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AVIATION LNO HANDBOOK (JAN 2000) 1

AVIATION

LIAISON OFFICER(LNO)

HANDBOOK

(JAN 2000)


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PurposeThe purpose of this Handbook is to provide Advanced Course Graduates with a basis fordeveloping or improving existing LNO handbooks in their units. It is not designed to be afinished product but is meant to be completed with unit specific information upon arrival at thenext duty station.

ScopeThis handbook outlines the duties, responsibilities, and missions of the Ground ManeuverBrigade LNO while providing him/her with as much information as possible without reprintingdoctrinal manuals. The handbook lists a number of possible contributions that the aviationbrigade can provide to the supported unit, but this list is by no means complete. Theprospective LNO must use his imagination, ingenuity, and technical and tactical expertise to

add to these lists to provide the best possible support for the maneuver brigades. It is certainlynot designed to make the user an expert in executing all of the operations listed. Rather, itidentifies the coordination and information requirements necessary for the effectiveemployment of aviation and aviation related assets to the combined-arms team. Thishandbook is directed at the ground maneuver brigade aviation LNO within a division, but couldbe adapted for use at ground maneuver battalion level. It is not designed to be an aviationcommander's Smart book., but is written from the ground maneuver brigade perspective. Infact, the handbook would serve any ground maneuver brigade S-3(Air) and should bedisseminated to the ground maneuver brigades as well as the Aviation Brigade, especially ifthe Aviation Brigade does not send dedicated LNO's to the ground maneuver brigades. Thishandbook will require a good deal of modification for use within an ACR, but many of themissions and support relationships are similar to the divisional aviation brigades. This

handbook is, at best, only a starting reference for use at division and higher levels.


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CONTENTS

LNO - Roles, Responsibilities, Procedures 1

LNO - Checklist/Packing List 2

Aviation Unit Missions

- Attack Units. 3- Cavalry Units.. 4- Assault Units.. 5- Utility (Medium Lift, GSAB, CAB) Units. 7

Aviation Support of Combat Operations- Heavy Division Offense 8- Heavy Division Defense.. 12- Heavy Division Other Operations.. 14- Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Division Offense 17- Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Division Defense.. 21- Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Division Other Operations.. 24

Attack Helicopter Operations Planning Considerations 29

Air Assault Operations Planning Considerations.. 37

Utility Helicopter Operations Planning Considerations. 41

Cavalry Operations Planning Considerations. 44

LNO Coordination Requirements.. 47

Orders Process/Briefing Formats.. 51

Planning Factors (Aircraft Capabilities/Limitations) 58

FARP Operations. 62

A2C2 Definitions.. 64

JAAT Planning Considerations. 66

Safety 68

BLUE Book Extracts- Operational Terms.. 71- EAGLE Study Sheet 79- Army Fundamentals (Offense/Defense).. 86- Logistics 90- Military Decision-Making Process 91- Fire Support. 92- MEDEVAC Request... 94

Initial Planning Conference (IPC) Checklist/Format. 95


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Roles, Responsibilities, and Procedures

RolesThe role of the LNO is to represent the Aviation Brigade Commander at a designatedheadquarters for the duration of a specific operation or as detailed by the situation. Effectiveemployment of LNOs is imperative for coordination and synchronization. Liaison Officers mustbe involved during the ground maneuver brigade's command estimate process to ensure the

planned employment is within aviation capabilities with the assets available and that theaviation assets are being utilized according to doctrine to maximize their combat potential.

ResponsibilitiesThe liaison officer is a critical staff member whose performance will have a direct impact on theground maneuver unit's success or failure. As the aviation unit commander's representative,the LNO must embody competence, credibility, and be a good representative of Army Aviation.A commander must exercise extreme care in choosing his liaison officers since his unit willoften be judged on the performance and impressions given by his LNO's. The LNO must becapable of changing his focus and his approach depending on his location and who he issupporting at the time. Above all, the LNO must be knowledgeable in all aspects of aviationemployment and must project a can-do attitude to the supported unit commander.

LNO Procedures1. Actions prior to departing for supported unit:

a. Get a briefing from the Brigade S3 that outlines:(1). Unit supported.(2). POC at supported unit.(3). Call sign/frequency of supported unit.(4). LNO linkup location with supported unit.(5). Assets avail from the Avn Bde to support the ground maneuver brigade.(6). Avn Bde Cdr's intent for the mission or operation to be supported.

b. Collect equipment listed in the equipment section of the checklist and brief the driver.c. Confirm supported unit knows you're coming.

2. Actions en route to the supported unit:a. Establish/maintain communications with supported unit.b. Obtain status (MOPP, THREATCON, etc) of assembly area and request permissionto enter.

3. Actions upon arrival at the supported unit:a. Report to the POC listed above.b. If the supported brigade does not have any missions for you immediately, see theHHC commander for location to park your vehicle.c. Set up wire communications and remotes into the TOC from your vehicle.d. Establish communication with the supporting aviation unit(s).e. Camouflage your vehicle and living quarters.f. Ensure you and your driver are on the headcount for meals with the HHC Cdr.

g. Get a situation update from the S2/S3.h. Prepare a briefing for the S3 on how aviation can support the operations.4. Actions following the Mission.

a. Debrief the supported commander on the mission. Be specific and point out whatgood and bad things the supported unit did with its aviation assets.b. Debrief the aviation unit commander on the mission. Point out the good and bad things thesupporting aviation unit did to support the ground maneuver commander.c. Complete a written AAR and maintain a copy at the Aviation Brigade. You shouldalso offer a copy to the supported unit for their records. Be careful to avoid finger pointing andtry to use the document as a training tool.


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LNO Checklist/Packing List

General

This checklist outlines the minimum equipment, and references that the LNO must have whenassigned to perform liaison duties. Local SOPs and experience can provide great insight intoactual requirements.

ReferencesFM 1-104 FARP OperationsFM 1-111 Aviation BrigadesFM 1-112 Attack Helicopter BattalionFM 1-113 Assault Helicopter BattalionFM 1-114 Regimental Aviation Squadron (ACRs)TC 1-115 Medium Lift Helicopter BattalionFM 1-116 Air Cavalry TroopFM 1-117 Air Reconnaissance Squadron (Light DlVs)FM 17-95 Cavalry Operations (Heavy DIVs)FM 55-50-1 External Load Operations

FM 71-100 Division OperationsFM 90-4 Air Assault OperationsFM 90-21 JAAT OperationsFM 100-103 A2C2 in a Combat ZoneFM 100-3Aviation Brigade Tactical SOPAir Assault School HandbookEquipmentVehicle (Must have mobility matching supported unit's C2 vehicles).Camouflage to cover vehicle and living quarters.Secure Communications Equipment capable of reaching Aviation Brigade from supported unit.Must include remote operation capability and extra batteries.

Tentage (Check with supported unit for their recommendation on type and need).Mapboard of the AO. If possible, rig for vehicle mounting so you can deliver briefings tosupporting aviation units.Plenty of paper, acetate, alcohol, shop towels, pens, pencils, alcohol-based markers, 100 mphtape, post-it notes, and DA 1594s.Emergency food, fuel and water.SOI. It must contain frequencies/callsigns for both the aviation brigade and the supported unit.Field desk or field table to prepare orders, estimates or overlays. Footlocker to carryreferences.Laptop computer with printer and extra battery pack.

Mission Coordination Checklist

1. Participate in the brigade's command estimate process to ensure the aviation assetsallocated are used doctrinally and to their full capability. See pp. 67 - 69 for the LNO'scontribution to the command estimate process, pp. 9 - 15 for the basic doctrinal missions of thedifferent types of aviation units, and pp. 16 - 62 for Aviation Support of Ground Operations.2. Perform the coordination outlined on pp. 63 - 66 for the types of units and aircraft allocatedfor support of the brigade's mission.3. Assist the S3 Air with the A2C2 plan. Ensure it is disseminated to the Aviation Brigade.4. Notify the maneuver commander of the capabilities and limitations of the aircraft typesallocated for support. Sac pp. 79 - 84 for some of these limitations.5. Keep the aviation commander informed!


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Attack Helicopter Units (FM 1-112)(ensure you get METL from units)

General The mission of the ATKHB is to destroy massed, moving, enemy armored andmechanized forces and other forces with aerial firepower, mobility, and shock effect. TheATKHB is a combat maneuver unit. It is normally employed as a battalion and uses aerialfirepower and maneuver to mass combat power alone or to complement other maneuver

forces as a member of the combined arms team. Attack helicopter units can also performrecormsi~sance and security missions.

Tactical Employment The Commander employs the ATKHB through coordination of theAttack Helicopter Companies (ATKHC), Combat Support and Combat Service Supportcements. The missions that an attack helicopter battalion can expect to accomplish and- theresults of these attacks are: attack to destroy (kill at least 70% of the enemy force), attack toattrit (kill between 30% and 70% of the enemy force), attack to disrupt, deny avenue ofapproach, and overmatch. This is accomplished by the use of one of the following methods ofemployment:

Continuous Attack This method of attack is designed to alert constantpressure on the enemy throughout the battle. It is characterized by; at least

one company remains on station and in the battle; the other two companiesremain in holding areas or the FARP ready to relieve the company in the battle;provides the most flexible and most efficient use of FARPs - one FARP cansustain the attack; uses scouts to conduct battle handover and/orrelief-on-station.

Phased Attack This is a modification of the continuous attack and isdesigned to increase the initial firepower of the battalion. It is characterizedby; initially employing one company to start the attack; the second company isquickly phased into the battle from a different battle position; when either of thefirst two companies is low on fuel or ammunition, the third company is phased into continue the battle; after initial strike., the attack is the same as a continuousattack, the commander may choose to employ one company first and then

exploit the battle with other two companies phased in simultaneously; FARPturnaround times must be minimized to sustain this method; one FARP cansustain the attack, however, the use of two FARPs is more flexible andresponsive.

Maximum Destruction This method enables the commander to deliver asmuch combat power as possible into the battle and overwhelm the enemywith massed fires. It is characterized by employing all three companiessimultaneously from different battle positions. Depending on the location andefficiency of the FARP, the entire battalion may be out of the battle for 20 to 90minutes after expending fuel or ammunition.


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Assault Units (FMs 1-113, 90-4)(ensure you get METL from units)

General Assault Helicopters can be utilized to accomplish a variety of missions on theBattlefield. The versatility, agility, and speed of Assault Helicopters performing Combat (AirAssault), Combat Support, and Combat Service Support missions can be a significant combatmultiplier to any ground commander employing those assets.

Tactical Employment

Air Assault Operations Air Assaults are deliberate, precisely planned, andvigorously executed combined arms combat operations designed to allow the AirAssault Task Force to strike over extended distances, terrain barriers, and manmade barriers to attack the enemy when and where he is most vulnerable usingspeed and surprise as its main weapon.

Combat Support (CS) Missions Assault Helicopters performing air movementof combat power missions transport combat forces whose main mission is toengage and destroy enemy forces. These operations differ from Air Assaults incommand and control relationships and in classification of mission. Air

Movements do not usually result in the task organization of aviation assets as amember of the combined arms team (Air Assaults generally do). Aviation assetsare not considered to be maneuver assets when performing air movements.

Combat Service Support (CSS)Missions CSS air movements are thoseinvolving the use of Army airlift assets for other than Air Assault or CSOperations. As with CS Air Movements, they do not generally result in taskorganization of aviation assets into the combined arms team. These airmovements conducted only in the close and rear battle areas are commonlyused to transport troops, equipment, ammunition, food and supplies around thebattlefield.


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Cavalry Units (FMs 1-117. 17-95)(ensure you get METL from units)

General The Divisional Cavalry/Air Reconnaissance Squadron can perform the full range ofreconnaissance (route, One, area), limited security (screen), and other operations (passage oflines/banie handover, facilitate movement, restore command and control, area damage control,economy of force, and deception operations) for the Division Commander. In essence, it is the

eyes and ears of the division. In the light divisions, it also gives the division commander anadditional resource that can deliver rapid, maneuverable firepower.

Tactical EmploymentReconnaissance Operations

Route Reconnaissance: obtain information about a specific route and adjacent terrain wherethe threat could influence movement along the route. The reconnaissance may be oriented ona road, an axis, an air route, or a general direction of advance or attack.

Zone Reconnaissance: obtain detailed information on all routes, obstacles, terrain, andenemy forces in a zone defined by boundaries. In a zone recon, the Cavalry force should notbypass enemy in the zone.

Area Reconnaissance: obtain detailed information about a specific area (town, ridgdine, key

terrain, choke point, arc.). The primary difference between a zone and an area reconnaissanceis movement to and from the area; the Cavalry force may bypass enemy enroute to theirdefined area.

Reconnaissance in Force: a limited objective operation designed to obtain information,locate, and test the enemy's disposition, strength, and reaction. This operation will require thesquadron to be augmented.

Security OperationsThe purpose of security operations is to gather information about the enemy, providereaction.time, maneuver space, and protection for the main body and to prevent observation,harassment, surprise, and premature deployment of the friendly main body force.

Screen A screen provides early warning to the main body; impedes and harasses the enemyby organic and supporting fires; destroys or repels enemy reconnaissance elements without

becoming decisively engaged. The screening force operates between the main body andknown or suspected enemy locations. Screens can be stationary (normally in the defense) ormoving (offense or retrograde operations).

Guard A guard operation protects the main body from threat ground observation, direct fire,and surprise attack. It attacks, defends, or delays to destroy threat reconnaissance elementsand disrupts the deployment of threat first echelon forces. Guards are normally conductedwithin the range of friendly artillery, but separate from the main body by at least the range ofthe enemy's direct fire weapons systems. There are three types; advance, flank, and rear.Divisional Cavalry squadrons will require augmentation to conduct a guard. METT-T and thedegree of protection required will determine the amount of augmentation.

Cover A cover gives the main body protection, information about the enemy, early warning,reaction time, and maneuver space. A covering force is a tactically self contained security

force which operates at considerable distance from the front, flank, or rear of a moving orstationary force. The only Cavalry organization that can do a cover without considerableaugmentation is the Armored Cavalry Regiment.

Air Assault Security The Air Reconnaissance Squadron or its troops conduct reconnaissance,screening and overmatch operations during the 5 phases of the Air Assault. During the airmovement phase, the squadron's elements normally precede the assault aircraft along theroute. They conduct a route reconnaissance, followed by an area reconnaissance of the LZ orobjective area. They may also fly along with the assault aircraft providing security andoverwatch from successive battle positions.


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Other OperationsSupport a passage of lines Operation in which one force moves either forward or rearward

though another force to gain or break contact with the enemy. If a unit must pass laterallythrough another unit, movement is conducted as a forward passage. The divisional Cavalrysquadrons are ideally suited for and trained to conduct and assist passages of lines.

Facilitate Movement When a major movement is necessary, the divisional Cavalry squadronmay be tasked to assist this movement. It will recon the movement routes and then providemovement control teams to regulate and control traffic flow along those routes.

Restore/Enhance Command and Control If the division has a lapse in its communicationswith its subordinate units, the Cavalry squadron may be tasked to restore this communication.To accomplish this, the squadron normally conducts a route or area reconnaissance to locatethe CP(s) and restore communication with the higher headquarters. If gaps develop betweensubordinate units, the Cavalry squadron may be tasked to fill the gaps. To accomplish thismission, the Cavalry normally conducts a zone reconnaissance while attempting to gaincontact with the lost or separated unit(s).

Area Damage Control When a natural or man-made disaster occurs, the division commandermay assign the Cavalry squadron the mission of area damage control. The Cavalry treats thismission as an area reconnaissance but has the additional responsibilities of:

a. Assume control of survivors.b. Clear obstacles.

c. Assemble combat capable cements and act as a communications link betweenthem and higher headquarters.d. Establish casualty collection points; evacuate casualties as necessary.e. Establish maintenance collection points; evacuate vehicles/equipment asnecessary.

Economy of Force The Cavalry squadron may conduct offensive or defensive operations asan economy of force operation. The Cavalry squadron in most divisions has the samecapability to conduct offensive and defensive operations as the maneuver battalions but on amuch smaller scale. The exception to this rule is in the Air Assault Division; the AirReconnaissance Squadron in that division has no ground maneuver forces assigned to it.

Deception Operations A special type of economy of force mission is the deception. Cavalrysquadrons (Heavy Divisions) routinely depict maneuver brigades to prevent the enemy from

discerning the division commander's intent. The four types of deception are:a. Feint A feint is a limited attack to divert an enemy's attack. As a rule, brigade and

smaller units conduct feints before or during a main attack to deceive the enemy.b. Demonstration A demonstration serves the same purpose as a feint but differs in

that it does not involve contact with the enemy and no tactical decision is sought in theoperation.

c. Display A display is conducted to further deceive the enemy about the size andcomposition of the force he has encountered. The display normally includessimulations, disguises, portrayals or some combination.

d. Ruse A ruse is a trick designed to deceive the enemy by deliberately exposingfalse information to his collection means.

Reconnaissance in Force A limited objective operation designed to locate and test the

enemy's disposition, strength and reaction. The squadron must be augmented to conduct thereconnaissance in force.


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Utility Units (CMD AVN BN, Medium Lift, GEN SPT AVN BN)(ensure you get METL from units)

Command Aviation Battalion/General Support Aviation Battalion

Mission The primary mission of the CAB/GSAB is to enhance C3 for the division or corps. They do thisby moving commanders, staffs, and liaison personnel by air in a specific area of operations or from one

location to another. Because the CAB/GSAB is flexible, it may perform a variety of other missions;mission assignment and priority are based on the Aviation Brigade commander's intent and METT-T.Although they can perform each of the following missions, it cannot accomplish all of themsimultaneously.

- Liaison- Surveillance and Restoration of Lines of Communication- Rear Area Reconnaissance and Radiological Survey Operations- Target Acquisition- Casualty Evacuation- Air Assault Augmentation- Downed Aircrew Recovery

- Air Movement- Small Unit Insertion/Extraction (LRS-D/C, COLT Tm, SF Tms)- Electronic Warfare- Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence Enhancement

Medium Helicopter Company/Battalion.(FM 90-4, TC 1-115)

General Medium Helicopter Battalions are found at Corps and Echelons Above Corps AviationBrigades and in the Air Assault Division. During peacetime, you may see companies and

possibly platoons assigned or OPCON at lower levels to facilitate training, command andcontrol, and usage. Because of the limited numbers and relatively high vulnerability, the forcecommander using Medium Helicopters must analyze the risk involved and weigh the benefitsagainst the risks when tasking the assets.

Mission The medium helicopter unit has two basic missions; to conduct air movementoperations and to conduct air assault operations to support the Force Commander's maneuver,combat support and combat service support plans. The unit accomplishes this by providingaerial movement of fire support systems, combat troops, equipment and supplies wheneverand wherever the commander needs them. Depending on the commander's risk analysis, themedium lift helicopter can support close, deep, and rear operations.


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Aviation Support of Ground Operations

This section of the handbook is designed to assist LNO's in making recommendations to theground maneuver brigade Commander on the best doctrinal employment of aviation assets insupport of his missions. This section is divided into 2 sub-sections, one for heavy (MechanizedInfantry and Armor) divisions, and one for light (Light Infantry, Airborne, Air Assault) divisions.Once the ground maneuver commander and S-3 complete their mission analysis, the LNO

need only look up the ground maneuver brigade's mission in the table of contents, turn to thatpage, and the handbook lists the doctrinal missions (defined by task and purpose) that eachtype of aviation asset normally assigned to that type unit can perform in support of the groundmaneuver brigade.This section is not designed to be the Aviation Brigade Commander's Smart book.. Aviationunits conduct missions directly for the division commander and the Aviation Brigade mayassume any of these missions itself. The ground maneuver brigade LNO need not concernhimself with these missions.

Heavy Division Offense

Movement to ContactAttack HelicoptersAugment and reinforce Cavalry/scout units seeking enemy contact. Especially effective due toAH-64's night capability.Conduct armed reconnaissance or reconnaissance in force to gain and maintain enemycontact.Screen front, flank, or rear (counter-reconnaissance).Act as rapid reaction force (hasty attack) to develop the situation in a meeting engagement orallow for disengagement if enemy is too strong for the advance guard forces.Assault HelicoptersConduct air movements for general resupply and CASEVAC if available.

CavalryConduct flank or forward screans. If both air troops are used then 24 hour operations areperformed by the ground troops. Air and ground troops should work together to maximizeeffectiveness and increase survivability. Aircraft will have limited effectiveness during nightoperations. Aircraft capabilities are maximized during day operations.Conduct route reconnaissance. Air and ground troops should work together for a detailedreconnaissance. Aircraft working alone will accomplish the reconnaissance quicker but withless detail.Conduct guard operations. The squadron must be augmented with tanks or Bradleys toaccomplish this mission.Conduct screen operations while Units consolidate on objectives. The squadron can providesecurity for an assaulting force after it has reached its objective. Cavalry assets can provide

early warning of enemy counter attack or routes of the Enemy withdrawal.Command AviationOH-58Ds assist with optics and artillery targeting in finding the enemy and developing thesituation.OH-58Ds augment attack/cav assets performing reconnaissance, security, and attackoperations during the movement to contact.


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Hasty AttackAttack HelicoptersAttack enemy's flanks, rear to develop the situation, divert his attention. Can be used as eithermain or supporting attack.Screen own flanks.Act as reserve.Attack deep to separate echelons, prevent/disrupt counterattacks.

Conduct Air Assault security to protect Air Assault Task Force.Assault HelicoptersAir assault forces to seize key terrain, disrupt the enemy's rear.Conduct air movement to place REMBASS to assist in NAI observation.Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).CavalryConduct flank or forward screen to provide early warning, maneuver space and reaction timefor the force conducting the movement to contact.Conduct route reconnaissance to prevent disruption of the movement.Recon Enemy frontage and depth to locate routes around enemy position.Recon to the rear of an enemy position to provide reports on enemy positions, reserves,artillery, and control CAS and artillery fires.Conduct deception operations to prevent detection of the movement to contact force.Be the division's Tactical Combat Force (TCF) for rear operations.Conduct limited attack helicopter operations. The limitations of numbers of AH-l's and itsweapon systems limit the effectiveness of the air troops.Conduct limited hasty attacks to develop the situation.Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force.Command AvaitionEnhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to see the battle.Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead).Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations, and actionsespecially at night.Medium HelicoptersConduct air movements for general resupply especially of large or bulky items which may notfit easily on tactical vehicles.Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).

Deliberate AttackAttack HelicoptersAttack enemy's flanks, rear to develop the situation, divert his attention.Screen own flanks.Act as reserve.Attack deep to separate echelons, prevent/disrupt counterattacks (main or supporting attack).Conduct Air Assault Security to protect Air Assault Task Force.Assault Helicopters

Air assault forces to seize key terrain, disrupt the enemy's rear.Conduct air movement to place REMBASS to assist in NAI observation.Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).CavalrySame as movement to contact and hasty attack.If the enemy location and situation is known, caution should be used in the employment ofCavalry assets in the attack role. Weigh loss of scarce Cavalry assets to confine known enemylocations.Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force.


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Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to see the battle.Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead).Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations, actionsespecially at night.Medium Helicopters

Conduct air movements for general resupply especially of large or bulky items which may notfit easily on tactical vehicles.Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).

ExploitationAttack HelicoptersAttack flanks and rear to maintain constant pressure on the defeated force.Attack rear area Command and Control and CSS assets to ensure total defeat of the enemyforce.Act as reserve to blunt any counterattacks or provide the decisive blow by attacking to destroylucrative targets.Screen vulnerable own flanks or gaps.Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force.Assault HelicoptersConduct air movements to resupply food and ammunition rapidly to help maintain momentum.Air assault forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum.Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).CavalryScreen vulnerable own flanks or gaps when performing as part of a large force.Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60's directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for Cdrs/S3s to utilize to see the battle.Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead).Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations, actionsespecially at night and screen flanks or gaps.Medium HelicoptersConduct air movements to resupply fuel and ammunition rapidly to help maintain momentum.Air assault forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum.Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).

PursuitAttack HelicoptersAttack to destroy/disrupt/attrit counterattack or reserve forces.

Attack to fix withdrawing forces.Screen pursuing forces' Flails, especially at night.Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force.Assault HelicoptersConduct air movements to resupply food and ammunition rapidly to help maintain momentum.Air assault forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum.Conduct air movement for Casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).CavalryScreen vulnerable own flanks or gaps when performing as part of a larger force.Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force.


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Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60's directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 Net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle..Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead).Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations, actionsespecially at night and screen flanks or gaps.Medium Helicopters

Conduct air movements to resupply fuel and ammunition rapidly to help maintain momentum.Air assault forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum.Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).

Reserve OperationsAttack HelicoptersCan act as reserve by itself. Attacks to destroy enemy forces, reinforce, or blunt/blockpenetrations during enemy counterattacks.Assault HelicoptersConduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).CavalryReceive contingency missions to conduct offensive operations similar to attack helicopters.Conduct wide or route reconnaissance of the attack axis for the reserve force.Command AviationProvide mobility for commander of reserve force to see the battlefield.Overwatch/screen passage of lines with OH-58Ds.Pinpoint artillery fires to hide intentions of reserve force (Copperhead & OH-58Ds)Medium HelicoptersConduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).

Rear OperationsAttack HelicoptersConduct zone, area, or route reconnaissances.

Can act as Tactical Combat Force (TCF) itself. Attacks to destroy rear area Level III threats.Overwatch MSRs to prevent ambush of supply vehicles.Assault HelicoptersConduct air assault operations to provide mobility for Tactical Combat Force (TCF).Conduct air movement operations to support other aviation assets involved in rear operations.CavalryNormally occurs after the squadron has performed some other mission.

(a) The squadron will be responsible for its own levy I and II response and may bedesignated as the TCF or form a part of the TCF upon arrival in the rear area.(b) Tasks will normally be assigned if the organic MP support cannot meet the requiredmissions. Close coordination with the MPs is required to minimize duplication of effort.(c) Missions will normally be reconnaissance and security missions (similar to attack

helicopter missions above).Command AviationProvide mobility for the Rear Area Commander.OH-S8Ds screen and conduct reconnaissance, especially in vulnerable areas or likelyLZs/DZs.Medium HelicoptersConduct air assault operations to provide mobility for Tactical Combat Force (TCF).Conduct air movement operations to support other aviation assets involved in rear operations.


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Heavy Division Defense

Mobile DefenseAttack HelicoptersAttack to fix enemy forces - assists in defeat mechanism or allows disengagement of mobile defensiveforces.Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent positions.

Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force todefend against one echelon at a time.Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night.Assault HelicoptersConduct air movement to place REMBASS to assist in NAI observation.Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).Emplace minefields using the Volcano system (if available).CavalryConduct normal reconnaissance and security missions to provide information, reaction time,and maneuver space for the division commander.Conduct hasty defense operations during reconnaissance and screen missions.Conduct more deliberate defensive operations when part of a covering force or guard mission

(with augmentation).Conduct Economy of Force for the Division Commander so that he can concentrate his combatpower in the decisive area. Squadron may defend in sector, delay, counterattack or performdeception operations.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead).Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations and actionsespecially at night.Medium Helicopters

Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).

Area DefenseAttack HelicoptersAttack to fix enemy forces - assists in defeat mechanism.Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement subsequentpositions.Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force todefend against one echelon at a time.Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night.Assault HelicoptersConduct air movement to place REMBASS to assist in NAI observation.

Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).Emplace minefields using the Volcano system (if available).CavalryConduct normal reconnaissance and security missions to provide information, reaction time,and maneuver space for the division commander.Conduct hasty defense operations, dog reconnaissance and screen missions.Conduct more deliberate defensive operations when part of a covering force or guard mission(with augmentation).Conduct Economy of Force for the Division Commander so that he can concentrate his combat


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power in the decisive area. Squadron may defend in sector, delay, counterattack or performdeception operations.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead).Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations and actions

especially at night.Medium HelicoptersConduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).

Reserve OperationsAttack HelicoptersCan act as reserve by itself. Attacks to destroy enemy forces, reinforce, or blunt/blockpenetrations during enemy counterattacks.Assault HelicopterConduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).CavalryReceive contingency missions to conduct offensive operations similar to attack helicopters.Command AviationProvide mobility for commander of reserve force to see the battlefield.Overwatch/screen passage of lines with OH-58Ds.Pinpoint artillery fires to hide intentions of reserve force (Copperhead & OH-58Ds)Medium HelicoptersConduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).

Rear OperationsAttack HelicoptersConduct zone, area, or route reconnaissance.Can act as Tactical Combat Force (TCF) itself. Attacks to destroy rear area Level III threats.

Overwatches MSRs to prevent ambush of supply vehicles.Assault HelicoptersConduct air assault operations to provide mobility for Tactical Combat Force (TCF).Conduct air movement operations to support other aviation assets involved in rear operations.CavalryNormally occurs after the squadron has performed some other mission.The squadron will be responsible for its own level I and II response and may be designatedas the TCF or form a part of the TCF upon arrival in the rear area.Tasks will normally be assigned if the organic MP support cannot meet the required missions.Close coordination with the MPs is required to minimize duplication of effort.Missions will normally be reconnaissance and security missions (see attack helicopter missionsabove).

Command AviationProvide mobility for the Rear Area Operations Commander.OH-58Ds screen and conduct reconnaissance, especially in vulnerable areas or likelyLZs/DZs.Medium HelicoptersConduct air assault operations to provide mobility for Tactical Combat Force (TCF).Conduct air movement operations to support other aviation assets involved in rear operations.


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Heavy Division Other Operations

Relief in PlaceAttack HelicoptersScreen forward and flanks during relief, especially at night or during limited visibility.Attack enemy forces to divert their attention away from the relief.Act as reserve during relief.

Assault HelicoptersConduct air movement operations to move limited numbers of personnel and equipment intoand out of relief positions.Conduct air movement operation to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Augment C2 by providing mobility for commanders.Conduct air movement operations to move MPs forward/rearward to man traffic control points.CavalryFacilitate movement for both the brigade assuming the battle and the brigade leaving the battleto ensure the movement into and out of the area is smooth.Screen forward or flanks during relief to provide early warning of an attack; during the transferof responsibility.Command Aviation

Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle.Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead).Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy locations, formations and actionsespecially at night.Medium HelicoptersConduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).

Passage of LinesAttack HelicoptersConduct screen/overwatch of Battle Handover Line (BHL).Attack to disrupt enemy force to allow friendly forces to disengage.Act as reserve force during passage of lines.

Assault HelicoptersConduct air movement operation to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Augment C2 by providing mobility for commanders.Conduct air movement operations to move MPs forward to man traffic control points.CavalryThe divisional Cavalry is the best unit to assist in the conduct of a passage of lines.Facilitate movement through the stationary units.Act as guides and liaison to ensure smooth passage.Command AviationEnhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle.Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead).Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy formations, locations, actions

especially at night.Medium HelicoptersConduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).


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Breakout of Encircled ForcesAttack HelicoptersAttack to destroy enemy forces at the rupture point of the breakout.Attack to disrupt enemy forces and divert attention away from the rupture point - this is not agood utilization of the attack assets.Screen flanks of main body during breakout, especially at night.Act as reserve force or attack to support reserve force (assets should not be located with

encircled forces due to vulnerability).Attack to disrupt enemy fighting against rear guard.Assault HelicoptersConduct air movement operations to move limited numbers of personnel and equipment intoand out of the encircled forces.Conduct air movement operation to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Augment C2 by providing mobility for commanders.CavalryConduct deception operations to divert the enemy's attention away from the rupture point.Screen the front or flanks during the breakout to give the moving commander early warning,maneuver space and reaction time.Command AviationEnhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle.Use OH-58Ds to pinpoint artillery fires (Copperhead) at the rupture point.Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy formations, locations, actionsespecially at night.Medium HelicoptersConduct air movement operations to move limited numbers of personnel and equipment intoand out of relief positions.Conduct air movement operation to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

River Crossing OperationsAttack HelicoptersScreen assault force crossing and far bank seizure.

Attack deep to destroy, disrupt, or attrit forces attacking bridgehead.Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force.Assault HelicoptersAir assault forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum.Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).Conduct air movement operations to resupply assault force with limited fuel and ammunition.Conduct air movement operations to move MPs forward to man traffic control points.CavalryScreen forward, especially for the initial assault force establishing the bridgehead.Facilitate movement around the marshalling area and on routes to the crossing site.Conduct Air Assault Security to protect the Air Assault Task Force.Command Aviation

Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle.Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy formations, locations and actionsespecially at night.Medium HelicoptersAir assault forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum.Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).Conduct air movement operations to resupply assault force with fuel and ammunition.


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Retrograde OperationsAttack HelicopterScreen forward, flanks and rear during retrograde, especially at night or during limited visibility.Attack enemy forces to divert their attention away from the retrograde operation.Act as reserve during retrograde.Assault HelicoptersConduct air movement operations to move MPs forward to man traffic control points.

Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).CavalryScreen forward, flanks and rear during retrograde.Attack enemy forces to divert their attention away from the retrograde operation.Act as reserve during retrograde.Command AviationEnhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle.Use OH-58Ds in lieu of Air Cavalry assets to identify enemy formations, locations and actionsespecially at night.Medium HelicoptersConduct air movement operations to move fuel to Refuel on the Move (ROM) sites for forceconducting retrograde operation.Conduct air movement for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC).


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Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Divisions Offense

Hasty AttackAttack HelicoptersOverwatch assault objectives to prevent ambushes and traps.Screen own flanks.Act as reserve.

Attack deep against command and control, logistics sites, moving forces, and artillery toseparate echelons, prevent/disrupt counterattacks.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersAir assault forces to exploit the advantage gained during the movement to contact or todevelop the situation.Air assault forces to modify the original plan, either to reinforce a weakness or exploit anadvantage.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to theforces in contact.

Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Air ReconnaissanceConduct route, zone or area reconnaissance to provide the force commander with informationon the zone of attack.Screen forward, flanks and rear of the advancing force to provide early warning, reaction timeand maneuver space in the event of an enemy counterattack.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Conduct deception operations to prevent the enemy from massing to defeat the main attack.Conduct a reconnaissance in force to develop the intelligence preparation of the battlefield andreduce uncertainties.Cover or guard forward when augmented to develop the situation or penetrate the security and

first echelon defenses of the enemy.Provide local security for attack helicopters in the objective area.Command AviationEnhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for Commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Medium HelicoptersAir assault forces to exploit the advantage gained during the movement to contact or todevelop the situation.Air assault forces to modify the original plan, either to reinforce a weakness or exploit anadvantage.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to theforces in contact.

Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

Deliberate AttackAttack HelicoptersAttack enemy's flanks, rear to develop the situation, divert his attention.Screen own flanks.Act as reserve.Attack deep to separate echelons, prevent/disrupt counterattacks.


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Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air routereconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicopterAir assault forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize keyterrain.Air assault forces away from the enemy or into armor-restrictive terrain to conduct dismountedattacks against mechanized forces.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.

Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to theforces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Air ReconnaissanceConduct route, zone or area reconnaissance to provide the force commander with informationon the zone of attack.Screen forward, flanks and rear of the advancing force to provide early warning, reaction timeand maneuver space in the event of an enemy counterattack.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Conduct deception operations to prevent the enemy from massing to defeat the main attack.Conduct a reconnaissance in force to develop the intelligence preparation of the battlefield and

reduce uncertainties.Cover or guard forward when augmented to develop the situation or penetrate the security andfirst echelon defenses of the enemy.Provide local security for attack helicopters in the objective area.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60's directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle.Medium HelicoptersAir assault forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize keyterrain.Air assault forces away from the enemy or into armor-restrictive terrain to conduct dismounted

attacks against Urbanized forces.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to theforces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

ExploitationAttack HelicoptersAttack flanks and rear to maintain constant pressure on the defeated force.Attack rear area, C2 and CSS assets to ensure total defeat of the enemy force.Act as reserve to blunt any counterattacks or provide the decisive blow by attacking to destroylucrative targets.Screen vulnerable own flanks or gaps.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersAir assault forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize keyterrain to maintain the momentum.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to theforces in contact.


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Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Air ReconnaissanceScreen forward, flanks and rear of the advancing force to provide early warning, reaction timeand maneuver space in the event of an enemy counterattack.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Conduct a reconnaissance in force to develop the intelligence preparation of the battlefield andreduce uncertainties.

Cover or guard forward when augmented to develop the situation or penetrate the security andfirst echelon defenses of the enemy.Provide local security for attack helicopters in the objective area.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Medium HelicoptersAir assault forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize keyterrain to maintain the momentum.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to the

forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

PursuitAttack HelicoptersAttack to destroy/disrupt/attrit counterattack or reserve forces.Attack to fix withdrawing forces.Screen pursuing forces flanks, especially at night.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provideroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersAir assault forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize keyterrain and act as the encircling force. ,Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to theforces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Air ReconnaissanceScreen forward, flanks and rear of the advancing force to provide early warning, reaction timeand maneuver space in the event of an enemy counterattack.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Conduct a reconnaissance in force to develop the intelligence preparation of the battlefield andreduce uncertainties.Cover or guard forward when augmented to develop the situation or penetrate the security andfirst echelon defenses of the enemy.Provide local security for attack helicopters in the objective area.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Medium HelicopterAir assault forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize key


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terrain and act as the encircling force.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to theforces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

Raid

Attack HelicoptersConduct air assault security.Overwatch avenues of approach into the objective area.Attack to destroy enemy in the objective area.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersAir assault forces to destroy enemy installations, communications facilities, logistics bases.Conduct air movement operations during the raid to provide C2 aircraft to AATFC if he desires.****Conduct air assault to withdraw forces in contact. This is a critical event in the raid.****Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets. This may be theprimary means of conducting the raid, or may be in support of the AATF.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Air ReconnaissanceConduct route reconnaissance for raiding aircraft.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Screen the objective area to provide early warning, reaction time, and maneuver space to theforce commander.Provide local security for attack helicopters in the objective area.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Medium HelicoptersAir assault forces to destroy enemy installations, communications facilities, logistics bases.Conduct air movement operations during the raid to provide C2 aircraft to AATFC if he desires.****Conduct air assault to withdraw forces in contact. This is a critical event in the raid.****Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire support/ADA assets. This may be theprimary means of conducting the raid, or may be in support of the AATF.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).


24/97


Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Divisions Defense

Defend against an Infantry-Heavy ThreatAttack HelicoptersAttack to destroy command and control, logistic, and artillery sites.Attack to deny enemy avenues of approach and MSRs.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air

route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersAir assault forces to subsequent battle positions to allow a defense in depth.Air assault forces in the Covering Force Area to allow disengagement from or prevent decisiveengagement with enemy forces.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Air ReconnaissanceScreen forward, flanks, or rear to provide early warning, reaction time and maneuver space tothe force commander.Guard forward or flank, when augmented, to protect a force that is preparing its defense.

Cover when augmented to force the attacker to deploy and defeat his recon and first echelon forces.Conduct deception operations to divert enemy forces from the main attack.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to See the battle.Medium HelicoptersAir assault forces to subsequent battle positions to allow a defense in depth.Air assault forces in the Covering Force Area to allow disengagement from or prevent decisiveengagement with enemy forces.

Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

Defend Against an Armor-Heavy ThreatAttack HelicoptersAttack to flux forces - assists in defeat mechanism or allows disengagement of mobile defensive forces.Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent positions.Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to defend againstone echelon at a time.Conduct reconnaissance counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night if AH-64 equipped.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide air

route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersAir assault forces to restrictive or urban terrain to defend in favorable areas.Air assault forces to act as the rear area response force.Air assault forces as part of a raid/counterattack (see previous reference raid/counterattack).Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Emplace minefields using the Volcano system (if available).


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Air ReconnaissanceAttack to fix enemy forces - assists in defeat mechanism or allows disengagement of mobile defensiveforces.Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent positions.Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force todefend against one echelon at a time.Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night if OH-58Dequipped.

Screen forward, flanks, or rear to provide early warning, reaction time and maneuver space tothe force commander.Guard forward or flank, when augmented, to protect a force that is preparing its defense.Cover when augmented to force the attacker to deploy and defeat his reconnaissance and firstechelon forces.Conduct deception operations to divert enemy forces from the main attack.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for Commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".

Medium HelicoptersAir assault forces to restrictive or urban terrain to defend in favorable areas.Air assault forces to act as the rear area response force.Air assault forces as part of a raid/counterattack (see previous).Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

Economy of ForceAttack HelicoptersIf allocated to a unit conducting an economy of force, will probably be the only fire supportmeans available to that commander. Must be prepared to conduct all doctrinal missions(attack, delay, deny, overwatch, screen).Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersAir assault forces to likely avenues of approach and withdraw them to subsequent battlepositions before decisively engaged.Air assault reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Emplace minefields using the Volcano system (if available).Air ReconnaissanceIf allocated to a unit conducting an economy of force, will probably be the only fire supportmeans available to that commander. Must be prepared to conduct all doctrinal missions(attack, delay, deny, overmatch, screen).Provide air assault security if an air assault is past of the force commanders plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".


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Medium HelicoptersAir assault forces to likely avenues of approach and withdraw them to subsequent battlepositions before decisively engaged.Air assault reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

DelayAttack HelicoptersAttack to fix enemy forces - assists in allowing disengagement of mobile defensive forces.Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent positions.Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to delayagainst one echelon at a time;Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night if AH-64 equipped.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersAir assault forces to subsequent battle positions before becoming decisively engaged (strip alert).Conduct air assault/air movement to withdraw stay behind forces if necessary.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Emplace minefields using the Volcano system (if available).Air ReconnaissanceAttack to fix enemy forces - assists in allowing disengagement of mobile defensive forces.Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequentpositions.Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to delayagainst one echelon at a time.Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night if OH-58Dequipped.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Medium HelicoptersAir assault forces to subsequent battle positions before becoming decisively engaged (strip alert).Conduct air assault/air movement to withdraw stay behind forces if necessary.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).


27/97


Light Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Divisions Other Operations

ScreenAttack HelicoptersAugment and reinforce Cavalry units seeking enemy contact. Especially effective due toAH-64s night capability (if equipped).

Conduct armed reconnaissance or reconnaissance in force to make and maintain enemy contact.Screen front, flank, or rear (counter-reconnaissance).Act as rapid reaction force (back) to develop the situation in a meeting engagement or allowfor disengagement if enemy is too strong for the screening forces.Air ReconnaissanceScreen front, flanks or rear of screening force as part of the ground commander's plan.

GuardAttack HelicoptersAttack to fix enemy forces - assists in allowing disengagement of mobile defensive forces(moving guard).Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent

positions (moving guard).Attack to destroy 2d echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to delayagainst one echelon at a time.Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night if AH-64 equipped.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersConduct air movement to emplace troops and equipment at successive positions (flanks or rear).Air assault reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

Air ReconnaissanceScreen front, flanks or rear of guarding force as part of the ground commander's plan.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commanders plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming".Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Medium HelicopterConduct air movement to emplace troops and equipment at successive positions (flanks or rear).Air assault reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.

Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

CoverAttack HelicoptersAttack to fix enemy forces - assists in allowing disengagement of mobile defensive/offensive forces.Screen ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequentpositions.


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Attack to destroy lead echelon forces - separates echelons and allows the ground force to delay/attackagainst one echelon at a time.Conduct reconnaissance, counter-reconnaissance, and security, especially at night if AH-64 equipped.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersAir assault forces to destroy enemy that has been discovered by division reconnaissance units.Air assault reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield.

Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contactConduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Air ReconnaissanceScreen front, flanks or rear of covering force as part of the ground commander's plan.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Medium Helicopters

Air assault forces to destroy enemy that has been discovered by divisional reconnaissance units.Air assault reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield.Conduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

ReinforceAttack HelicoptersCan act as reserve by itself. Attacks to destroy enemy forces, reinforce, or blunt/blockpenetrations during enemy counterattacks.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersAir assault reserve forces to the decisive point on the battlefield..Air assault additional anti-armor platoons where necessary (will require UH-60L if TOWHMMWVs).Conduct air movement to emplace Fire Support assets to weight the main effort and influencethe battle.Air ReconnaissanceProvide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Conduct route, zone, or area reconnaissance to provide information on the terrain and enemyto the force commander.Conduct limited attacks to blunt counterattacks or exploit success.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Medium HelicoptersAir assault reserve forces to the decisive point on the battlefield.Air assault additional anti-tank platoons where necessary.Conduct air movement to emplace Fire Support assets to weight the main effort and influence thebattle.


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LinkupAttack HelicoptersScreen forward and flanks during lineup, especially at night or during limited visibility if AH-64 equippedAttack enemy forces to divert their attention away from the linkup.Act as reserve during linkup.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.

Assault HelicoptersConduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the forces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Air ReconnaissanceEnhance command and control links to ensure fratricide risks are reduced.Screen forward, flanks of lineup force to reduce uncertainties and make contact with thestationary force.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Command AviationProvide mobility over enemy terrain to effect liaison between the linking units.Aid communications between the linking units (aerial retrans).Provide aerial C3 platforms to allow commanders to prevent fratricide between linking units.Medium HelicoptersConduct air movement operations to emplace Fire Support/ADA assets to influence the battle.Conduct air movement operations to provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to theforces in contact.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

River CrossingAttack HelicoptersScreen assault force crossing and far bank seizure.Attack deep to destroy, disrupt, or attrit forces attacking bridgehead.

Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersAir assault forces to seize key terrain to prevent enemy interference with the crossing operation.Air assault forces to provide flank security.Air assault forces to secure the bridgehead.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Air ReconnaissanceScreen assault force crossing and far bank seizure.Attack to destroy, disrupt, or attrit forces attacking bridgehead.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.

Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Medium HelicoptersAir assault forces to seize key terrain to prevent enemy interference with the crossing operation.Air assault forces to provide flank security.Air assault forces to secure the bridgehead.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).


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Rear OperationsAttack HelicoptersConduct zone, area, or route reconnaissance.Can act as Tactical Combat Force (TCF) itself. Attacks to destroy rear area Level III threats.Overwatches MSRs to prevent ambush of supply vehicles.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.

Assault HelicoptersAir assault tactical combat force to predetermined LZs to counter the rear area threat.Conduct air movement operations to place MPs in critical areas.Conduct air movement operations to emplace sensors in unoccupied or difficult terrain.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Air ReconnaissanceConduct zone, area, or route reconnaissance.Can act as Tactical Combat Force (TCF) itself. Attacks to destroy rear area Level III threats.Overwatches MSRs to prevent ambush of supply vehicles.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Command AviationAlthough you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for rear commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Medium HelicopterAir assault tactical combat force to predetermined LZs to counter the rear area threat.Conduct air movement operations to place MPs in critical areas.Conduct air movement operations to emplace sensors in unoccupied or difficult remain.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).

Operations Other Than WarAttack HelicoptersAttack to destroy enemy in the objective area. Especially effective with point weapons systems

to reduce collateral damage (TOW/Hellfire).Overwatch routes, MSRs, and air routes to facilitate ground and air movement.Deny enemy avenue of approach.Dominate key terrain around an objective area.Attack to provide fires in support of the ground operation.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan.Provide air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Assault HelicoptersConduct raids (see above).Air assault forces to conduct attacks against specific targets.Conduct air movement operations to emplace reconnaissance assets, including TOW vehiclesdue to their thermal sights (TOW HMMWVs require UH-60L).

Support immediate reaction force for own security (see rear operations above).Conduct false air movements and air assaults to aid in the PSYOPS campaign. Can also conductleaflet drops and speaker operations.Conduct air movement operations to resupply remote OPs, check points, and road blocks.Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Conduct air movement operations to remove damaged or destroyed equipment from the objectiveareas.Conduct air assault in support of Non-Combatant Evacuation (NEO) operations.Air ReconnaissanceConduct reconnaissance operations to reduce uncertainties in the area of operations.


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Screen the forces assembly area to provide early warning of attacks.Conduct air assault security if that is part of the force commander's plan.Conduct limited attack operations (see previous).Enhance command, control, communications, and intelligence especially along critical routessuch as lines of communication.Provide air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan. Provide airroute reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.Command Aviation

Although you cannot task EH-60s directly, make the supported commander aware of itscapabilities and request products (i.e. artillery C2 net locations, C2 net locations, jamming).Enhance C2 by providing mobile platforms for commanders/S3s to utilize to "See the battle".Medium HelicoptersConduct raids (see above).Air assault forces to conduct attacks against specific targets.Conduct air movement operations to emplace reconnaissance assets, including TOW vehiclesdue to their thermal sights.Support immediate reaction force for own security (see rear operations above).Conduct false air movements and air assaults to aid in the PSYOPS campaign. Can alsoconduct leaflet drops and speaker operations.Conduct air movement operations to resupply remote OPs, check points, and road blocks.

Conduct air movement operations to evacuate casualties (CASEVAC).Conduct air movement operations to remove damaged or destroyed equipment from the objectiveareas.Conduct air assault in support of Non-Combatant Evacuation (NEO) operations.


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Attack Helicopter OperationsPlanning Considerations (FM 1-112)

1. FORCE COMMANDERS OPTIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT OF THE ATKHBa. Attack massed enemy armored or light forcesb. Attack in depth to extend the influence of the forcec. Dominate avenues of approach

d. Reinforce ground forces by firee. Mass to defeat enemy penetrationsf. Attack to protect the flanks of a moving or halted friendly main bodyg. Provide security for the movement and passage of lines by ground forcesh. Conduct reconnaissancei. Perform search and attack missions

2. THE 5 COMPLIMENTARY ELEMENTS OF THE CORPS OR DIVISION OFFENSIVE BATTLE -The ATKHB can be used in any of the 5 elements.a. Main and supporting attacksb. Reserve in support of an attackc. Reconnaissance and security operation forward, to the flanks, and to the rear of attacks

d. Deep operationse. Rear operations

3. FORMS OF THE OFFENSE (MAPE)a. Movement to Contact - Used to gain or reestablish contact with the enemy, may be used when

contact has been temporarily lost or to initiate an attack. MTC operations help develop thesituation and maintain the commanders freedom of action.

b. Attack:1. Hasty Attack - An operation for which the unit has not made extensive planning. Used to

maintain momentum or take advantage of the enemy situation.2. Deliberate Attack - Operation that is carefully coordinated with all concerned elements.

Based on a thorough reconnaissance, an evaluation of all available intelligence and relativecombat power, an analysis of various COAs, and other factors affecting the situation.

c. Pursuit - An offensive operation undertaken after a successful attack or developed during anexploitation. As the enemy disengages; friendly forces maintain relentless pressure in anattempt to destroy enemy forces completely.

d. Exploitation - Follows a successful attack and is made to take advantage of weakened orcollapsed enemy defenses.

4. FORMS OF THE DEFENSE - The objective of defensive operations is to cause the enemy attack tofail, preserve the force, facilities and installations, control key terrain, gain time, and concentrate

elsewhere. Other objectives may be to retain key terrain and degrade enemy forces so theoffensive operations can be resumed. The ATKHB in the defense - ATKHB uses mobility and longrange observations and engagement capabilities to deny terrain to the enemy, as well as, supportthe ground defense with direct fires.

a. Area Defense - The orientation of the area defense is to deny the enemy designated terrain.It is conducted when:1. Directed to defend specified terrain2. Enemy enjoys a mobility advantage3. Well defined avenues of approach exist


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4. Defending force has sufficient combat power to cover avenues of approachb. Mobile defense - The commander allows the enemy force to advance to a point where it is

exposed to a decisive attack by a striking force. The commander organizes his force into twosub-units:1. Fixing force - Shapes the penetration or contains the enemy advance2. Striking force - Conducts the decisive attack

4. DEEP OPERATIONS - Operations directed against enemy forces that currently are not engaged

but could influence the division and corps close operations within the next 24 to 72 hours.

5. CLOSE OPERATIONS - ATKHBs may be part of the larger forces security operations as amember of a covering force. In the main battle area the ATKHB is used against the enemys maineffort. The ATKHB may be held in reserve to commit them at the decisive point on the battlefield.Missions may include:a. Attacking enemy second echelon battalions and regimentsb. Massing to defeat enemy penetrationsc. Attacking to defeat enemy flanking forces

6. REAR OPERATIONS - Operations conducted to assure freedom of maneuver and operationalcontinuity from the corps rear boundary forward to the rear boundary of committed maneuver units.

An ATKHB may be given an on-order mission to act as a rapid reaction force to Level II or IIIincursions.

7. MISSION - The primary mission of an ATKHB is to destroy enemy forces using fire, maneuver, andshock effect. ATKHB attacks to destroy, attrit, disrupt, or delay. It may also conduct otheroffensive operations, as well as reconnaissance, security, and defensive operations.a. Most effective against massed, moving targetsb. Least effective against forces prepared in well camouflaged positionsc. Cannot occupy terraind. Can deny enemy terrain for limited time through the use of direct and indirect fires

The ATKHB mission is the same regardless of the type of division or corps to which it is assigned.However, employment criteria, mission priorities, and target priorities may vary.

8. ATKHB MISSIONS - This is the what in the ATKHBs mission statement.a. Attack to destroy - A high-risk mission. Renders the enemy force combat ineffective unless

reconstituted. Commander must accept a substantial risk that may cause the ATKHB to becomecombat ineffective at the completion of the attack.

b. Attack to attrit - A high to medium risk mission. Reduces the effectiveness of an enemy forcecaused by loss of personnel and material. The greater the enemy force the ATKHB must attrit,the greater the risk the commander must accept.

c. Attack to delay - A medium to high-risk mission. The ATKHB engages the enemy understandingthat the destruction of the enemy force is secondary to slowing his advance to gain time. The

ATKHB attacks to delay the enemys use of a geographic area for a specific period of time. Riskis determined by the amount of time that the ATKHB must delay, location of the enemy, and theenemy force that is encountered.

d. Attack to disrupt - A medium to low risk mission. Break apart an enemys formation and tempo,interrupt the enemys timetable, cause premature commitment of forces, and/o

Documents

LNO Handbk1