Livestock FeedingAnS 320

“Swine Feeding and Management”Lecture #2

Dr. John F. PatienceDepartment of Animal Science

201B Kildee HallPhone: 294-5132

Email: jfp@iastate.edu

Life cycle feeding

Understand that: Nursery feeding affects

Nursery performance Growout performance Carcass composition Piglet health and viability

Growout feeding affects Growout performance Carcass composition Pork quality Replacement gilt performance

Feeding and Management: Nursery

GE

DE

ME

NEp

NEg

Energy in feces

NEl

NEm

NE

Energy in urine

Energy in gases: CH4 + H2

Heat increment

Adapted from Ewan, 2001Adapted from Oresanya et al., 2005

100%

85%

82%

56%

Km

Kl Kp

29%27%

Energy utilization in the weanling pig

Fecal Losses Maintenance Other Retained

Protein utilization in the weanling pig

35%

35%

12%

18%

Feeding & Management Issues: Nursery

1. Variation in weaning weights and weaning ages2. Nursery diet ingredient recommendations

3. Simple versus complex diets

4. Antigenic reaction to soybean meal

5. Feed budgeting: development, adherence

6. Maximizing feed intake, especially early after weaning

7. Management of low weaning weight piglets

Typical Nursery Growth Curve

0 8 16 24 32 40 480

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Age postweaning, days

Bo

dy

wei

gh

t, l

bs

Typical Nursery Growth Curve

0 8 16 24 32 40 480

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Age postweaning, days

Bo

dy

wei

gh

t, l

bs

±2 S.D. (92% of all pigs)

Nursery Diet Ingredient Recommendations

Because feed intake is relatively low, diet must be nutrient dense – high levels of amino acids, energy, vitamins and minerals

Match diet composition to digestive capabilities Early after weaning, incorporate high levels of lactose (SD

whey, whey permeate, etc); as time progresses, these ingredients can be reduced and ultimately dropped

Basal cereal should be ground finely (650 to 750 μm)

Fat levels must be carefully selected; required to help lubricate high whey diets, but piglet’s ability to digest is limited. Use choice white grease or vegetable oil, not tallow or restaurant grease

Nursery Diet Ingredient Recommendations

Use highly digestible and multiple ingredients for SEW diets

SD whey, menhaden special select fish meal, SD plasma proteins, SD blood meal, etc.

Maximum soybean meal: 12% of the diet

Lactose levels: 20 to 25%

Fat level: up to 6% (lubricant for pellet mill)

Zinc oxide: 3,000 ppm Zn

Ingredient quality is extremely important in SEW diets; avoid “cheap” ingredients that may not be as digestible or palatable

Small pellet (3/32” or 1/8”) or crumble

Nursery Diet Ingredient Recommendations

Transition diets (up to 15 lb) Recognize developing digestive capacity of the piglet; switch

to transition diet saves money and preserves performance

Reduce SD plasma, relative to SEW (segregated early weaning) diet

Maximum soybean meal: 20% of the diet

Lactose levels: 15 to 20%

Fat level: 3 to 5%

Zinc oxide: 3,000 ppm Zn

Small pellet (3/32” or 1/8”) or crumble

Nursery Diet Ingredient Recommendations

Balance diets to appropriate ideal amino acid ratios Adjust pigs to lowest cost diets as quickly as possible;

match feed budget to age of pig at weaning

Suggested Phase 3 Diets for Pigs Weighing 25 – 50 Pounds

Ingredient, lb/ton No Fat Added Fat

Corn 1,272 1,166

Soybean meal, 46.5% CP 651 696

Choice white grease 0 60

Monocalcium P, 21% P 22 23

Limestone 20 20

Salt 7 7

Vitamin premix with phytasea 5 5

Trace mineral premixa 3 3

Lysine HCl 6 6

DL-Methionine 2.2 2.6

L-Threonine 2.0 2.5

Antibioticb 10 10

TOTAL 2,000 2,000aDetailed specifications for these premixes can be found at www.ksuswine.orgbAn antibiotic is normally added as a growth promoter Source: Kansas State University, 2007

Suggested Phase 3 Diets for Pigs Weighing 25 – 50 lbsCalculated analysis No Fat Added Fat

TID Lysine, %c 1.25 1.30

Total lysine, % 1.38 1.44

TID: Lysine:ME ratio, g/Mcal 3.77 3.77

TID Isoleucine:lysine ratio, % 63 62

TID Leucine:lysine ratio, % 131 128

TID Methionine:lysine ratio, % 32 33

TID Met & Cys:lysine ratio, % 58 58

TID Threonine:lysine ratio, % 62 63

TID Tryptophan:lysine ratio, % 18 18

TID Valine:lysine ratio, % 69 69

ME, kcal/lb 1,504 1,564

Protein, % 21.0 21.6

Calcium, % 0.71 0.73

Phosphorus, % 0.63 0.65

Available phosphorus, % 0.31 0.32

Available phosphorus equivalent, %d 0.42 0.43

Avail P:calorie ratio, g/mcal 1.27 1.26

Recommended Pounds of Each Diet That Should Be Fed to Each Pig (Weaning to 50 lbs)

Weaning weight, lb10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Phase 1 2 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Phase 2 5 4 3 2 1 --- ---Phase 3 ----------------------12-15 lb-----------------------Phase 4 ----------------------45-50 lb-----------------------

Source: Kansas State University, 2007

Maximizing Feeding Intake

Newly-weaned pigs are in an energy-dependent phase of growth

They cannot eat sufficient feed to meet the needs of the rate of protein deposition of which they are capable

Room temperature must not be too cool, nor must it be too hot, and drafts must be avoided

Use of ingredients to enhance diet palatability, including SD (spray-dried) plasma proteins, SD whey, etc.

Proper feeder adjustment

Impact of feeder gap adjustment on nursery pig performance

61 121 371 681 921 SEMNo. pigs 60 180 179 177 120No. pens 3 9 9 9 6

Init. wt., kg 6.96 7.10 7.12 7.18 7.03 0.044Final wt., kg3 27.91 28.97 29.55 29.50 29.56 0.093Final wt – CV, % 14.0 12.8 11.4 12.3 13.4ADG, kg2 0.480 0.515 0.528 0.517 0.529 0.002ADF, kg2 0.724 0.749 0.777 0.774 0.781 0.005G:F 0.663 0.688 0.680 0.678 0.678 0.004F:G 1.51 1.45 1.47 1.47 1.47

1 Mean percent of trough area covered with feed2 Effect of feeder adjustment significant, P<0.05 3 Interaction between stocking density/group size and feeder adjustment

significant, P<0.05.

Source: Smith et al., 2004

Gap = 11.8 mm;12% trough coverage

Gap = 17.9 mm; 37% trough coverage

Gap = 31.5 mm; 91% trough coverage

61 121 371 681 921 SEMNo. pigs 60 180 179 177 120No. pens 3 9 9 9 6

Feeding duration, min/d- Days 3 to 62,3 142 118 125 116 116 4- Days 39 to 42 97 90 85 79 75 6

Theoretical feeder space capacity4

- Days 3 to 6 9.1 11.0 10.4 11.2 11.2- Days 39 to 42 13.4 14.4 15.3 16.4 17.3

1 Mean percent of trough area covered with feed2 Effect of feeder adjustment significant, P<0.05 3 Interaction between stocking density/group size and feeder adjustment

significant, P<0.05.

Impact of feeder gap adjustment on nursery eating behaviour

Feeding and Management: Growout

Feeding & Management Issues: Growout

1. Variation in entry weights and marketing ages

2. Minimizing feed cost and maximizing net income

3. Maximizing growth rate to maximize barn throughput

4. Maximizing feed intake

5. Carcass quality issues

Measured Variation In BodyweightAverage Age, d

19 68 140No. of pigs 1,264 700 632

Mean, lb 11.9 64.0 228.1Minimum, lb 5.3 52.4 163.7Maximum, lb 20.2 90.0 274.8

Range, lb 15.0 37.6 111.1Range,% of mean 121 59 48

Standard deviation, lb 2.6 8.1 18.3Coefficient of variation, % 22 13 8

Approaches to Feeding Program Development

1. Select the number of diets to be included in the feeding program Split sex or no Wean-to-finish or feeder-to-finish Continuous-flow or all-in-all-out operation

Approaches to Feeding Program Development

2. For each diet Select optimum energy level: will vary with economic

environment, genetics, desired growth rate Select lysine:ME ratio Select ratio of other essential amino acids to lysine Select optimum available/digestible phosphorus level Set levels of macro-minerals, micro-minerals and vitamins

3. Define feed budget, given the number of diets to be included, as per #1 above

Standard Feed Budget Chart Based on Feed Efficiency of 2.8 from 50-250 lbs

Pig weight

Total feed

Pig weight

Total feed

Pig weight

Total feed

Pig weight

Total feed

Pig weight

Total feed

10 1 70 111 130 253 190 427 250 630

15 7 75 122 135 267 195 442 255 648

20 14 80 132 140 280 200 458 260 667

25 22 85 144 145 294 205 475 265 686

30 31 90 155 150 308 210 491 270 705

35 40 95 167 155 322 215 508 275 724

40 50 100 178 160 336 220 524 280 743

45 60 105 190 165 351 225 542 285 763

50 70 110 203 170 365 230 559 290 783

55 80 115 215 175 380 235 576 295 803

60 90 120 228 180 396 240 594 300 823

65 100 125 240 185 411 245 612 --- ---

Source: Kansas State University, 2007

Feed Efficiency Targets

Corn-based meal diets

Entry weight, lb Market weight, lb 0% Fat 5% Fat

40 250 2.75 2.48

40 270 2.85 2.57

40 290 2.95 2.66

50 250 2.80 2.52

50 270 2.90 2.61

50 290 3.00 2.70

60 250 2.85 2.57

60 270 2.95 2.66

60 290 3.05 2.75

Source: Kansas State University, 2007

Maximizing Feed Intake

1. Barn temperature control: not too hot and not too cold

2. Feeder adjustment: not too tight, not too loose

3. Adequate supply of water

4. Adequate feeder access

5. Avoid over-crowding pigs

6. Manage health: THE biggest factor

7. Manage diet quality and feed budgets

Carcass Quality: Soft Fat

1. PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in diet lead to unsaturated fat in the carcass

2. Soft fat causes quality and operational problems in the packing plant; packers seek supply of hogs without carcass fat problems

3. Use of diets high in PUFA can lead to problems with soft fat in the carcass

4. Use of corn distillers grains contributes to the problem due to high fat content – in most but not all DDGS