S. S . , R. L. Mather. W. E. Thomprmn. J. K. Ferguron, F. M. Zamnovec, P. R. Bowland. Elements (Operation Plumbbob). U. S. Naval ~ d i o l o g i c a l Defenae

Neutrsn-Ied&ed Activities-in Soil

Laboratory.-WT-1411, July 1959 (Secret-Restricted Data).

162. Coleran, I(. D. Sumram Report of the Director, DOD Teat &oup (Operation Pllabbob' Uili taxy Effects Programs 1-9). -and, Armed Forces Special Weapora Project , ITR-1445. March 1958 (Secret-Restricted Data).

Pield

,ASSIFIED 545

I UNCLASSIFIED

1

UNCLASSIFIED p

163. Strope. W. E. Evaluation of Countermeamre Operational Rocedurea (Operatio8 Plrnbbob. Project Uaval Radiological Defenae Laboratory, UT-1464. k g u a t 1958 @a- c laaa i f ied) ,

164. Schuert. E. A. Fallout Studies e h s e a . r c 8 t B.diologlca1 g&- .la2 (0prati.n Plumbbob. Project 32.4). 0. 5. Umal Xdiological Defe8ae Laboratory, UT-1465, 8.v-ber 1958 (Secret-Bmtricted Data).

169. Chiwnt, J. A,, J. 1. Goat=. G. C. Facer. Ueotron and G r r a R a d i a t i n Ron shot LaPlace (UU (Operation Plumbbob, R o g r a 2). H e l d Cumand. h f e 8 s e A t d c Support Agemy, UT-1541, Uovaber 1959 (Secret-ReatricteF1 Data).

170. Fsrgu-n, J. M., W. E. llumpaon, F. H. ¶bnovec. -a-Pay Pallout Spectra f o r Operation Plumbbob. 0. 8. Uaval h d i o - log ica l Defense Laboratory. USNRDL-Tit-286, December 1958 (Socrat-Restricted Data).

171. hcdonald. D., P. E. Z i m , J. L. Hackin, P. 0. Str-. Mus6urclwnts of Fallout-SBples pm the P r i s c i l l a , w, -- ad Shaata h t e n a t i o a a of Oueratio8 Plumbbob. Bdio logfca l &feme Laboratory, Technical Hemradtm 8.. 94,

U. S. Naval

June 1958 (Coafidentisl-Restricted Data). Note: l imited d le t r ibu t ion .

173. O k a a y e r . A. S.. G. C. Rocco, J. Y. Sheuer . Final Bcmrt. w 5% - - - A * - h_-~.--lik hcober 1957 (Secret- Restricted Data).

183. Evus . E. C., T. E. Shirasnr.. Character is t ic6 e Radioactive -- Cloud Frem Underwater e (Operation Eardtack, R o j e c t 2.3). 0. S. Wmul Bodiological Defense Laboratory. UT-1621, JmUiUY 1962 (@nfidential-Foraerly Reutricted Data).

184. Uhitcher, S. 1.. L. R. Bunuey, R. R. Soulc, P. A. D&za. u- p&Mcasurememtu Eardtack R o j e c t 2.8). U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Lab- oratorg a d Lawrence Radiation Laboratorg. UT-1625. Sap tabe r 1961 (Secret-Reatricted Data).

Aircraf t and Rocket Smpling (U) Operatiom

185. Techaical Sum- of Mili tary Effecta, Progrmo 1-9 (Operatinu E-. Field cwrmd, Defeme A t d c Support Agc~cy, I=-1660, September 1959 (Secret-Restricted Data).

P

.%en-

k a ) . ic.l

ive

962

-

UNCLASSIFIED

186. l4~rgentban, M.. M. Schllrchyk. Residual Ruliatlon en-- Low-Yield (Operation Bard-ojcct 2.10). kq Chemical Center, Q d c a l Warfare Laboratories. UT-1678. December 1960 (Secret-Restriated Data).

187. Uilsep, E. F., J. E. IlcNeillp, R. J. Spitmas. Activation & Xeutrons Project 2 .12~. Amy C h e d C d Canter, C h d c a l Warfare Laboratories. UT-1680, July 1960 (Secret-Restricted Data).

5 Very-Low-Yield a (9 (Operation Bardtack,

Data).

191. S c h t l l , W. R., E. W. Caputi. Fractionation of Fission Pragntnts - Pram Underuater Nuclear Detonations Observed Durilg Operation Eardtack. U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratow, Technical Nemoradum No. 115, October 1959 (Confidential). Mote: l imited d is t r ibu t ion .

201. Jones, J. K. Neutron-Induced Act iv i t ies in Soil (Operation Buffalo). Atomic Weapons Research E s t a b l i s b e n t (Britirh), FUE-140, Angust 1957 (Secret-Restricted Data).

Loutit , J. P., R. S. Ruasell, Editors. Operation FUffalo Target Response e. 5: The Entry of Fission Roducts in te Food -. A t o a i c Energy Research Establishment (Brit ish), FYE-229. May 1959 (Off ic ia l Uae Only).

205.

206. Peirson, D. E. Tbe Garma Ray Spectra sf Residual Radiation - an Atomic Weapon. T C R m . September 1957 (Confidential).

Atomic Energy Research Es tab l i shmt ( l l r i t i sh ) ,

209. Larmn. K. H . , J. W. Neel, E. A. Hawthrone, H. M. brk. R. H. Rovld, L. Baurmaah. R. G. Lindberg, J. 8. Ol8fseea. E. V. K.ualmrrky. Dirtribution. Characteriaticr. a d K o t i c Avai labi l i ty of Fallout, Operstion Plurbbob. Cal i fornia a t 5 8 h g e l e s , Laboratory of h c l e u Medicine a d

Umiversity of

Radiation Biology. UT-1488 26 July 1966 (Unclasrified).

210. Anderson, E. L., 1. Sugansan "July 16th Aucleer Explosion; Determination of Nuclear Efficiency." Lor & r v b S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory, LA-356, 25 Septmber 1945 (Secret-Rertricted Data).

SSlFlED 547

U NCLASSI FlED 1

211. &hell, W. P., P. W. Capti . Determination of C138 Iaduced i n - Seawater Wematar Unclear htOEatfO8. U. S. Dhval pdiological Defcare Labraury. USNUDL-IR-395, January 1960 ( W i d & i d ) .

212. J. D. O'Couwr. 6. E. Crocker. L&Iallout frahclear Detonatimnr @). Vel- IV. h t a t e d CompcdfuP of Data on Rodiochadcal a d Radiatima Charrteriaticr of Fallout @). P a r t I. Specific Activity, kt iv i ty-Sire Mrtributioa rad &cay (U). DASA 1251, U, 6. Hmal Radiological Defenrc Laboratory, USURDL-498, 15 May 1968 (Ilacret-Pemtricted Data).

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10 D I S I I 1 , n U I , O * S T I T E I L N T

I , I Y L P L E Y F U T . * * W O I E , 8 2 . I P O N S O R 4 " G YILI.... .<T t" tT7

Defense b c l e a r Agency Washington. D. C. 20305

I , . B I I I . C 7 Many technical repor t s have been published tha t contain da ta descr ibing l o c a l f a l l o u t from nuclear weapon t e s t a . veapons detonated under d i f f e r e n t conditions usual ly are not d i r e c t l y comparable, and thus f a r only l i m i t e d attempts have been made t o m a r i r e tbeae da t a so as t o charac- t e r i z e loca l f a l l o u t . converted to a standard form, the s ign i f i can t parameters be computed, and these be compared according t o some theory or empirical formula. compilation of the da ta and author i ta t ive comentary. made tha t resu l ted i n f i v e volumes of such data. published as a series under the general t i t l e Local Fal lout from Nuclear Detonations.

r epor t s , da ta on a l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of loca l f a l l o u t from nuclear veapon~,,teqt,s h,eld I

Data on f a l l o u t from d i r a i a i1 . r type. of

Correlat ing a given body of data vould require tha t i t be

A prerequia i te w u l d be the For t h i s purpore. a study van

The study was intended t o c r i t i c a l l y #e l ec t and compile, from published

thFou& 1954. , . ~ F h p ~ . , ) . . p w * c ~ * . ~ - , ~ - ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ . ~ , * ., - . ~ *. . ' .. ' ~ ' ~~ ' ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ' ~ ',. ' ~~ ---- ---- --e.I L V Y -

I - -

The f i r & volume in the &e.. Indexed Bibliography of United S t r toa and Br i t i sh Documents op cha rac t e r i s t i c s of local FdlOut , uaa published i n 1961. made ava i lab le a ready reference t o 206 r epor t s from vhich relevant i n f o r u t i o n 1.8

It

to be aelected, vhile the se l ec t ion and co lp i l a t ion of da ta progreamed. cons i s t s of an index t o the reference0 by f a l l o u t cha rac t e r i s t i ca , .II index to the references 8wthors' nmea. and a list of the references.

Ihe volume I DD ,'2..1473 lPAGE ' ' S/N 010 1.807.680 I

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Fallout k l t a r weapooa effect. Specific .ctivity baioaceive decay Il.diooctivity-nIro dlntrlhutton Odiochdcal compoitlOn Induced activity 011. opectra

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The second volume, Compilation of Fallout Patterns & Related Test Data (Q, was published i n several pa r t s i n 1963-66. pa t te rns , on wind and cloud data, end on a l l tha t i n pertinent t o shot conditiona, such as y ie ld , burst height and placement.

The th i rd volume, Annotated Compendium of Data on Physical Cbenical Properties of Fallout (9, vas published in 1966. It contain. the r a r e s ign i f icant of the data published tha t per ta ins t o the physical and chemical nature of loca l f a l l o u t pa r t i c l e s . Included are general statements made by the or ig ina l investiga- t o r s on the physical and chfsuical nature of the par t ic lea , as well aa spec i f i c observations produced by deta i led experimental analyses. Alw included wherever possible a re data descriptive of the srnples analyzed, together with relevant i n fo r - mation on co l lec t ion equipment, location of co l lec t ion , proceraing involved. md purpose of the analyses.

This, the fourth, volume is a compendium of data on radiation end radio- chemical cha rac t e r i s t i c s of loca l fe l lou t . Part 1 presents data on rad ioac t iv i ty investigated a s a function of 166.9, pa r t i c l e s i r e , and time. Accordingly, Part 1 is organized in to three main da ta sections: Specific Activity, Activity-Size Distribution, md Decay. Ibis p a r t , Part 2 , present8 data r e l a t ing a c t i v i t y measurements with radiochemical content (sections on Radionuclide Composition and Induced Activity) and energy (section on G m a Spectra).

ground information on the location and types of col lec t ion equipment uaed, the instru mental or radiochemical proceasing involved, and the purposes of the enalyncs.

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It contain. information on f a l l o u t

It is published in tw part..

Again, as in the th i rd volume, included beaides the primary data is back-

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