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LIVING AND WORKING: THE FUNCTION AND DESIGN OF HOUSING FOR LOW-INCOME HOMEBASED WORKERS. Nandini Bhaskara Rao University of Michigan Contact: [email protected]. Introduction. Purpose - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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LIVING AND WORKING: THE FUNCTION AND DESIGN OF
HOUSING FOR LOW-INCOME HOMEBASED WORKERS
Nandini Bhaskara Rao University of Michigan
Contact: [email protected]
IntroductionPurpose To understand the spatial and social impacts of home-based work on the function and design of housing for low-income home-based workers.
Introduction
Hussain Sagar
River Musi
Mir Alam Tank
Hyderabad
Old City
IntroductionMethodologyQualitative Case Study Approach
Data Sources Semi-structured Interviews with 38 Female Homeworkers Ethnographic Field notes Photographs House Plans
Characteristics of Homeworkers
Distribution of Homeworkers by Income Generating ActivityEntrepreneurial activities: 58% Wage-based activities: 40% Unpaid Worker: 2%
Income-generating Activity
Freq
uenc
y7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Marital Status
SeparatedWidowedMarriedUnmarried
Freq
uenc
y
30
20
10
0
Characteristics of Homeworkers
Religion
MuslimHindu
Freq
uenc
y30
20
10
0
Education Level
CollegeVoc. Edu
<Gr 10<Gr 5
No Schooling
Freq
uenc
y
30
20
10
0
Distribution of Homeworkers by Religion
Distribution of Homeworkers by Marital Status
Distribution of Homeworkers by Education Level
Homeownership
OtherRentOwn
Freq
uenc
y20
10
0
Characteristics of Homeworkers
Distribution of Homeworkers by Homeownership Status
Own: 47%Rent: 32%
Other: 21%
Implications of Using the House for Income Generation
Availability of Space within the House Small houses – 5 to 20 sq.m One Room Units Most domestic and income generating activities occur within this space
Typical Floor Plan on One-Room Unit
Bed TV
Kitchen
Area
Work Area
Window
Door
Transitional Space
Storage under the
bed
P U B L I C D O M
A I N
P R I V A T E D O M A I N
Implications of Using the House for Income Generation
Private-Public Barrier: Utilization of Transitional SpaceChoice of location to work within the house based on Availability of light Ease of social interactionSocial benefits to homeworkers Access to public space otherwise inaccessible Opportunity to build/strengthen social/ community networks Access to information
Implications of Using the House for Income Generation
Temporal Segregation of ActivitiesDomestic and Income Generation activities done mostly within the houseActivities managed by creating a temporal separation Domestic activities: 5:00 AM – 10: 00 AM Productive activities: 10: AM – 5:30 PM Domestic activities: 5:30 PM – 11:00 PM
Need for segregation of activities Creates a psychological separation between paid and unpaid work Creates a separation between household (domestic) and individual (paid) work
Neighborhood Linkages and Impact on Home-Based Work
Availability and Usage of Common SpacesAvailability of Common Spaces in slum depends on Physical form of slum Building density in slum Nature of home-based work Acceptance of neighbors and community members Types of Common Spaces Courtyards and Front/Back yards Cul-de sacs Streets
Neighborhood Linkages and Impact on Home-Based Work
Availability and Usage of Common SpacesActivities in Common Spaces Ancillary productive activities – drying and finishing products, packaging and storing, Domestic activities – washing clothes and utensilsBenefits to homeworkers Reduces space constraints Access to common spaces allows homeworkers to be employed in activities they may otherwise opt out of Access to public domain and social networks
Neighborhood Linkages and Impact on Home-Based Work
Impact of Location on Availability of Semi-Public and Public SpacesAvailability of semi-public and public areas in slums depends on location of slum
Location and surrounding areas have an impact on Physical size of slum Physical size and shape of open spaces Acceptance by neighbors and community members of usage
Impact of Location on Homework Access to Consumers/Purchasers Access to Raw Materials
Hussain Sagar
River Musi
Mir Alam Tank
Hyderabad
Old City
Slums in predominan
tly residential
areasSlums in
predominantly
commercial areas
Urban Linkages and Implications on Home-Based Workers
Impact of Location on HomeownershipAvailability of landAffordability Housing OptionsOpportunity to consolidate housingOpportunities to legalize housing
Impact of Location on Availability of Employment Opportunities
Availability of employment opportunitiesChoices of employment availableAccess to private/government job/skill training programsLinkages to consumers and raw materials
ConclusionsSpatial Implications of Homework Severe space constraints
Stress on space increased - For space intensive activities – food preparation,
agarbatti and papad making, zardosi- In renter households- In slums in Old City- During monsoon and holiday season with more people in
the house Space constraint issues resolved by temporal segregation of activities
- Creates a psychological separation between paid and unpaid work
- Creates a psychological separation between individual and household work Utilization of transitional space between private and public domains
Empowers homeworkers by providing- Access to public spaces otherwise inaccessible – very
important for Muslim households living in Old City- Access to some public information/knowledge- Access to social networks
ConclusionsNeighborhood Linkages and Impact on Home-Based Work Availability and Usage of Common Spaces
Empowers homeworkers by - Decreasing the stress on space within the house, but
exacerbates problems during monsoon reducing productivity and therefore income.
- Increases employment options, otherwise hampered by space
- Increases access to public domain and social network Ability to use common space dependent on location and religion
- Muslim women in the Old City did not benefit from common spaces
-- slums in the Old City have few open space-- more men in the house/community during the
day -- social custom of purdah prevalent
- Hindu women living in slums in residential areas of Hyderabad benefit the most from the availability and usage of common spaces
ConclusionsUrban Linkages and Impact on Home-Based Work Impact of Geographic Location on Homeownership Rates
Increased opportunities- To own a house in slums in residential areas in
Hyderabad- To gain legal rights to illegally occupied land- Options for housing – more affordability to purchaseExtremely low chance- To own a house in slums in commercial and residential
areas in Hyderabad and the Old City- To illegally occupy land- Limited options for housing – expensive, poor quality
housing
ConclusionsUrban Linkages and Impact on Home-Based WorkImpact of Geographic Location on Employment Opportunities
Increased wage-based homework opportunities- For women living in slums in commercial areas in
Hyderabad and the Old City- For women with skills in zardosi, bangle and bidi makingIncreased self-employed homework opportunities- For women in Hyderabad with linkages to training
institutions
ConclusionsPlanning and Policy Recommendations When legalizing slums and consolidating housing through government programs retain and create common semi-public spaces for use of homeworkers and women Make provisions in government programs to provide homeownership for low-income households living in slums in commercial areas Provide more job/skill training facilities in the commercial areas of Hyderabad and the Old City
Other houses/homeworkers in
neighborhoodNeighborhood
Intra-neighborhood
Within House Inter-Urban Area
Inter-neighborhood
Intra-Urban Area
House
Community-wide Resources-Infrastructure-Finance-Suppliers-Customers-Employees
Nation/State/City-wide Resources
-Urban Infrastructure-Civic Amenities
-Financial Institutions-Training-Markets
MacroMeso
Micro
IntroductionConceptual Framework